[Objective] As urban design faces increasing demands for contextual responsiveness, iterative optimization, and data-informed reasoning, integrating artificial intelligence into the design process has gained renewed relevance. Among emerging technologies, generative artificial intelligence (GAI) shows strong potential for automating content creation and simulating spatial configurations. This research provides a comprehensive review of recent developments in the application of GAI to urban design. The research identifies representative technical pathways, their respective intervention stages, and the functional mechanisms by which generative models are reshaping the design workflow. This research presents a structured, theory-informed synthesis of how different generative models contribute to tasks such as intention modeling, spatial reasoning, and performance-driven design. Building on design thinking and a descriptive lens informed by the technology acceptance model (TAM), the research examines how model type, data modality, and task characteristics affect GAI’s functional role, usability, and acceptance. Particular attention is given to mapping deployment forms, from isolated tools to coordinated multi-model workflows, and to characterizing cross-cutting challenges of controllability, transparency, and contextual adaptability in urban design settings.
[Methods] Following the PRISMA protocol, the research conducts a multi-stage literature review combining automated search and expert screening. A total of 125 peer-reviewed articles and high-impact preprints are selected from Web of Science, CNKI, arXiv, and selected industry sources, covering the period from 2014 to July 2025. Search terms such as “generative AI”, “AIGC”, “GAN”, “diffusion model”, “variational autoencoder”, “autoregressive model”, “large language model”, and urban-related keywords are used in various combinations. Based on the collected literature, four types of generative models are summarized as image-driven, language-driven, structure-driven, and feedback-optimized models, according to their application characteristics in urban design tasks. These types are aligned with four stages of the design process: preliminary analysis, scheme generation, evaluation and decision-making, and outcome expression. On this basis, a two-dimensional framework to examine how different GAI pathways intervene across tasks is formed. To refine the mapping, each design stage is further broken down into three representative sub-tasks. Preliminary analysis includes public demand analysis, urban data enhancement, case/task framing, and spatial element recognition. Scheme generation covers design intention modeling, spatial layout generation, and 3D form construction. The evaluation and decision-making stage includes multi-objective optimization, scheme evaluation, and scenario prediction. The final expression stage involves textual documentation, 2D representation, and visual rendering. A quantitative analysis is also conducted to show the distribution of model types over design stages, identify common combinations, and trace the evolution of research focus over time. TAM informs a descriptive synthesis of perceived usefulness (PU) and perceived ease of use (PEU) across model types to illuminate adoption patterns.
[Results] The findings reveal that GAI models are increasingly integrated into urban design workflows but exhibit uneven adoption across task types and modalities. Image-driven models dominate in both early-stage analysis and final visual representation due to their high interpretability, usability, and compatibility with existing design practices. Language-driven models are commonly used in public demand analysis, participatory planning, and scenario scripting, enabled by the rise of large language models (LLMs) such as ChatGPT and DeepSeek. Structure-driven models, though less prevalent, show promise in generating street networks, land-parcel layouts, and spatial typologies using graph-based logic. Feedback-optimized models, which rely on reinforcement learning, evolutionary algorithms, and performance simulation are the least adopted, but demonstrate strong potential in multi-objective optimization and iterative decision-making. Recent research indicates an increasing use of multi-model workflows, such as text-to-image pipelines integrated with urban simulation or feedback loops. While GAI applications increasingly support design iteration, their adoption is heavily influenced by the controllability, explainability, and contextual adaptability of models. PU and PEU vary significantly by model type, with image-driven models rated highest and structure-driven and feedback-optimized models facing usability challenges due to complexity and low transparency.
[Conclusion] Although GAI has demonstrated broad applicability across the urban design process, current implementations are largely procedural and auxiliary in nature. Most models recombine existing inputs rather than construct original logic, and few possess autonomous reasoning or normative awareness. This limits their role to content augmentation rather than conceptual guidance in design development. Moreover, issues such as opaque decision logic, lack of domain-specific knowledge embedding, and poor adaptability to local planning norms hinder practical adoption. Addressing these challenges requires multi-level efforts: 1) Construct structured, regionally grounded urban design datasets; 2) improve model interpretability, controllability, and responsiveness to professional input; and 3) develop modular, multi-model systems that support seamless interaction across design stages. Human – AI collaboration mechanisms — especially those based on iterative prompts and semantic feedback-must be enhanced to enable AI not just as a tool, but as an active design partner. This review offers a comprehensive reference for scholars and practitioners seeking to understand how GAI is reshaping the logic, structure, and agency of urban design.

[Objective] Under the background of the “urban renewal” policy, the number of pocket parks has surged in China. In view of the blowout growth of the quantity of pocket parks, how to maximize the service capacity of pocket parks based on the efficient layout of the location and function of pocket parks and the full consideration of scattered urban “pocket” space has become a key issue in the shift of the focus in pocket park construction from “quantity” to “quality”. At present, there is a concept of “synergistic micro green space cluster”, which aims to regulate the layout and quantity of multiple pocket parks in a high-density environment, so as to make up for the disadvantage of the small scale and insufficient influence of a single park. However, most of the current design optimizations based on the benefit analysis of micro green spaces mainly focus on macro-level strategies such as addition of green space and area regulation, while seldom providing guidance for detailed design of park site such as the proportion of hard area, plant species, and pavement materials. In order to further explore the ways to give full play to the advantages of pocket park bundles from the perspective of micro design, this research introduces the synergy theory into the discussion of design practice mode. By dismantling the internal design elements of the pocket park system, and discussing the synergistic combination between different elements in the system, the research object is optimized from the spatial layout optimization at the site scale to the functional organization optimization of the design elements at the element scale. The overall service performance of the pocket park is improved through refined design, in order to solve the problem of low efficiency of existing space design. [Methods] In order to propose a synergistic design strategy at the micro level more accurately, the research object is further disassembled into the internal components of pocket park. Moreover, all the deconstructed design components are regarded as several data samples, and how different components should be synergistically combined to play a better role in the clustering effect is discussed, so as to guide the generation of micro synergistic design strategy. The various types of “bundles” formed by clustering and reorganization according to the degree of similarity between pocket parks are collectively referred to as “pocket park bundles”, which is used to distinguish the concept of “synergistic micro green space cluster” with individual pocket parks as the research object. The three principles of synergy theory, namely self-organization, synergy effect, and servo, are applied to the research of micro design practice, and the synergistic mechanism of the design elements of pocket parks in the selected plots is accurately tracked and controlled. In this research, the pocket park space ontology is taken as a system, and the design elements carrying different functions in space are taken as several elements in the system. Additionally, an efficient synergistic design system is constructed through the overall coordination of design elements, and multiple pocket park functions are mobilized to play a synergistic role. Through the overall planning of design elements, this research strengthens the functional cooperation between different park sites in the same area, and effectively avoids the problems of functional redundancy and design process repetition in the process of decentralized design. [Results] Taking Gucheng County in Hebei Province as an example, this research constructs a synergistic design model of “pocket park bundle”. According to Maslow’s hierarchy of needs model, five categories of functional needs that should be met by decomposing pocket parks are basic use (physiological needs), boundary integration (safety needs), neighborhood interaction (social needs), style and feature continuation (respect needs), and value transmission (self-realization needs). Based on the subdivision of the five categories of functions above, the five carriers of positioning, boundary, space, planting and theme are further formed. Through the synergistic design of the five carriers, the synergistic mechanism of pocket parks is incorporated into specific to elaborate on the implementation mode of the synergistic design of pocket parks, which can help give full play to the overall benefits of multiple pocket parks to ensure that different user groups have equal access to urban public services. [Conclusion] In this research, the object is further refined into a collection of internal components of pocket parks, representing the transition from macro synergistic planning to micro synergistic design. The research figures out that, by deconstructing and reorganizing design elements, we can accurately trace the internal relationships between park sites, so as to avoid design problems such as duplicate design or functional redundancy. With a focus on the construction of synergistic design perspective, the current research discusses the optimization mode of the existing design strategies for pocket parks under the guidance of synergy theory. The follow-up research will construct a collaborative design process model based on the synergy theory, evaluate the practical application effect of the built pocket parks, and quantitatively evaluate the interrelationship between different components within the pocket parks. This research further refines and improves the principle and application mode of synergistic design, in hope of providing important support for the construction of a scientific and reasonable micro-design strategy for pocket parks.

[Objective] China’s urbanization has entered a new phase of connotative development. The concept of “People’s City” is driving the transformation of urban recreational green space (URGS) planning towards “human-oriented demands”. In the post-pandemic era, residents’ leisure behaviors have shown characteristics such as proximity, healthiness, and diversity. AI technology has further given rise to differentiated recreational demands. The current URGS layout is confronted with shortcomings such as emphasizing indicators over demand response in planning, insufficient functional integration, structural imbalance in services, and low system integration. This research, through systematic review and theoretical prospect, innovatively constructs a “theoretical framework for URGS planning that responds to human-oriented demands”, breaking through the limitations of traditional static adaptation, promoting the dynamic coupling of URGS with people’s lifestyle, and supporting the modern governance goals of precision, refinement, depth, intelligence, and excellence. This research may provide theoretical support for resolving the structural mismatch contradiction between URGS layout and diversified demands.

[Methods] The China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) and Web of Science Core Collection are taken as data sources, journal article is determined as literature type, and the retrieval time is set from January 1st 2000 to December 31th 2024 based on the characteristics of the publication period. The advanced search formula for the subject terms of Chinese AND English literature is TS=(“recreation*” OR “leisure” OR “tour*” OR “entertain*”) AND (“green space*” OR “park*”) AND (“layout” OR “planning” OR “design*”). After eliminating the items irrelevant to the research topic, 687 Chinese and 345 English literature articles are ultimately selected as the research object. CiteSpace 6.2.R6 is utilized to conduct visual analysis of the selected articles, supplemented by traditional literature review methods and inductive comparative analysis. This approach systematically examines the evolutionary stages, research hotspots, and trend characteristics of URGS layout research, aiming to advance a forward-looking layout framework.

[Results] 1) Evolutionary stages: Research on URGS layout in China has progressed from planning control to spatial governance. From 2000 to 2009, it was the period of rough demand identification – initial exploration, with more attention paid to the configuration of recreational functions and scale estimation around the supply side. From 2010 to 2016, it was the period of coarse demand response – fluctuating growth, promoting the transformation of China’s URGS layout towards “social equity – demand response”. From 2017 to 2024, it was the period of refined and rapid development in demand, catering to diverse recreational demands. 2) Research hotspots: Common dimensions encompass human-oriented planning and governance, demand-differentiated green space provision, and recreational experience – health co-benefits. However, Chinese literature research prioritizes macro-level planning and supply-side refinement, while English literature emphasizes meso & micro-scale empirical studies and demand-side drivers. 3) Development trends: While both Chinese and English research converge on green space layout based on socio-spatial and spatiotemporal behavioral differentiation for demand identification, their divergences persist in primary research focus, depth of interdisciplinary integration, and intensity of policy-coupling. 4) Theoretical system: A “theoretical system framework for URGS layout that responds to human-oriented demands” has been constructed, covering a multi-dimensional hierarchical classification system based on the “time – space – demand” principle; based on the principle of “differential justice”, the traditional classification of green spaces has been broken and a “recreational circle” layout system adapting to urban functional spaces has been constructed; an evaluation-optimization system employing digital intelligence technologies for supply-demand matching has been constructed to advance optimally regulated connotative development.

[Conclusion] This research aims to address systemic issues — including extensive URGS system development, insufficient functional integration, low supply – demand matching efficiency, and inadequate open sharing mechanisms — by proposing holistic solutions with reference value for future urban recreational space planning, policy-making, and research. 1) Spatial planning dimension: Promote the statutory institutionalization and systematization of URGS-specific planning, clarify its position within the territorial spatial planning framework, strengthen horizontal coordination and vertical implementation, and guide high-quality development of diversified recreational green spaces. 2) Policy orientation dimension: Focus on diverse public needs to deepen the connotation of “human-oriented demands”. Establish a precision-tailored methodological framework for supply – demand matching, creating a synergistic governance model combining “top-down guidance” and “bottom-up participation” to operationalize differential justice in spatial allocation. 3) Academic research dimension: Construct a three-dimensional theoretical framework integrating recreational systems with resource distribution patterns, spatial ring characteristics and urban functional layouts. This research significantly enhances the precision and depth of population demand identification, considers behavioral traits and visitation preferences, and develops a demand-driven URGS layout adaptation model responsive to distinct urban functional spatial requirements. The accuracy and depth of crowd demand identification have been enhanced, taking into account behavioral characteristics and access preferences. Furthermore, an URGS layout adaptation mode driven by the demands of different urban functional spaces is proposed. This research responds to the people’s demand for a better life and is of great significance for promoting the transformation of URGS layout to a refined supply that responds to the differences in group demands, resolving the structural mismatch contradiction between URGS layout and diverse recreational demands, and ultimately achieving the dual goals of a sense of gain and happiness in green well-being.

[Objective] As one of the major open spaces, urban streets not only carry the transportation function, but also promote social interaction and economic growth, while displaying the aesthetic, cultural and historical characteristics of the city. However, many new or regenrated streets have gradually lost their identity due to the compromise of large-scale construction and short-term delivery. It is important to explore ways to protect and optimize the locality of streetscape since street constituents the most direct impression of a city, which not only forms the identity of a city together with architecture, historical and cultural heritage, geographical characteristics and social life, but also serves as an independent carrier of local expression. The identification and optimization of streetscape locality can help protect the uniqueness of landscape, enhance urban identity and construct urban image, especially for historical and cultural preservation areas in modern cities, and can also work as an important step to retain urban memory and enhance residents’ sense of belonging.
[Methods] This research first establishes a theoretic framework for streetscape locality through a discussion based on literature reviewed. The research proposes that streetscape locality should include the physical, social, historical and aesthetic aspects, with relevant indicators being identified for the four aspects respectively. These indicators are then compared with streetscape characteristics that can be measured by current image analysis technologies. On this basis, a framework for identification of streetscape locality is constructed. Taking Shanghai Hengfu Historic and Cultural Preservation Area (hereinafter referred to as the “Area”) as an example, the research adopts the semantic segmentation method and an AI-based evaluation model to analyze the locality of the Area, with the specific process being visualized using the Geographic Information System (GIS). The current spatial expression of streetscape locality characteristics in the Area is then discussed considering factors such as land use on both sides of a street, architectural styles, and traffic hierarchies.
[Results] Results suggest that in the aspect of physical locality, the indicators of enclosing degree, green visibility and sky visibility are consistent in spatial distribution. Specifically, the distribution of sky visibility is basically opposite to green visibility, while enclosing degree is similarly distributed with sky visibility. In general, the enclosing degree of the Area is rated moderate, while the green visibility and sky visibility of streetscape are rated at a medium to low level. Streetscape in the northern and western parts of the Area is relatively open compared with other parts and the highest green visibility is observed in streets around Xujiahui Park located in the southwestern part of the Area. In the social aspect, safety is rated good overall, but the human scale is rated moderate and the imageability level is low. Streetscape with appropriate human scale is safer than others, which may be due to the fact that both the two human scale and safety characteristics can positively influence the comfort of perception. Overall, safety and human scale characteristics are poor in the central part of the Area around Shanghai Conservatory of Music, the intersection betwwen Huaihai Middle Road and Fuxing Middle Road, as well as Yan’an Middle Road in the north and Chongqing South Road in the east of the Area. Besides, the streetscape imageability of the Area is only rated high where unique landmarks exist. In the historic aspect, legibility of the Area appears to be better in the southern part while rated poorest in the central part and western boundary of the Area, especially in Jiangsu Road and Nanchang Road close to the north side of the Fuxing Park. Among the characteristics in relation to aesthetic aspect, visual diversity, coherence and permeability show no direct or indirect correlation with each other in spatial distribution. The visual diversity and coherence of streetscape are rated good in the research area, but the permeability of streetscape is less satisfied. The visual diversity of streetscape at the intersection between Changshu Road and Huaihai Middle Road and along Jianguo West Road in the south is poor, and the permeability is also quite poor. In addition, the roads with low traffic hierarchy such as branches and alleys are generally rated better than those with high traffic hierarchy in terms of human scale, coherence and permeability.
[Conclusion] This research may provide a reference for subsequent protection, optimization and development of urban streetscape locality, and may also inspire more large-scale analysis of landscape concepts derived from sociology, anthropology and other disciplines in the future. Constrained by the accuracy of the algorithm model adopted and the availability of the streetscape image data collected, there may exist slight error in the analysis results. However, the research in general has succeeded in quantitatively measuring and mapping the locality of streetscape within the research area.

[Objective] Amid rapid urbanization and the increasing frequency of extreme climate events, urban systems are facing escalating systemic risks. As the fundamental unit of urban governance, community resilience — the capacity to withstand, adapt to, and recover from risks — has become a key concern in public administration. However, disparities in resource allocation, spatial power structures, and uneven risk exposure have made old and dilapidated communities — characterized by aging facilities, complex demographic structures, and weak infrastructure — concentrated zones of urban risk inequality. In China, there are over 200,000 such communities, home to more than 100 million residents, which are highly vulnerable to natural disasters, public safety incidents, and public health emergencies. These vulnerabilities generate a negative feedback loop of “vulnerable group concentration – declining resilience – cyclical risk accumulation” . Therefore, optimizing spatial resource allocation and addressing both external shocks and internal risks are essential to exploring resilience governance pathways that enhance the ability of diverse groups in old and dilapidated communities to resist, adapt, and recover rapidly, thereby strengthening grassroots governance and advancing resilient city construction.

[Methods] This research adopts a triangulated methodology integrating comparative analysis, inductive – deductive reasoning, and systematic literature review to clarify the conceptual foundations and mechanisms of risk inequality, identifying four core dimensions of community resilience governance, namely the spatial, social, institutional, and technological dimensions. Focusing on old and dilapidated communities, the research uses risk inequality as an analytical lens to systematically deconstruct structural barriers to resilience governance, revealing mechanisms of risk differentiation and institutional root causes. Drawing on social vulnerability theory, spatial justice theory, and resilience theory, the research develops an analytical framework centered on three pillars: stakeholder identification, resource allocation optimization, and adaptive governance responsiveness. Guided by spatial justice principles, the framework promotes multi-level, cross-dimensional interventions — including infrastructure renewal, governance structure reform, technological upgrading, and social capital rebuilding — to dismantle structural constraints of risk inequality, promote equitable risk distribution, and strengthen sustainable adaptive capacity.

[Results] The research reveals that risk inequality is neither accidental nor monocausal, but stems from the long-entangled interplay of multifaceted social, economic, and environmental factors, which collectively undermine the systemic resilience and sustainable development of old and dilapidated communities. Amid escalating uncertainties and increasingly frequent risk events, the diversification of risk sources and compounded community vulnerabilities synergistically amplify hazard impacts. Old and dilapidated communities — characterized by physical infrastructure decay, institutional inertia, eroded social capital, and technological marginalization — have become epicenters of risk inequality, where vulnerable groups face systemic disadvantages in disaster exposure levels, access to emergency resources, and adaptive response capacity. To address these challenges, resilience governance for old and dilapidated communities must focus on integrating internal/external resources, revitalizing institutional mechanisms, and holistically enhancing residents’ risk-coping capacities, thereby strengthening communities’ ability to withstand shocks while maintaining operational stability and sustainable trajectories. Centering on vulnerable subpopulations and spatial demands for disaster preparedness, the research embeds spatial justice principles into resilience governance frameworks. Key strategies include: precision identification of vulnerability profiles through data-driven diagnostics, optimized allocation of disaster-response spatial resources, dynamic simulation of emergency protocols, and construction of multi-stakeholder collaborative networks. These strategies disrupt the traditional “one-size-fits-all” governance paradigm, replacing rigid frameworks with adaptive, equity-driven interventions that reconcile structural risk disparities and foster inclusive resilience. To address the heterogeneous vulnerabilities of community subgroups, this research proposes differentiated governance strategies across four resilience dimensions: spatial, social, institutional, and technological dimensions. First, spatial integration of normal and emergency functions should be prioritized to establish a tiered public space system for risk management. Second, adaptive capacities must be strengthened by fostering endogenous community mutual-aid networks grounded in multi-stakeholder collaboration. Third, resource provision should be optimized through flexible risk prevention policies and dynamic compensation mechanisms. Fourth, technological compatibility requires enhancement via the development of inclusive smart governance tools for community resilience.

[Conclusion] The resilience governance of old and dilapidated communities should incorporate the concept of spatial justice, emphasizing the precise identification of vulnerability demands, optimization of disaster-response spatial configurations, dynamic simulation of operational workflows, and establishment of multi-stakeholder collaborative networks. This approach aims to dismantle the traditional “one-size-fits-all” governance mindset, advancing resilient community theory from a “system preservation” paradigm to one centered on “social equity”. Looking forward, resilience governance frameworks need refinement to address distinct challenges in traditional courtyard communities, state-owned unit housing, and modern residential complexes. This involves defining risk typologies, deciphering causal mechanisms, evaluating resilience components, and formulating tailored mitigation strategies. Besides, quantitative methodologies should be advanced to monitor risk fluctuations, measure vulnerability thresholds, conduct stress tests, and analyze spatiotemporal risk distribution patterns among vulnerable groups. Integration of cutting-edge tools — such as geographic information system (GIS), big data analytics, system dynamics, and social network analysis — can enable behavior-based simulations to innovate early warning systems and resilience governance models. This dual-track advancement of theory and technology will catalyze inclusive, adaptive, and sustainable transformations in old and dilapidated urban communities.

[Objective] This research aims to quantify the geocultural characteristics of Chinese traditional villages through spatial network analysis, principal component analysis (PCA), and clustering algorithms. By constructing a national-scale agglomeration demarcation model, this research proposes differentiated conservation strategies to optimize conservation area delineation methods considering natural geography, historical culture, and socioeconomic dimensions. The research ultimately provides theoretical foundations for policy-making to balance heritage preservation with regional development dynamics.

[Methods] The research method adopted in this research is to combine graph theory and machine learning with data from the lists of six batches of traditional villages published by the Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development of the People’s Republic of China and other departments. First, the minimum Spanning tree (MST) model weighted by the actual transportation time cost is adopted to carry out the preliminary clustering. This process quantifies the spatial connection strength between villages by prioritizing the selection of low-cost connections and cutting off high-cost connections, and ultimately forms a spatial structure that highlights transportation accessibility and spatial proximity. Then, through Principal Component analysis (PCA) and K-Means clustering methods, the multi-dimensional cultural and geographical characteristics are analyzed. The analysis objects not only include the clustering results obtained based on the MST method, but also cover natural and cultural elements. On this basis, this research constructs a characteristic spectrum based on the geographical, economic and cultural characteristics of traditional villages, and divides the villages into different agglomeration areas according to their natural geographical attributes and cultural attributes. And through the spatial superposition analysis method, the K-Means clustering method are observed to explore the cultural background, language system characteristics, environmental characteristics and architectural types involved in each zoning.

[Results] The MST and K-Means clustering results are respectively spatially superimposed and analyzed with the current situation of provincial administrative divisions across the country. The results show that the MST clustering boundaries based on transportation cost weighting are highly coexisting with the provincial administrative boundaries in provinces with dense traditional villages. This phenomenon stems from the characteristics of the MST method. The network construction principle of MST, which aims to minimize the overall transportation cost, makes it easier to form continuous clusters overlapping with administrative boundaries in areas with high density of traditional villages and strong transportation accessibility. Administrative boundaries are often delineated relying on geographical barriers such as rivers and mountains, and these barriers can lead to a significant increase in transportation costs, which is corresponding to the segmentation logic of MST that removes high-cost edges. In contrast, the K-Means clustering boundaries based on the MST clustering results and combined with the main components of natural and cultural elements such as topography, mountain and river aggregation, climate, and language system have a relatively high consistency with the provincial administrative boundaries in provinces with scattered traditional villages. The distribution of traditional villages in these provinces shows the characteristics of "broad geographical space" and overall “great dispersion”. The geographical and economic and cultural characteristics extracted by the PCA method show a spatial polarization of “small clusters”. In provinces with a high concentration of traditional villages, the delineated clusters are mostly distributed at the junctions of provincial administrative boundaries. This regularity indicates that the transportation network correlation and segmentation involved in MST can serve as the basis for the initial division of traditional village clusters. The division result of the “MST + PCA + K-Means” model can rely on the extraction ability of PCA for geographical, cultural and other characteristics, and form a comprehensive division result on the basis of simultaneously explaining the intrinsic connection between the geography and culture of each region.

[Conclusion] A comparative analysis of the MST clustering model weighted by actual transportation time cost, as well as geo-cultural zoning boundaries and administrative boundaries shows that when the MST clustering boundary is highly consistent with the transportation cost gradient, and the historical rationality of traditional zoning lies in its implicit consideration of transportation cost efficiency. A significant deviation indicates regionalization may be dominated by non-transport factors like cultural association and resource dependence; especially when the MST boundary crosses the transportation cost gradient, further analysis of cross-gradient cultural or economic drivers is needed. The MST weighted by transportation cost and the “principal component + K-Means” model essentially reflect the methodological opposition between “spatial determinism” and “cultural reductionism”. For research objects like traditional villages featuring the interaction of multiple scales and multiple influencing factors, it is necessary to break through the bottleneck of single quantitative analysis, comprehensively consider the combination of geography, culture and economy, and allow coexistence of transportation networks, language diffusion and other relationships to approach the true self-organization of characteristic traditional village clusters.

[Objective] The pressure of accelerated urbanization has caused rural landscapes to face the great challenges of reconstruction, homogenization and extinction, with rural landscapes gradually losing their diversity and regional characteristics. Compared with lowland villages, mountainous villages are constrained by special topography, rich in resources but backward in construction, and have always been the key and difficult areas in China’s rural revitalization work, and the identification and management of their landscape characters are particularly urgent. As a complex landscape system with multiple levels and diversity, the mountainous villages need a more comprehensive cross-scale tool to guide and manage the process of landscape change and the protection of local landscape characters. Landscape character assessment (LCA) is a mainstream method to identify landscape character, but its results often present a static, nodal and objective perception. The collective memory theory focuses on the dynamic characteristics of landscape evolution and is able to identify more subtle differences in landscape characters, compensating for the shortcomings of LCA in the temporal and human dimensions. Therefore, this research aims to 1) integrate LCA and collective memory theory to construct a theoretical and technical framework for multi-scale identification of mountainous rural landscape characters; 2) integrate quantitative analysis of LCA and qualitative interpretation of collective memory to solve the problem of spatialization of narrative memories; and 3) validate the scientific validity and effectiveness of the identification system through empirical evidence in the Wuling Mountain area.

[Methods] The research proposes to construct a multi-scale mountainous rural landscape character identification system. 1) Theoretical framework: Integrate LCA and collective memory theory to establish a systematic framework of “definition scope − element selection − classification and description − practical application”, realizing the layer-by-layer cognition and description from macroscopic to microscopic perspective. 2) Technical path: Establish the operational path of “data collection − character recognition − character translation”. The “extraction of memory carriers − spatial coordinate localization − generation of vector data” approach is used to realize the spatialization of collective memory. At the regional scale (Chongqing section of the Wuling Mountain area), natural elements such as elevation, and land cover are selected to identify landscape character zones. At the local scale (Qianjiang District), cultural elements such as land use, and characteristic villages are selected to identify landscape character categories. At the site scale (Taiji Township), traditional settlements, collective memory, and other cultural and culturally related elements are selected to identify landscape character units and elements. At the same time, the surviving condition of the character elements is marked.

[Results] The complexity and cultural diversity of the geographic environment in the Chongqing section of the Wuling Mountain area provide an ideal background for character identification. A multi-scale mountainous rural landscape character identification system is constructed and successfully applied to different scales (Chongqing section of the Wuling Mountain area − Qianjiang District − Taiji Town), which provides a regional reference for the identification and protection of mountainous rural landscape character. The identification system identifies 10 rural landscape character zones in the Chongqing section of the Wuling Mountain area at the regional scale, 8 rural landscape character categories in Qianjiang District at the local scale, and 6 rural landscape character units in Taiji Towns at the site scale. Cases such as the memory of natural beliefs (land temple) and the memory of the construction of public facilities (academy ruins) reflect the deep coupling of landscape character and the collective memory of the villagers. At the same time, marking the surviving condition of the character elements (including the disappearing elements) helps to explain the historical development of landscapes.

[Conclusion] Mountainous rural landscapes have both natural and humanistic attributes, and public participation and raising awareness of the cultural value of landscapes is a key part of rural landscape planning. This research analyzes the theoretical framework, technical path and practical application of the identification of mountainous rural landscape characters at multiple scales, and draws the following main conclusions. 1) The technical process of LCA can provide a spatial anchor point for collective memory, while collective memory can inject an interpretive dimension into LCA, and the two are complementary to help understand rural landscapes in a more comprehensive way. 2) It realizes the deep integration of the quantitative analysis of LCA and the qualitative interpretation of collective memory, clarifies the path of memory carrier materialization, and solves the problem that narrative memory can hardly interface with LCA technology. 3) The case of Wuling Mountain area proves that the identification system can effectively integrate geographic diversity, cultural characteristics and villagers’ perception, and realizes precise identification of landscape character through the synergistic collaboration of top-down (systematic delineation dominated by LCA) and bottom-up (local cognition driven by collective memory) identification, and provides a tool support for the national rural landscape planning and protection. In the future, the results of character identification should be transformed into planning actions through differentiated planning decisions, dynamic protection mechanisms, participatory governance, etc., so as to respond to the real dilemmas of rural planning.

[Objective] With the development of urbanization and industrialization, greenhouse gas emissions continue to increase, and the issue of global warming has attracted more and more attention. Actively responding to the issue of climate change, China has put forward the carbon peaking and carbon neutrality goals for carbon emission reduction. Landscaping trees play an important role in increasing urban natural carbon sinks and neutralizing urban anthropogenic carbon emissions. To maximize the carbon sink of the limited urban green spaces, it is necessary to choose landscaping tree species with high carbon sequestration capacity. Beijing is facing various environmental problems, such as severe urban island heat effect caused by vast greenhouse gas emission, and air pollution. The low-carbon landscaping construction practice in Beijing can not only alleviate urban problems, but also improve the human settlement environment, making people live healthier and happier. Furthermore, such practice in Beijing, the capital city, can set a significant example for other cities. Therefore, the research on carbon sequestration capacity of common landscaping tree species in Beijing is of great importance, especially considering that relevant research is still not sufficient and complete at present.
[Methods] According to the principles of ecological adaptability and representativeness, this research mainly considers tree species seldom involved in the current research (Vitex negundo var. heterophylla, etc.), while highly recommended in Beijing in recent years (Chionanthus retusus, etc.), and then takes 30 common landscaping tree species in Beijing urban green space as the research object. The research selects 5 standard plants for each specie. All the selected plants are located in the open spaces (without shade) of urban parks in Beijing, which are far away from water bodies and buildings and have similar habitats. The photosynthetic physiological parameters were monitored with Li-cor 6400 portable photosynthetic analyzer in four seasons in 2022 and 2023. Based on the monitoring results, the average daily photosynthetic rate in different seasons is calculated. According to the assimilation amount method, the annual carbon sequestration per unit leaf area, per unit land area and per plant are calculated respectively. Moreover, the carbon sequestration capacity of tree species is graded by cluster analysis, and the differences in carbon sequestration capacity between tree species with different life forms are tested by independent-sample t.
[Results] Among the tested tree species, the daily average photosynthetic rates of evergreen and deciduous tree species in different seasons follow the same order: Summer > spring > autumn > winter. According to the indicators of annual carbon sequestration per leaf area, annual carbon sequestration per land area and annual carbon sequestration per plant, the tested tree species can be divided into levels I, Ⅱ and Ⅲ (from high to low), respectively. The carbon sequestration capacity of Ulmus pumila is outstanding, which belongs to level Ⅱ and above in all the three indicators. The comprehensive carbon sequestration capacity of the tested tree species is evaluated based on annual carbon sequestration per unit land area and per plant, and the performance of Salix matsudana (among all the tested arbors) and Prunus tomentosa (among all the shrubs) is the best. Among all the tested tree species, the annual carbon sequestration per plant of arbors is significantly higher than that of shrubs, but there is no significant difference between the two in terms of both the annual carbon sequestration per unit land area and the annual carbon sequestration per unit leaf area. The reason why there is no significant difference in the annual carbon sequestration per unit land area between arbors and shrubs may be related to the application forms.
[Conclusion] In the practice of low-carbon landscaping in Beijing, the application of landscaping tree species should be comprehensively considered from multiple perspectives, including ecological adaptability, ecological benefits, aesthetics, etc. On the basis of fulfilling other functional needs, from the perspective of carbon sink, landscaping tree species with high carbon sequestration capacity should be fully applied. The arbors such as Salix matsudana, Ulmus pumila, Paulownia tomentosa, Eucommia ulmoides, Aesculus chinensis, and shrubs such as Prunus tomentosa, Vitex negundo var. heterophylla, Viburnum opulus subsp. calvescens and Rosa xanthina are highly recommended. Future research is supposed to further discuss the differences in carbon sequestration capacity between the colored-leaf plant species and its original plant species, and carbon budget in the whole life cycle of landscaping tree species, which can further provide a scientific basis for the construction of low-carbon landscape in Beijing, thus helping achieve the carbon peaking and carbon neutrality goals.

[Objective] With the rapid advancement of urbanization and the rising expectations of citizens for high-quality living environments, the Beijing Municipal People’s Government officially promulgated the Special Plan for Beijing Garden City (2023−2035) in May 2024, in response to these emerging needs. This comprehensive urban planning initiative outlines the strategic objective of achieving “overall colorization” centered around the development and enhancement of urban parks. The policy emphasizes the central role of flowers in landscape construction, ecological restoration, and promoting livable, beautiful, and culturally vibrant urban habitats. Beyond their ecological and visual value, flowers also serve as cultural symbols and contribute to residents’ emotional well-being. However, the effectiveness of floral landscape construction depends heavily on public perception, which influences the usage of these green spaces. This research investigates public perceptions of floral landscapes in urban parks across the central urban area of Beijing, with a view to identifying key themes, species, and perception patterns across different park types, thereby offering practical insights for improving landscape planning and supporting the broader goals of garden city development.

[Method] Taking 78 urban parks in the central urban area of Beijing as the research objects, this research uses Python to collect annual reviews for each park from dianping.com in 2023, yielding 13,657 valid entries, and a combination of content analysis (CA), latent Dirichlet allocation (LDA) topic modeling and importance − performance analysis (IPA) is employed to examine and evaluate public perceptions of floral landscapes in urban parks across Beijing. The specific process involves the following steps: Constructing a customized lexicon and segmenting the review data; establishing a flower plant perception corpus and performing CA and word frequency analysis to assess the overall perception of flower plants; applying the LDA model to extract thematic clusters and corresponding keywords, and summarizing the perception themes in alignment with the Garden City planning framework; evaluating the importance and satisfaction levels of the identified perception themes using the IPA method; and finally, categorizing and discussing the findings to propose strategies for enhancing public perception of floral landscapes.

[Result] A list of the top 15 flower plant species based on public perception is compiled, and four flower perception themes are identified. Significant differences are found in public perceptions across different park types. 1) In terms of overall perception, there are considerable differences in the degree of public perception and spatial distribution among various types of parks. Time patterns are clearly defined, with perception levels peaking primarily between March and May and September and November. A wide variety of flower species are employed, with lotus (2,250 mentions), peach blossom (1,376 mentions), and cherry blossom (1,335 mentions) being the most prominently perceived by the public. Additionally, 17 parks host flower-related cultural activities. 2) In terms of perception themes, the multiple functions of flower experiences (63%) are most prominent, followed by the aesthetic use of flower species (19%), the livelihood benefits of floral resources (14%), and the cultural value of floral attractions (4%). Public perception is more focused on functional aspects, such as photography and outings, while cultural values receive less attention. Among the three park types, the aesthetic use of flower species (22%) ranks second in historical parks, but is low in comprehensive and community parks, showing a negative correlation with livelihood benefits. In comprehensive parks, the multiple functions of flower experiences (68%) are more prominent, whereas in community parks, the livelihood benefits of floral resources (39%) are most noticeable. 3) In terms of the perception importance − satisfaction performance, advantageous flowers vary by park type, and the perception performance of various flower plant species is generally good. Lotus and chrysanthemums in historical parks are highly satisfactory, sunflowers in comprehensive parks are recognized, while chinese rose and peach blossom in community parks need to be upgraded. Besides, some flowers are highly rated while failing to attract enough attention, and limited resources need to be optimized. The perception theme performance of different types of parks varies greatly. The perception theme performance of historical famous parks is generally high. For comprehensive parks, the “multiple functions of flower experiences” stand out (68%), but the perception satisfaction is relatively low and in urgent need of enhancement. The overall satisfaction of each perception theme in community parks is relatively low.

[Conclusion] This research clarifies the primary species, thematic dimensions, and public performance evaluations related to floral landscapes across different types of urban parks in Beijing. It demonstrates that floral landscape design must be tailored to park functions, public usage patterns, and seasonal cycles to enhance user satisfaction and fulfill the goals of the Beijing Garden City initiative. The proposed perception evaluation model, not only aids local government and planners in refining floral landscape strategies but also provides a scalable methodological framework for evaluating similar projects in other cities pursuing green and livable urban transformations. Moreover, by highlighting gaps in satisfaction and underutilized floral resources, this research offers targeted recommendations for improving biodiversity, cultural engagement, and ecological value in urban landscape planning.

[Objective] Influenced by natural environmental changes and human activities, habitat fragmentation has become a widespread phenomenon in protected areas. Constructing ecological corridors is an effective measure to mitigate habitat fragmentation. However, the current construction of ecological corridors faces challenges, such as not being able to adapt to future environmental changes, not being able to correspond to the multi-layered structure of ecosystems, and not being able to clarify the specific content of construction control. Therefore, it is of great significance to explore the ecological corridor system of national parks that can adapt to future environmental changes, correspond to the multi-level attributes of ecosystems, and implement differentiated construction control.
[Methods] This research establishes a framework for the construction of a multi-level ecological corridor system. Taking Nanling National Park as an example, this research first sets the overall goal of improving the connectivity of habitats within Nanling National Park and the spatial continuity of ecosystem service functions between Nanling National Park and peripheral areas outside the park at a larger scale. Based on the overall objective, the proposed levels are determined to be the ecosystem level corresponding to the region where the national park is located (regional level) and the community level corresponding to the park (park level). At the regional level, ecological source areas are identified based on the importance of ecosystem service functions, and resistance surfaces are created using factors that hinder the flow of ecological materials. Ecological corridors are extracted based on the circuit theory model. At the park level, ecological source areas are identified based on species habitat suitability. The method of future scenario simulation is introduced in the identification of ecological source areas, and the future environmental data are obtained through two climate models (ssp126 and ssp585) and related plans. Based on the current environmental data and future environmental data, the MaxEnt model is used to identify the ecological source areas. Next, the research uses the GeoDetector for spatial stratified heterogeneity analysis to identify the ecological background characteristics that affect the generation of ecological source areas. The width of ecological corridors is determined based on these characteristics, and ecological corridors are integrated and organized. Then, ecological stepping-stones are used to connect the ecological corridors at different levels. Finally, based on the ecological background characteristics, the landscape heterogeneity between the ecological corridors and the ecological source areas is analyzed, and based on the principle of reducing the difference between the ecological corridors and the ecological source areas, zoning is implemented for construction management and control of ecological corridors, and the specific contents of construction management and control are formulated.
[Results] In the ecological corridor system of Nanling National Park, 392 ecological source areas and 990 ecological corridors are identified at the regional level; 85 ecological source areas and 154 ecological corridors are identified at the park level. The system connects the regional level and the park level through 52 ecological corridors and 13 ecological stepping stones. Based on landscape heterogeneity between ecological source areas and corridors within the park, the research area is divided into three types of construction management and control zones, for which 12 specific measures for differentiated construction management and control are adopted. The specifics of construction management and control correspond to the forestry unit, which defines the spatial scope of the implementation of ecological corridors. Ultimately, the natural succession area covers 633 units with an area of 116.35 km², accounting for 37.45% of the total ecological corridor area; the artificially promoted natural succession area involves 431 units with an area of 70.15 km², accounting for 22.58% of the total ecological corridor area; and the artificially repaired area covers 1,203 units with an area of 124.21 km², accounting for 39.98% of the total ecological corridor area. According to statistics, more than half of the ecological corridor area entails the introduction of manual intervention into construction management and control, indicating the importance of manual intervention for ecological corridors.
[Conclusion] This research proposes a framework for constructing a multi-level ecological corridor system for national parks, and establishes such a system for Nanling National Park. The research simulates the distribution of ecological source areas under different future scenarios, delineates construction management and control zones, and formulates specific implementation measures. Based on this, the research concludes that establishing a multi-level ecological corridor system can enhance the ecological connectivity between national parks and their surrounding areas, improve the adaptability of ecological corridors to future environmental changes, effectively support the construction and implementation of ecological corridors, fully leverage the ecological radiation role of national parks, and further strengthen the central role of national parks in the protected area system.

[Objective] The quality of pedestrian environments is a crucial component of campus planning for comprehensive universities. As contemporary higher education increasingly emphasizes interdisciplinary communication, well-designed pedestrian environments can help foster interaction, strengthen campus identity, and promote active mobility. However, a great deal of research has identified the pedestrian-unfriendly conditions of university campuses in China, particularly those constructed in recent decades. Most empirical research has focus on sidewalks in campuses, while overlooking the characteristics and qualities of pedestrian spaces within squares, green spaces, and void spaces, revealing the limitations of quantitative evaluation. The lack of systematic characterization in existing studies also limits their applicability as practical guidances for campus pedestrian planning, in which urban design plays an integrative role. Therefore, a systematic spatial and design analysis of exemplary cases is needed. Singapore stands out for its well-developed pedestrian networks that effectively respond to tropical climatic conditions, support placemaking, and integrate with campus and urban systems. These qualities are particularly evident in its two comprehensive universities: the National University of Singapore (NUS) and Nanyang Technological University (NTU). This research examines the spatial and design characteristics of pedestrian spaces in NUS and NTU, aiming to extract strategies applicable to campus regeneration. The research first establishes a framework through a literature review that synthesizes key factors related to campus pedestrian environments and distinctive characteristics of Singapore’s pedestrian planning. Building on this framework, the research combines quantitative spatial analysis with qualitative mapping, on-site observation, and design analysis to identify the configurational and design characteristics of pedestrian spaces in the campuses of the both universities mentioned above. The findings further inform a discussion on design and management strategies for improving pedestrian environments in other universities.
[Methods] This research employs a mixed-methods approach for analyzing the design characteristics of pedestrian spaces. First, the research establishes an analysis framework based on a literature review. The review summarizes key spatial factors related to pedestrian on the campus from the perspectives of international research and distinctive characteristics of Singapore’s pedestrian system. The framework comprises four dimensions: overall spatial layout, public space design and placemaking, landscape integration, and infrastructural application. Second, on-site observation, spatial analysis and design analysis are conducted to unpack the characteristics of the campuses of the both universities. Specifically, observation comprises photography, measurement, hand sketching and mapping. Design characteristics are summarized in an inductive approach, according to the four-dimensional framework. In particular, to analyze the overall spatial layout, comprehensive mapping and configurational analysis are conducted. Mapping overlays walking spaces with campus functional layout and transportation systems. Based on the space syntax theory, a configurational analysis is conducted to measure the spatial relationships between one pedestrian space to another. This research employs two classical parameters, integration and choice, to measure to-potential and through-potential of each pedestrian space in relating to other spaces at local (400 m radius) and district (2,000 m radius) scales.
[Results] The analysis reveals that both NUS and NTU develop comprehensive pedestrian systems characterized by the above four aspects, overall layout, public space, landscape integration, and infrastructural application. First, continuous networks of covered walkways connect academic, residential, and service functions, as well as public transport nodes. The compact built form of the campuses of the both universities shortens pedestrian distance, promotes pedestrian activities, and makes pedestrian systems more efficient. Public transport routes are accessible to the campuses and share stops with campus shuttle, well-connected with covered walkways. Major covered walkways are laid out effectively to support local pedestrian activities, shown by high 400 m Choice values. While campus roads are supportive to the public transport for accessing to the campuses, shown by 2,000 m Choice. Besides, special attention should be paid to relations between multiple types of pedestrian spaces and campus roads and the configurational legibility of pedestrian spaces. Second, pedestrian spaces at NUS and NTU are characterized by their public space design and placemaking, which extend pedestrian nodes into multifunctional places that support studying, social interaction, and leisure. These node spaces are equipped with diverse forms of seats, lights, plants and equipment for better thermal comfort, encouraging encounter and stay. In particular, maintaining pedestrian spaces, both paths and nodes, at a human scale is crucial not only for users’ comfort while staying, but also for minimumizing impact on nature. Third, landscape integration balances aesthetic design with ecological and environmental performance. Shaded corridors, rain gardens, and terrain-responsive pathways enhance thermal comfort, support stormwater management, and strengthen ecological sustainability, while preserving the natural terrain and reinforcing campus identity. Fourth, infrastructure application comprises pedestrian-friendly elements and climate-responsive design. Natural ventilation, canopies, and semi-open transitions enhance microclimatic comfort, while durable materials, modular drainage systems, and traffic-calming measures improve accessibility, safety, and long-term maintainability. Despite these strengths, challenges persist, such as narrow pedestrian routes and limited connectivity with adjacent neighborhoods. Nevertheless, the two Singapore examples illustrate how progressive infill and adaptive design renewal can transform pedestrian systems into cohesive, efficient, and socially vibrant pedestrian environments.
[Conclusion] NUS and NTU demonstrate effective coverage of pedestrian spaces for core university functions with limited investment. Moreover, design strategies integrating pedestrian spaces with campus functions, public spaces, landscape resources, and transport systems can create walkable, vibrant, multi-functional and thermally comfortable pedestrian environments. Beyond spatial layout and design, the study offers more insights for universities subject to regeneration, particularly in China. First, despite different campus form, pedestrian space can be incrementally integrate with teaching and research spaces, amenities, and public transport. Second, creating vibrant pedestrian spaces and fostering placemaking of public space require accessible campus for pedestrian and open building public and transport spaces. A new Town & Gown relationship comprising accessible campus, shared facilities and open buildings means new management paradigms. Third, a compact building layout combined with human-scale public spaces forms the spatial foundation for active pedestrian space. This is achievable through the innovation of climate-response design elements, even under the current sunlight code of China. Fourth, digital analytical tools, such as behavioral tracking and environmental monitoring, can support participatory planning and performance evaluation. Successful campus pedestrian systems emerge from the coordination of spatial design, institutional management, and functional programming.

[Objective] In the current context of unprecedented urbanization and climate crisis, extreme weather events such as flood, storms and extreme heat occur frequently worldwide, posing a very adverse impact on human health and well-being in the future, and making it urgent to build healthy city. At the same time, with the deepening of urbanization, the phenomenon of urban vacant land is becoming increasingly prominent and spreading to cities in emerging markets and developing countries. The environmental and social problems caused by improper use of urban vacant land will also pose a threat to the health of urban residents. Among multiple models adopted by the international community to address urban vacancy issues, transforming urban vacant land into green infrastructure can not only serve within the “right sizing” strategy to improve the property depreciation and environmental degradation caused by vacancy itself, but also provide ecosystem services as green infrastructure, thus creating scarce ecological space in high-density cities and enhancing the health of urban ecosystems, which has gradually become one of the most mentioned concepts to tackle with urban vacancy issues. This research introduces the One Health framework to explain the health effects of urban vacant land as green infrastructure and the transformation pathway thereof. It further explores the diversified health effects of different types of urban vacant lands and corresponding evaluation systems, as a practical basis for deciding the future green infrastructure model for each type of urban vacant land.
[Methods] Based on a comprehensive literature review and case studies, this research aims to summarize the existing research and practice of urban vacant land and the transformation thereof worldwide in the past 20 years. Within the framework of One Health, the research elucidates the health effects of urban vacant land as green infrastructure and corresponding working mechanism. It then proposes a typology framework considering development intensity based on existing typology models. An evaluation index system is established, integrating vacant land research, green space evaluation, and green infrastructure planning. Lastly, transformation models for vacant land are summarized based on research results and case studies.
[Results] This research presents that from the perspective of One Health, the health effects of urban vacant land as green infrastructure mainly include three aspects. 1) Human health: Urban vacant land as green infrastructure can not only improve human mental health by increasing green exposure and creating a positive community atmosphere, but also promote physiological health through the encouragement of physical activity and enhancement of food health. Furthermore, implementing targeted interventions on urban vacant land can effectively mitigate health risks, including the reduction of violent crimes and the elimination of disease-carrying vectors. 2) Biological health: Urban vacant land as green infrastructure can function as ecological corridors to enhance the landscape connectivity of ecosystems, providing dispersal routeways for the migration of multiple species. Furthermore, it can offer valuable habitats for diverse urban species, playing a crucial role in biodiversity conservation. However, human interventions in urban vacant land may pose negative impacts on biodiversity. 3) Environmental health: Urban vacant land as green infrastructure has the capacity to modulate urban climate through the mitigation of air pollution and carbon sequestration. Additionally, it can capture surface runoff, thereby reducing the risk of regional flooding. The pathway for transforming urban vacant land into green infrastructure generally follows three progressive steps. 1) Build an urban vacant land typology model based on development intensity, including undeveloped vacant land, and vacant land with low, medium or high development intensity. This step allows researchers to preliminarily understand appropriate development models and redevelopment difficulties of different types of urban vacant lands. 2) Establish an evaluation index system for urban vacant land within the framework of One Health. This step allows researchers to carry out quantitative research of the potential of transforming each kind of vacant land into green infrastructure according to multifactor evaluation based on geographic information data. 3) Determine the transformation models of different types of urban vacant lands as green infrastructure according to the evaluation results. The transformation models include urban vacant land as stormwater management facility (oriented at environmental and biological health), public space (oriented at human health), and restoration and maintenance (transitional land use model for urban vacant land without high development value at present).
[Conclusion] The analysis reveals a general lack of awareness in China of reusing urban vacant land, especially the potential health value thereof when transformed into green infrastructure. The research literature and cases abroad account for a relatively large proportion among relevant published works. In addition, the huge differences in land ownership, development model, urban density and form may make the transformation pathway of urban vacant land in China quite differentiated from those in other countries. Therefore, future research and practice on the transformation of urban vacant land into green infrastructure should focus on the particularity of urban space and institutional environment of China, and explore potential health effects and transformation pathways of urban vacant land.

[Objective] The landscape character assessment system is an effective tool to help people understand the history and current status of landscapes. Its results are widely used in land decision-making and spatial planning control. Landscape character assessment (LCA) and landscape personality assessment (LPA) are two different perspectives and systems. LCA has a certain research and practical foundation, forming a relatively mature methodology system, emphasizing the characterization of the current status of landscape. In contrast, there is relatively little research and practice related to LPA, although attention has been paid to the trend of landscape changes. In addition, there is a nested relationship in terms of value implications, landscape spatial carrier, evaluation index system, and practical application of results, and there is a certain degree of complementarity between LPA and LCA. Integrating LCA and LPA and constructing a multi-level nested framework for landscape character assessment can sort out the multi-level relationships of landscape character representation, better meet practical needs at different scales, and help people comprehensively understand the past, present, and future of landscape.
[Methods] Taking the landscape character assessment system as the research object, this research analyzes the concepts and connotations related to landscape character, and evaluates the shortcomings of existing LCA and LPA research and practice from the aspects of value dimension, indicator system, process characteristic, classification method, etc. There is considerable research and practical experience in the LCA research field, and scholars have also explored LPA. This research analyzes, evaluates, and horizontally compares relevant typical research and practical projects both domestically and internationally. The overall landscape carries the overall humanistic ecosystem, whose structurality and decomposability determine that landscape space is a complex composed of multiple relatively independent spaces, concatenation and nesting determine the multi-level nesting of the overall landscape space, and perceptibility and symbolism determine that identifying the characteristics of a landscape is a way to recognize the unique value of the landscape. Based on existing research content, the research summarizes the overall characteristics and future development trends of the two assessment methods, analyzes the differences and underlying connections between them, and explores possible integration methods for them.
[Results] LCA can describe what a landscape is, while LPA can explore why it is. Comparing the methodology of LCA with that of LPA, LPA and LCA have certain complementarity in research perspective, indicator system, classification method, and other aspects. LCA focuses on the objective description of elements and their combination level features, which can depict local landscape differences and is supported by quantitative analysis techniques; LPA focuses on the comprehensive effects in the dynamic process of resource combination, which can characterize the value and personalized characteristics of the overall landscape, but lacks quantitative classification techniques. Landscape personality is formed by highly condensed landscape character with inherent attributes that are perceived by humans, and LCA is the foundation of LPA formation. LCA and LPA have certain complementarity in different stages of landscape character assessment, and are two sets of local character representation ideas suitable for different scenes in the landscape character assessment system. The integration of the two can help optimize the landscape character assessment system in both theory and practice. Based on the overall characteristics of landscape and the nesting of landscape spatial units, integrating the perspectives and systems of LCA and LPA, a multi-level nested framework for landscape character assessment is proposed as a reference for understanding the multi-scale local characteristics and spatial systems of landscape. By combining multi-scale segmentation and spatial clustering techniques of deep learning, a technical path for multi-level nested landscape character assessment is constructed as a new idea for characterizing the local characteristics of landscape at multiple scales.
[Conclusion] In the process of developing landscape character assessment systems, there have been numerous methodological systems. The multi-level nested assessment framework and technical path integrating LCA and LPA can accurately grasp the local characteristics of landscape through quantitative assessment and spatial mapping using artificial intelligence technology at different scales of practical needs. This framework serves as a comprehensive framework in the landscape character assessment system, providing a holistic perspective for exploring the unique value of landscape. In addition, combining the integrated framework with digital technology analysis, a landscape character assessment approach that adapts to multi-scale practical needs is proposed, providing a technical path for analyzing the local characteristics of landscape based on different levels of landscape space. The landscape spatial unit system can be used as a carrier to characterize the characteristics of different levels of landscape places, and the assessment results can be integrated with applications at different scales, thus assisting in the practice of landscape planning and design, zoning control, and resource protection and utilization in different fields. The integrated framework and technical path for LCA and LPA can help future landscape character assessment research comprehensively understand the past, present, and future of landscape, systematically understand the local characteristics of landscape from both the local and overall perspectives, and combine practical needs at different scales of results.

[Objective] Based on the paradigm transformation of China’s urban development stage in the new period, and the orientation adjustment of the landscape architecture discipline, this research aims to expand the landscape architecture body of knowledge oriented to the regeneration of urban built environment, and to further promote the core areas of the landscape architecture body of knowledge based on the practice of landscape planning and design.
[Methods] At the theoretical level, this research combines field theory and landscape urbanism. Field theory can be regarded as a new model of urban theory, which translates the theoretical framework of field theory into “symbolic space”, “social space”, and “physical space”. Field theory provides a dynamic framework for understanding social structure and power. The elements of “field” for regenerating urban built environment include both material placemaking and non-material urban systems. Landscape architecture needs to expand its body of knowledge in two ways: First, focus on the underlying multidimensional elements; second, explore the operational mechanisms among the elements of urban built environment. Then, this research points out three major shifts in the new paradigm for regeneration of urban built environment: 1) A shift in the perspective of the “field” relationship; 2) a shift in the path of urban regeneration; 3) a shift in the identity of designer. The shift in the perspective of urban regeneration has brought about a new path adjustment, which is specifically divided into three levels, namely regeneration mode, regeneration system and practice dimension. Landscape architecture should play a leading role in urban built environment with the background of urban regeneration, and landscape architects as the main body of design should gradually play the role of coordinator and harmonizer. In practice, relying on the construction of waterfront spaces and the comprehensive improvement of built environment along the Huangpu River and the Suzhou Creek in Shanghai and other major rivers nationwide, as well as a lot of practice in integration and landscaping of urban infrastructure, a “six-dimensional spatial regeneration system” targeting the regeneration of urban built environment has been developed. From the perspective change towards the regeneration of urban built environment, to the path change of urban regeneration, and to the identity change of landscape architect, a positive feedback loop of “macro – meso – micro” realms has been constructed, and the body of knowledge required for landscape architecture has been continuously expanded.
[Results] This research proposes to, by virtue of the advantages of the landscape architecture discipline, break through professional boundaries, break down departmental barriers, and integrate multiple resources to strengthen the influence of the theoretical and practical levels on the expansion of the landscape architecture body of knowledge, which involves the following six aspects. 1) Systematic knowledge of placemaking. The basic framework for the expansion of the body of knowledge towards the regeneration of built environment is constructed. For spatial construction regarding the regeneration of built environment, it is necessary to combine with urban design thinking to strengthen the comprehensive, holistic, systematic and three-dimensional integration of multiple elements. 2) Cultural knowledge of historical context. The “mixed nature” of built environment is actually the external manifestation of the richness of the city, and in the face of the complex conditions and information of the city, it is a challenging task to sort out and continue the “cultural genes” of the city, and it is necessary to take into account the historical landscape and urban life, and realize the combination of the physical environment and living scenes. 3) Integration knowledge of infrastructure. Under the stock development mode, the integration and landscaping of infrastructure is an important trend in the regeneration of urban built environment, especially in the coupling of urban infrastructure and public space, which can realize multiple benefits. 4) Constructive knowledge of scene nodes. The creation of scene nodes is indispensable for systematic spatial construction, which leads to the comprehensive enhancement of a larger area, so that different nodes together constitute a scene that serves the daily life. 5) Ecological knowledge of environmental restoration. Ecological restoration in high-density built environment faces unique environmental conditions and often faces more constraints, and landscape architecture has great potential in ecological restoration. 6) Artistic knowledge of public space. It suggests to shift from city beautifying by art to city shaping by implementing art, to give full play to the value of landscape architecture in “aesthetic education”, to implement art and culture into daily life, and to improve the quality of urban public space through comprehensive means for spatial construction.
[Conclusion] Advocating the cross-border design and multidisciplinary integration, the “whole design” concept may help optimize the path for expanding the landscape architecture body of knowledge in the context of paradigm shift, and promote the community of landscape architecture to create new values and paradigms for the regeneration of urban built environment.

【目的】健康老龄化是世界卫生组织（World Health Organization, WHO）提倡的一项优先政策，旨在创造能够支持老年人健康积极生活的环境，提高老年人的健康水平。目前，学界对自然干预措施（nature-based interventions, NBIs）的研究方兴未艾，NBIs日益受到科学家和学者的关注。【方法】采用范围综述的方法探讨针对社区老年人的NBIs类型及其理论框架。运用史蒂芬斯数据库（EBSCOhost）对Academic Search Premier、Art & Architecture Complete、CINAHL Complete、Education Resources Information Center（ERIC）、GreenFILE、MEDLINE 6个数据库进行检索。检索文献的语种涵盖中、英文，但仅检索到英文文献，最终共纳入22篇文献进行分析。【结果】关于老年人NBIs类型的研究成果较为多样化，但仅有3篇文献探讨了理论框架。尽管健康老龄化已被WHO列入全球国家政策议程的关键优先事项，但是检索到的文献都聚焦于个体健康，没有一篇侧重于老年群体的健康促进。【结论】老年人是一个特殊群体，随着年龄的增长，身体机能会逐渐下降，然而他们有着个性化的需求，因此在为老年人制订健康促进计划时需要特别注意。研究人员和从业人员需要把握当前形势，以宏观、系统的视角来审视健康问题。

[Objective] The theory of natural aesthetics emphasizes the harmonious coexistence between humans and nature, focusing on the aesthetic value and ecological significance of the natural environment. This aligns closely with the goals of landscape design for urban waterfront spaces. As a critical intersection between urban and natural environments, urban waterfront spaces must not only fulfill functional requirements but also prioritize the natural experience, embodying natural aesthetics to enhance people’s aesthetic enjoyment. Based on the theory of natural aesthetics, this research takes urban waterfront spaces as the research object, focusing on public perception of the naturalness of autumn landscapes. The research aims to explore evaluation methods for naturalness perception, in hope of providing theoretical support for the planning and design of autumn landscapes in urban waterfront spaces. The research seeks to clarify the relationship between naturalness perception and ecological perception, quantitatively assess perceived naturalness, and identify key indicators influencing public perception of the naturalness of autumn landscapes in urban waterfront spaces.

[Methods] This research focuses on the Huangpu River waterfront space as the research subject. The literature review method is initially used to screen indicators influencing naturalness perception. A questionnaire survey combined with real-scene photographs is conducted to gather public opinions on the influence of different landscape elements on naturalness perception tendencies. The evaluation results of naturalness perception in typical sample sites are used as research support. Correlation analysis and stepwise regression analysis are employed to determine the characteristics and extent of influence of landscape elements on public naturalness perception. First, the literature review method is used to preliminarily screen factors influencing the perceived naturalness. Through literature research and expert scoring, 21 landscape element characteristics across three categories that might influence public naturalness perception of autumn landscapes in urban waterfront spaces are identified. These elements include vegetation types, water characteristics, and artificial structures, covering visual, ecological, and functional dimensions. Second, a questionnaire survey is conducted to score typical sample sites, with the mean method adopted to calculate perceived naturalness for representative photographs of each site. The questionnaire incorporates public ratings of the naturalness of landscapes and subjective descriptions of impressions, aiming to capture public tendencies toward naturalness perception of autumn waterfront landscapes. Simultaneously, subjective tendencies of naturalness perception are surveyed to compare subjective impressions with objective statistical results, ensuring comprehensive and accurate data. Finally, the landscape elements in representative photographs of typical sample sites are identified and quantified, and regression analysis is performed to develop a well-fitted naturalness perception regression model. Through correlation analysis and stepwise regression analysis, the influence of each landscape element on public naturalness perception and its significance are determined.

[Results] The research finds that the most significant indicator promoting public naturalness perception is the proportion of deciduous tree (PDT). When this element is in the medium range, perceived naturalness significantly increases. The most significant indicator weakening public naturalness perception is the proportion of bare wall (PBW), as perceived naturalness decreases with its increase. Other indicators that promote naturalness perception include the proportion of yellow colored tree (PYCT) in the lower range, the proportion of colored shrubs and grass (PCSG) in the medium range, the PDT in the higher range, the proportion of aquatic plant, and the overall proportion of plants (PP). The research identifies seven key indicators directly influencing naturalness perception. Among them, the PDT has the most significant positive influence on perceived naturalness, increasing it by 0.704. In contrast, the PBW has the most notable negative influence, with a regression coefficient of −4.400, causing perceived naturalness to decrease as it increases. These findings provide a scientific basis for the design of autumn landscapes in urban waterfront spaces, helping designers better balance natural and artificial elements to enhance public natural experiences.

[Conclusion] Based on the quantitative analysis of naturalness perception, design strategies can be optimized to promote public naturalness perception, providing theoretical and technical support for the design of autumn landscapes in urban waterfront spaces. This contributes to achieving the goal of harmonious coexistence between humans and nature in landscape design. However, this research is based on empirical research conducted in the central urban section of the waterfront space of the Huangpu River in Shanghai, a highly urbanized area with distinct regional characteristics in vegetation and artificial elements. Therefore, the conclusions may not be universally applicable to all urban waterfront spaces. Additionally, the naturalness perception evaluation system constructed in this research primarily focuses on visual perception, without considering other sensory factors such as natural scents and sounds. Natural elements like floral fragrances, earthy smells, bird songs, and the sound of flowing water are also integral to natural aesthetics. Future research may incorporate multi-sensory analysis methods to build a more comprehensive naturalness perception evaluation system, and may expand the sample scope to include more types of urban waterfront spaces to validate and extend the conclusions of this research. Furthermore, combining psychological experiments and in-depth interviews may help explore the emotional experiences and psychological needs of the public in natural landscapes, providing more human-centered guidance for landscape design.

[Objective] In the contemporary global context, urban areas are increasingly confronted with the dual pressures of global climate change and rapid urbanization. These pressures have led to a significant rise in urban temperature, thereby amplifying the importance of blue-green spaces in mitigating the urban heat island (UHI) effect. Blue-green spaces, which include natural water bodies, parks, green corridors, and other vegetated areas, play a crucial role in regulating urban microclimates. As cities enter an era of stock development, where the focus shifts from expansion to optimization of existing resources, the strategic configuration of these spaces has become a cornerstone for enhancing urban thermal environments. Understanding the cooling mechanisms of blue-green spaces at various spatial scales is essential for improving urban thermal comfort and guiding the planning and construction of urban blue-green infrastructure. [Methods] This research focuses on the central urban area of Xi’an, a city that has experienced substantial urban growth over the past decade. By employing a combination of spatial autocorrelation analysis and a multi-scale geographically weighted regression (MGWR) model, the research examines the change characteristics of blue-green spaces and their impact on land surface temperature from 2013 to 2023. The findings reveal the spatial heterogeneity of cooling effects and offer tailored optimization strategies for blue-green spaces across diverse urban contexts. The research methodology involves selecting six representative landscape indices to evaluate the changes in blue-green space patterns in the central urban area of Xi’an. These indices are carefully chosen to capture the nuances of spatial configuration, fragmentation, and connectivity of blue-green spaces. Spatial autocorrelation analysis is utilized to identify spatial clustering and patterns extracted from the data collected, while the MGWR model is adopted for a more granular examination of the relationship between landscape indices and land surface temperature levels. This integrated approach not only reveals the factors influencing the cooling effects of blue-green spaces but also highlights their spatial variability across the urban landscape. [Results] The results of the research are both revealing and instructive. 1) The blue-green space patterns in the central urban area of Xi’an underwent significant changes over the research period, reflecting the dynamic interplay between urban development and environmental management. 2) The spatial distribution of land surface temperature exhibits a distinct pattern of being “high in the north and low in the south”. The central area, characterized by dense urban fabric, shows minimal fluctuations in land surface temperature, whereas low-temperature zones are predominantly concentrated in the southern part of Baqiao District. This uneven thermal distribution underscores the complexity of urban heat dynamics and the need for targeted interventions. 3) The relationship between landscape indices and land surface temperature changes displays notable spatial heterogeneity. In high-density urban areas, small and complex blue-green patches demonstrate stronger cooling effects, emphasizing the importance of intricate designs in densely built environments where space is limited but the need for effective cooling is significant. In contrast, suburban areas benefit from avoiding the aggregation of large blue-green patches, which may otherwise hinder effective cooling due to reduced air circulation and increased shading. Near large water bodies, regularly shaped and highly connected blue-green patches are found to be particularly effective in reducing land surface temperature, highlighting the synergistic effects of water and vegetation in enhancing cooling performance and suggesting that integrated blue-green networks can maximize thermal benefits. [Conclusion] The research concludes that the relationship between temperature changes and blue-green space changes in the central urban area of Xi’an is significant and characterized by strong spatial heterogeneity during the period from 2013 to 2023, with the cooling effects of blue-green spaces found varying by their spatial attributes and the characteristics of the surrounding urban environment. These findings highlight the necessity for region-specific optimization strategies to maximize the cooling potential of blue-green spaces. By integrating spatial analysis and regression modeling, the research provides a detailed understanding of the cooling mechanisms of blue-green spaces across diverse urban contexts. The results emphasize the importance of tailoring blue-green space designs to local conditions, considering factors such as urban density, proximity to water bodies, and regional climatic characteristics. This approach enhances the effectiveness of blue-green spaces in mitigating the urban heat island effect and contributes to the creation of more sustainable and thermally comfortable urban environments. The research advocates a holistic and adaptive urban planning strategy, where blue-green spaces are strategically designed and managed to address the unique thermal challenges of different urban areas. This research offers valuable guidance for policymakers and urban planners aiming to optimize blue-green infrastructure and improve urban resilience in the face of climate change and urbanization.

【Objective】The current research on Shengjing City (today’s Shenyang City, Liaoning Province, China) mainly focuses on fields such as architecture, urban history, planning history, landscape science and folklore, and the issues of interest include urban spatial patterns, morphological changes, landscape construction, influence of multi-ethnic integration on urban development, etc. However, there is scant research on the cultural landscape in historical periods from the perspective of the science of human settlement. Moreover, due to the lack of official historical materials on Shengjing City in the late Qing Dynasty, the research on Shengjing City seldom involves this historical period. The early Guangxu period marked the final stage of the feudal monarchy. As the secondary capital then, Shengjing was on the eve of the collapse of the old order. The book Shenyang Baiyong written in the fourth year of the Guangxu period can serve as a historical snapshot. It explores the cultural landscapes and the urban spatial changes of Shengjing City, which remained an imperial secondary capital under the external changes of the late Qing Dynasty, from the perspective of the science of human settlement, and is of great significance for filling the gap in the research on the cultural landscape in Shengjing City in the late Qing Dynasty.【Methods】This research uses methods such as text mining analysis, spatial-temporal geographical analysis, and historical geospatial analysis to quantitatively analyze the types of cultural landscapes described by Miao Runfu in Shenyang Baiyong, as well as the spatio-temporal information of these cultural landscapes, and to explore their distribution patterns. Specifically, the research firstly uses the ROST CM6 content mining system to extract high-frequency characters from the poems in Shenyang Baiyong through text mining analysis, and categorizes these high-frequency characters based on the nature of activities in cultural landscapes, spatial locations of these landscapes, and historical and cultural characteristics of Shengjing City. Then, based on the theory of spatio-temporal geography, the research analyzes the cultural landscapes depicted in Shenyang Baiyong on an annual basis, and presents the distribution patterns of cultural landscapes in Shengjing City over time in the form of Sankey diagram. Moreover, a geospatial analysis is conducted using ArcGIS software, and a kernel density analysis is conducted on different types of cultural landscapes in Shengjing City to explore their spatial distribution patterns. Additionally, by comparing the urban spaces described in Shenyang Baiyong with those recorded in the official documents from the early and middle Qing Dynasty, the research illustrates the characteristics of urban landscapes in Shengjing City during Guangxu period.【Results】The cultural landscapes in Shengjing City are classified into 4 primary types and 15 secondary types. A visual analysis of the temporal distribution characteristics of cultural landscapes conducted using Sankey diagrams reveals that the cultural landscapes in Shengjing City follow the overall pattern of seasonal agricultural cycles, and are influenced by festival folklore. A kernel density analysis conducted using ArcGIS reveals significant differences in the spatial distribution of different types of cultural landscapes, which are generally concentrated in the area between the outer city wall and the inner city wall. The density of landscapes in the north of the city is higher than that in the south, and activities are distributed along the line from Xiaoxiguan Street to Xiaodongguan Street in the northern part of the city, suggesting that this east-west road traversing Shengjing City was an important space for activities of residents during Guangxu period. Changes in the level of attention to the four types of urban spaces, namely, spaces for capital construction, spaces for local government offices, spaces for religious customs and living spaces for the Banner people and commoners, and changes in the distribution kernel density of the city indicate that the official power spaces in Shengjing City had faded out of the lives of local residents by that time, while the civil spaces continued to develop, with the population constantly expanding, the commerce thriving, and the beliefs diversifying. However, due to the special status of the Banner people in Qing Dynasty, the nobles and aristocrats lived in the inner city, while the Banner people lived in the outer city. The Shengjing society depicted by Miao Runfu still consisted mainly of the banner people with prosperous and diversified living spaces. It is found that by the early Guangxu period, the influence of the royal family had gradually weakened, with Shengjing City transitioning from a capital city to a secondary capital, and then to an awkward situation at the end of Qing Dynasty when the Qing government was preoccupied with internal and external troubles, accompanied by the declining political status of Shengjing City. However, from an urban perspective, the population, economy, and culture of Shengjing City continued to grow richer, making it gradually develop into a local center city with Manchu characteristics.【Conclusion】Due to the lack of official historical records, the research on the cultural landscapes in Shengjing City in the late Qing Dynasty has long been in a state of blank. Shenyang Baiyong to some extent compensates for the insufficiency of historical materials, providing a basis for analyzing the cultural landscapes in Shengjing City in the early Guangxu period. The in-depth exploration of Shenyang Baiyong fills the gap in the research on the cultural landscapes in Shengjing City in the late Qing Dynasty, which can provide new insights for the research on Shengjing City and a reference for subsequent analysis of the cultural landscape pattern of Shengjing City through poetry.

[Objective] Under the background of the optimization of urban construction stock, the improvement of street space quality has become an important leverage for urban quality and efficiency enhancement. Although the importance of human-centered street space quality enhancement has been widely recognized at theoretical and cognitive levels, there is still a lack of practical guidance and operational frameworks in actual design practice. Existing research mainly focuses on measuring street space elements and analyzing their influence weights, but still lacks the refined determination of the optimal threshold intervals for street space indicators. This gap makes it difficult to translate theoretical findings into specific spatial design standards and interventions. Additionally, current guidelines provide limited guidance on street space elements, with broad or missing element intervals and insufficient support from evidence-based practice. Therefore, this research, rooted in human perception, employs VR and wearable biosensors for embodied perception experiments to refine the threshold intervals of street space elements, thus enabling more precise and operational improvements in street space quality.

[Methods] In this research, based on classical research and current guidelines, 4 functional types, 2 classification levels, 4 key elements, and their corresponding guidance thresholds for street spaces are identified. Then, 8 typical streets are used as spatial prototypes, and 251 virtual reality scenes are constructed based on the threshold of each key element, 185 participants are recruited to conduct an embodied, evidence-based perception experiment integrating subjective preferences and wearable biosensors. Based on measurement data, the analysis begins with assessing psychological comfort of key street space elements using a grouped scatter plot from ChiPlot. This helps to verify the validity of the experimental data and optimize the empirical guidance intervals in the current guidelines, providing a reference for eliminating physiological data outliers and determining effective physiological threshold intervals. Then, the window-based change point detection algorithm is used to process the physiological data, and the threshold intervals of the key elements of different types of street spaces are further determined. Finally, the physiological threshold intervals are compared with the guidance intervals to evaluate the influence of physiological data on the refinement of threshold interval.

[Results] In psychological dimension, different street types have similar comfort intervals in terms of interface permeability and utility area width, and sidewalk width threshold exhibits “moderate effect”. Physiological analysis shows that sidewalk width threshold is not significantly affected by cycle parking, and the difference is between 0.6 − 1.2 m for most street types. The sidewalk width interval in traffic streets is significantly affected by road grade, with the main road ranging from 4.2 m to 5.1 m and the secondary road ranging from 2.4 m to 3.2 m. Participants have a higher demand for sidewalk width and interface permeability on main road in commercial streets. People generally feel more comfortable when the utility area width is between 3.7 m and 4.1 m, and interface permeability is between 74% and 86%. Finally, through the embodied evidence-based perception experiment, the research reveals that the quantitative results of physiological data are highly consistent with the participants’ subjective perception. Furthermore, physiological data can refine and supplement the guidance thresholds for elements in the current guidelines, with the threshold range contraction reaching 20% − 80%.

[Conclusion] This research proposes a systematic framework for analyzing the threshold interval of street space elements. Compared to previous analyses, this method refines the quality utility intervals of street space elements, breaking through the inherent paradigm of traditional research which is limited to the perception comfort measurement of street space quality. Additionally, this research combines virtual reality and wearable biosensor technologies to establish a comprehensive and easily applicable measurement framework. With this method, the rapid refinement of measurements for existing representative street types and the threshold intervals of spatial elements is achieved. This research also formulates specific design strategies and index recommendations from a quantitative perspective, thereby providing scientific basis and practical support for the accurate improvement of the built environment quality and design guidance and control.

[Objective] The General Office of the Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development clearly proposed that the construction of sponge city should focus on the integration of multiple objectives, emphasize the optimization of life cycle design, and advocate scientific hydrological performance evaluation of completed projects, which requires us to focus on built-up areas, build a more suitable and economical sponge facility system with higher comprehensive performance and establish and improve the evaluation mechanism for construction performance of sponge city, so as to usher sponge city into the construction optimization and scientific evaluation stage. According to the pilot requirements of sponge city, more than 80% of the built-up areas need to reach the sponge city construction target by 2030. In this context, the number of spongy residential areas, which apply the concept of sponge city to build sponge facilities to achieve the target requirements of runoff control, is on the rise. At present, there is a lack of research on long-term hydrologic performance evaluation of spongy residential areas in China. Most researches focus on hydrological performance under short-term rainfall scenarios, or on the elaboration of sponge technology design methods for completed projects. Besides, the verification process of hydrology model in the research on spongy residential areas is relatively lacking. Most researches adopt the outflow monitoring data spanning 1-2 short rainfall periods for model verification, so the verification results may be accidental. It is necessary to adopt the outflow monitoring data spanning multiple long rainfall periods for model verification, so as to improve the reliability of model results. In addition, there is a lack of post-evaluation of the cost consumption of sponge systems in completed projects in China. There are few researches on how to reduce the construction and maintenance cost of sponge system in residential areas. The aim of this research is to explore the design approach for typical sponge systems for residential areas in regions with subtropical monsoon humid climate through the quantitative evaluation of long-term hydrology-cost performance. [Methods] Taking the demonstrative spongy residential area in Chongqing as the research object, this research adopts EPA Storm Water Management Model 5.1 to build the current hydrological model. Modeling parameters include hydrological parameters of the underlying surface in the catchment area, parameters of the drainage pipe network, and structural parameters of sponge facilities. The model is accurately verified using monitoring data, and Nash-sutcliffe efficiency coefficient is used to test the matching degree between the monitored runoff value and the simulated model value. The data from rain gauges set around the residential area (stable data from April to October 2018) and the discharge monitoring data corresponding to the rainfall events of the residential area are used to select events with rainfall duration of more than 6 hours for parameter calibration and model verification. After parameter calibration, the monitoring data of typical rainfall events is selected and input into the model to verify the simulation results. The results reveal that the E _NS and R ² values are both above 0.75, indicating a high matching degree between the simulation results and the monitoring results, and that the current hydrological model is reliable. In order to explore the optimization model of sponge system design for typical residential green space, the research adopts two sponge system comparison schemes S1 and S2 (the current sponge system scheme is S0), with a view to improving the hydrology-cost performance of the sponge system. Both S1 and S2 are expected to achieve higher hydrological performance and lower cost than S0. On the basis of the current hydrological model already monitored and verified, the sponge system is reset according to S1 and S2 schemes. The hydrological model of the selected schemes is constructed to quantitatively evaluate the long-term hydrological performance, cost input and comprehensive hydrology-cost performance of each scheme. [Results] The results show that the total annual runoff control rate of the current scheme is 75.3%, which is slightly lower than the planning control target, and the construction and maintenance cost of the current sponge system is almost the highest. As to scheme S1, the average annual runoff total control rate is 87.2%, the peak reduction efficiency is slightly lower than the current scheme, and the total input cost of the sponge system is the lowest. As to scheme S2, the average annual runoff total control rate is the best, reaching 89.7%, the peak reduction rate of rainstorm (80.3 mm) is 92.8%, and the long-term comprehensive hydrology-cost performance is 3.6 times higher than the current scheme. [Conclusion] Based on the results above, this research proposes a suitable design approach for sponge facility system in residential areas under different application conditions. Specifically, scheme S0 is more suitable for application in residential areas with high green land rate, low requirements for annual runoff control rate, high requirements for rainwater resource recycling, and high investment cost. S1 is suitable for application in residential areas with relatively limited land use but still with certain green space conditions, and in projects with high requirements for annual runoff control rate and tight cost input. S2 is suitable for application in residential areas with certain green space conditions, and in projects with high requirements for comprehensive hydrology-cost performance. The aforesaid design approach can well balance the requirements of hydrological control and landscape diversity in an economical and efficient manner. The results of this research have positive reference value for the construction optimization of spongy residential areas in Chongqing and other subtropical humid areas with similar precipitation conditions.

[Objective] In the research on Chinese landscape and architecture, the concept of Fengtu (风土) is fundamental. While Fengtu is often translated as either “terroir” or “vernacular”, researchers typically emphasize its rural, indigenous, and local aspects. However, in the Chinese tradition, Fengtu is not only a spontaneous creation of the vernacular or folk society, but rather represents the manifestation of political ideals on the earth. This kind of landscape requires interdisciplinary research and return to the Chinese traditional civilization. The aim of this research is to explore the interplay between the Yongding River’s landscape and the political ideals of Tianxia, leveraging it as a case study to provide novel insights into landscape research through the lens of the concept of Fengtu.

[Methods] Mainly utilizing poetic texts, supplemented by historical documents, this research employs the hermeneutic method of humanities to trace the evolution of the depiction of Yongding River’s waterscape involving flying birds (hereinafter referred to as the “bird waterscape”) from Sui and Tang dynasties to Song and Liao periods, and further to Ming and Qing dynasties. Through close reading and comparison of poetic texts from different eras, the research reveals the intrinsic stable ideological foundation embedded within the transformations.

[Results] In the ideal world portrayed in The Book of Songs (诗经), the imperial capital is not only the place where humans dwell and thrive but also an abundant land where myriad creatures proliferate. This harmonious coexistence of all things not only expresses the ecological concept of harmonious coexistence between human and nature, but also reflects the perfect governance of the world through the beauty of nature. Among all the scenes, it is the free soaring and nesting birds that notably embody the virtue of the emperor and the spread of civilization. This concept profoundly influences the construction of imperial capitals throughout history, and bird waterscape becomes a symbol for imperial gardens in literary works. During Sui and Tang dynasties, Beijing, located at the intersection of agrarian and nomadic civilizations, remained the frontline of contention among various ethnic groups. In the writings of poets from this period, Beijing was closely associated with hardships, wilderness, warfare, and loneliness. However, after being incorporated into the territory of Liao Dynasty, Beijing, designated as the Nanjing Dao (南京道), transformed into a thriving haven for birds. The relatively stable society allowed the myriad creatures, which had suffered frequent wars, to recuperate. The Khitan people’s fishing and hunting traditions, as well as their bird-worshipping beliefs, led to the meticulous construction and maintenance of the water bodies in Beijing as imperial gardens. With the regular occurrence of royal ceremonies (such as the spring hunting activities conducted by the Liao emperors in Yanfangdian (延芳淀), Beijing was aligned closer and closer with the idealized capital depicted in The Book of Songs. Perhaps it was this waterscape involving flying birds that led to Song Zhenzong’s (宋真宗) uneasiness about the legitimacy of his rule, thus triggering a series of political and cultural events. Hundreds of years later, even during Ming and Qing dynasties, the hidden linkage between the bird waterscape and national destiny continued to influence the way people perceived and depicted the Yongding River: Birds flying over the water banks were seen as proof of the emperor’s benevolent governance and military achievements, while murky water and startled birds were seen as signs of the country’s decline and imminent demise. The birds on the Yongding River have always been a symbol of the political ideal, and a metaphor for the good governance or bad chaos of the world.

[Conclusion] Through the example of the bird waterscape of the Yongding River, this research argues that Fengtu is not only a sign of ecological environment or objective material existence, nor is it only indigenous or local, created by folk society, but also a carrier of national or even cosmopolitanism dimensions rooted in the universally shared political ideal Tianxia (sharing by all). While the similar concepts, “vernacular” and “terroir”, both imply a folk/elite, local/national dichotomy, Fengtu integrates natural landscapes, folk customs and political order as a whole, offering a holistic vision of civilization that transcends the antagonistic model. In the process of building China's own knowledge system, it is essential to embrace the concept of Fengtu to appreciate the unity and inclusiveness of Chinese civilization, and to understand the relationship between the local indigenous culture and the overarching political ideal of Tianxia. This will also provide Chinese wisdom for the development of the human civilization community.

[Objective] The objective of this research is to contribute to the strategic goal of transforming China into a strong maritime nation by enhancing the understanding and management of the ocean, and by fostering innovation in marine science and technology. The exploration and protection of islands, which are increasingly recognized as a new frontier for bolstering comprehensive national power and securing strategic advantages. The sustainable development of islands is intricately linked to the proper handling of the interplay among “people, land, and sea”. This endows the research on human settlement landscapes on islands and their characteristics with significant importance. Geologically, islands are categorized into Bedrock islands, Accumulation islands, Volcanic islands and Coral islands. Bedrock islands possess unique natural environmental attributes that have shaped a distinctive interaction pattern among people, land, and sea. This research zeroes in on the traditional human settlement landscape on bedrock islands in Guangzhou, aiming to elucidate the characteristics of these traditional landscapes and the patterns of human settlement development with “Ao” as the fundamental unit. The research endeavors to uncover the intricate dynamics that have shaped the human settlement landscapes on these islands and to identify the developmental patterns that have emerged over time. By doing so, the research seeks to offer a valuable reference for the conservation and sustainable development of islands, so as to help ensure that they remain vibrant and resilient in the face of environmental and socio-economic challenges.
[Methods] This research takes Nan’ao Island in Shantou City as an example to explore the characteristics of traditional human settlement landscapes. The research methodology is based on a comprehensive approach that integrates historical literature review and extensive field surveys. Through this approach, a robust database of the Ao units on Nan’ao Island is meticulously compiled, encompassing information such as location, area, industry type, historical background, cultural beliefs, and origins of the island’s immigrants. The research employs an interdisciplinary framework drawing on insights from human settlement science, marine geography, and marine anthropology. This multifaceted approach provides a nuanced understanding of the island’s landscape. To analyze the spatial and structural aspects of the traditional human settlement landscape, the research utilizes ArcGIS analysis software, which enables a detailed examination of the island’s area and Ao units. This combination of research paradigms and advanced analytical tools aims to uncover the mechanisms that have shaped the traditional human settlement landscape on Nan’ao Island over time.
[Results] Research results are summarized as follows. 1) The components and basic attributes of the Ao unit, the fundamental human settlement unit for the development of Bedrock Island, have been clarified. The Ao unit has the following basic characteristics, backed by hills and facing the bay, with a certain area of flat land between the mountains and the sea, where a large number of island villages and towns are gathered, with complete production and living space. 2) At the island-wide level, the Ao unit has been the preferred area for human settlement on Nan’ao Island, with settlements primarily established around these units. The dominant industries, such as fishing and trade, are closely tied to both the Ao units and their coastal locations, making them focal points for village and town settlements. This illustrates the interaction and coupling between the natural environment and human settlement. 3) At the human settlement unit level, each Ao unit has developed distinctive landscape characteristics influenced by factors such as natural geography, industrial conditions, resource accessibility, transportation, and the strategic needs of different dynasties. These factors have given birth to unique settlement characteristics regarding disaster-prevention landscapes, production landscapes, and the scales of settlements. Four development paths for the Ao units have emerged: Comprehensive development, military-influenced development, fishery-led development, and agriculture-led development. These reflect the residents’ wisdom in strategically arranging settlements based on local conditions, and managing the orderly development of bedrock island communities.
[Conclusion] The Ao unit, which encapsulates the essential elements of mountain, sea, and human settlement, is recognized as the fundamental residential unit on bedrock islands. This unit has been the cornerstone of the traditional human settlement landscape on Nan’ao Island for millennia. Over time, the island’s landscape has evolved, fostering a harmonious approach to settlement and adaptive landscape strategies centered around the Ao unit. This research examines the Ao unit as a critical lens to understand the development patterns and landscape configuration characteristics of bedrock islands. By analyzing the Ao unit, the research elucidates the key characteristics of human landscapes on such islands and proposes innovative operational approaches for the comprehensive protection and management of island landscapes. These approaches aim to ensure the sustainability while preserving the unique cultural heritage of the islands for future generations. In the future, when island construction is carried out, sustainable development of islands can be promoted through the wisdom of land-based layout and orderly development. The findings of this research are academically significant and hold practical implications for the planning and conservation of island ecosystems.

Objective The Wuding River is a key tributary of the middle reaches of the Yellow River, and the Wuding River Basin has undergone rapid urban and township expansion since 1998, leading to increased fragmentation of its human settlement ecosystem. Over the past two decades, growing ecological concerns in the Yellow River Basin have driven extensive restoration efforts in the Wuding River Basin. While large-scale interventions have achieved notable results, sustaining these improvements remains a challenge. Given the basin’s fragile ecological environment, many existing projects fail to generate lasting cumulative effects, limiting their long-term impact. This research aims to develop an ecological security pattern for human settlements in the Wuding River Basin, while identifying critical ecological resources, corridors, and key restoration nodes essential for biodiversity conservation. To overcome the limitations of conventional restoration approaches, the research proposes a hierarchical and targeted ecological restoration strategy tailored to the basin’s unique environmental conditions. The goal is to balance urban development with ecological protection, thereby optimizing the security and resilience of human settlement ecosystems. Methods This research follows a structured approach based on the formulation of strategy for construction and optimization of ecological security pattern. The ecological security pattern is developed in three key steps. First, the research identifies ecological source areas through a comprehensive assessment of four core ecosystem functions — water conservation, soil and water retention, windbreak and sand fixation, and biodiversity maintenance. The Morphological Spatial Pattern Analysis (MSPA) model is adopted to refine ecological source selection by incorporating landscape connectivity and spatial distribution characteristics. Based on this, the research maps ecological corridors and barriers by establishing a resistance evaluation system with 11 resistance factors and applying circuit theory to identify key spatial elements such as corridors, pinch points, and barriers, based on which a three-tiered “source – corridor – node” ecological security pattern is formed. Last but not the least, the research proposes a hierarchical restoration strategy: Point-scale restoration for ecological nodes, focusing on localized interventions; linear connectivity enhancement to strengthen corridor linkages and improve landscape connectivity; regional regulation at the ecosystem level to reinforce ecological functionality across larger spatial scales. Results In the Wuding River Basin, 32 ecological source areas have been identified, covering 9,533 km² and accounting for 31.50% of the total basin area. These ecological sources are predominantly concentrated in the southeastern region, where arboreal forests play a crucial role in maintaining ecological functions. In contrast, the southwestern region exhibits a more fragmented distribution of ecological sources, highlighting the need for targeted restoration efforts to improve connectivity. A total of 82 ecological corridors have been mapped, including 8 key corridors and 74 potential corridors, spanning approximately 1,044.8 km. These corridors serve to link ecological source areas, thereby creating a networked spatial structure that follows a distinct pattern: Denser in the north and sparser in the south. The research also identifies 31 ecological pinch points and 49 ecological barriers, which exhibit similar spatial distribution trends. These features are closely linked to corridor connectivity and are primarily concentrated in the northwestern region, especially in areas that bridge corridors and ecological source areas. Based on the established ecological security pattern for human settlements, a three-tiered “point – line – plane” ecological restoration framework is proposed. This framework extends westward and northward from the southeastern region of the basin, forming a hierarchical and interconnected ecological spatial structure that strengthens ecosystem stability and enhances service functions. The primary ecological restoration axis follows the mainstem of the Wuding River, acting as the backbone of the ecological corridor network. Additionally, there are also two secondary restoration axes extending westward and northward, each reinforcing the overall stability of ecosystem services. Finally, the research delineates three distinct ecological restoration zones within the basin: Key Restoration Zones, which require immediate intervention; Ecological Enhancement Zones, aimed at strengthening ecological connectivity; Controlled Protection Zones, designated for conservation with minimal disturbance. Each zone follows a structured hierarchy of implementation, ensuring that restoration and conservation efforts are precisely targeted. This zoning strategy serves as a guide for spatial management, providing a clear framework for future ecological restoration initiatives. Conclusion This research explores the ecological security pattern for human settlements in the Wuding River Basin by developing an ecological security pattern centered on ecological sources, corridors, pinch points and barrier points. This framework identifies key ecological restoration areas, and a three-tiered “point – line – plane” restoration model is introduced, forming a comprehensive ecological restoration system that spatially represents the ecological security pattern. These findings help overcome the limitations of traditional restoration approaches, promote the rational allocation of resources, and provide a scientific foundation for regional ecological protection and restoration. However, this research primarily focuses on the basin scale, establishing a mesoscale ecological security pattern for human settlements. While the three-tiered restoration framework offers general guidance, restoration strategies at the same hierarchical level must be tailored to local conditions. As a result, this research serves as a strategic guideline for overall ecological optimization within the basin, outlining key restoration and conservation priorities. Nevertheless, detailed ecological restoration strategies at the municipal, county, and village levels require further refinement, presenting a crucial direction for future research. Moreover, efforts should be made to further refine ecological restoration strategies across different spatial scales and regions to address the varied human settlement environments within the basin. At finer spatial scales — such as the municipal, county or village scale — it is essential to develop more precise and practical restoration measures in combination with local topography, land use characteristics, and socio-economic conditions. Future research should seek a more refined, dynamic, and coordinated approach to improve the scientific validity and practical implementation of the ecological security pattern in the Wuding River Basin.

[Objective] The objective of current urban construction in China is to enhance and optimize the quality of the built environment in order to improve the people’s sense of well-being and sense of gain, which has become a top priority for urban development. As the public is the principal constituent of the built environment, it is of utmost importance to have a clear comprehension of the public’s sentimental demand for the built environment in order to achieve high-quality urban development and promote the public’s sense of well-being. This research aims to, by gaining a deep understanding of the public’s sentimental needs, steers urban planning and construction towards creating a more habitable environment that better satisfies the people’s expectations.
[Methods] The development of emotion research is first examined, including changes in emotion research theories and research methods. By virtue of the CiteSpace bibliometric analysis software, this research illustrates and scrutinizes the contemporary research development and salient aspects of public sentiment experience and built environment. By examining an extensive corpus of literature, the research extracts and elucidates the attributes of sentiment research from the three dimensions of data, content and method. To grasp the shifting dynamics of public sentiments more effectively, the research proposes a series of processes applicable to urban sentiment surveillance and discernment, thereby capturing the public’s sentiments in a more inclusive and systematic manner.
[Results] Sentiment classification theories can be broadly categorized into two main groups: basic emotion theory and emotion dimension theory. The theory of emotion, stemming from the accumulation of emotions, has evolved through the integration of landscape aesthetics, environmental psychology, and other significant theories in landscape gardening. Furthermore, in the context of multidisciplinary integration, the reciprocal exchange of research methods and theories across different disciplines has contributed to a more comprehensive perspective in the field of emotion research. With the advent of the 21st century, urbanization has ushered in both convenience and environmental degradation. It is crucial to recognize the dual impact of urbanization – the positive aspects of convenience and the negative consequences of environmental degradation. As cities evolve, the emphasis on creating sustainable and ecologically conscious urban spaces has become paramount. The shift towards garden cities and eco-friendly urban development reflects a collective recognition of the importance of preserving the environment amid rapid urban expansion. Despite these positive strides, there remains a notable gap in the design approach adopted for urban built environments. The prevailing focus on form and functionality, while essential, tends to sideline the emotional and psychological well-being of the urban residents. Furthermore, the spiritual connotations that an environment should embody are often neglected in the urban design discourse. The profound impact of surroundings on the human spirit and well-being is a crucial aspect that needs to be integrated into the design philosophy. Spaces should evoke a sense of belonging, cultural identity, and emotional resonance, thus contributing to a holistic urban experience. In light of these considerations, the call for emotional design becomes increasingly urgent. The research finds that the sources of data for sentiment research are primarily text-based, with relatively few direct analyses of image, speech or other forms of data. Furthermore, the research indicates that the current research mainly focuses on factors influencing positive sentiments, while paying less attention to negative sentiments. In terms of methodology, emotion recognition is a multimodal process, but there are significant variations in the quality and quantity of information available from different sources.
[Conclusion] The current research data on public sentiment research in urban built environment is characterized by a multitude of sources and types, however, the predominant data form is text data, and the direct analysis of such data forms as image and speech is relatively lacking. In the future, convolutional neural network (CNN) models can be employed to process information found on social media platforms, such as comments and photos, and delve into the hidden meanings of pictures, such as irony, humor, metaphor and exaggeration. Sentiment classification can be enhanced through machine learning, and the attention mechanism can be introduced to extract useful information in sentiment analysis, thus adding credibility to subsequent built environment evaluations. The classification of the influences of the research on built environment sentiment on various population groups and spatial elements in cities is yet to be improved and comprehensively organized. To achieve sustainable development and enhance people’s sense of well-being, it is important for researchers to focus on the relationship between positive sentiments and the built environment at multiple scales, and understand the sentiment influencing mechanisms and paths of various spatial structures, landscape elements, and design elements in future city planning. The application of the research on built environment sentiment is mainly limited by the content and type of research, with varying quality and quantity of information across different scales. It is suggested to utilize the synergy between multiple data forms, such as incorporating digital technology-assisted measurement methods to strengthen the practical application of virtual reality technology. This will provide richer methodological and technological support for the research on built environment evaluation, improving the reliability, validity, and generalizability of research findings. These recommendations will be beneficial for expanding the direction of landscape architecture research and promoting design innovation.

[Objective] Scenic spot titles are one of the constituent elements of Chinese classical gardens and an indispensable part of garden construction activities. The temporary palaces for emperor’s inspection tour belongs to royal gardens, and Qing Dynasty witnessed the largest number and largest construction scale of temporary palaces. The current research mainly focuses on the historical background, site selection, layout, and architectural form of temporary palaces, with less emphasis on scenic spot titles, which, however, serve as a recording window for travels and experiences of emperors in Qing Dynasty, and are exactly the most intuitive part of the expression of imperial culture and spirit by temporary palaces. Although there are various research perspectives, which are not yet sufficient to reflect the similarities and differences in the composition and spiritual expression of scenic spot titles between temporary palaces and other types of gardens. Therefore, it is particularly necessary to comprehensively sort out the scenic spot titles of temporary palaces.

[Methods] Text analysis is a method based on mathematical statistics and computer linguistics, aiming to obtain the internal relationships and patterns of text data based on the information retrieval technology. With high literary value, scenic spot titles are mainly composed of single or multiple words, presenting concise text easy to process. This research selects 14 typical temporary palaces for emperor’s inspection tour in Qing Dynasty as the research objects. To ensure the wide and representative selection of temporary palace, the research involves 7 regions, 5 types of inspection tour routes, and 3 scales, namely large, medium, and small scales. The physical remains of temporary palaces in Qing Dynasty are relatively rare after undergoing changes, for which literature research is the most basic research method. This research collects historical materials and selects effective information related to typical palace cases, and sorts out 187 scenic spot titles and 196 representative imperial poems and essays. On this basis, text analysis is used as a quantitative method, and ROST CM6 software is used as an analysis tool to input all the 187 titles and 196 imperial poems into the text document. Such titles and poems are analyzed from multiple perspectives including word frequency analysis, and semantic network analysis.

[Results] 1) From the basic composition, 64% of the titles are written by Emperor Qianlong, 23% by Emperor Kangxi, and the rest cannot be confirmed due to missing records. The titles adopt a three character grid as the mainstream form. Each functional space is indicated by its title that is corresponding to its artistic conception, with the number of titles in sightseeing spaces being the highest. 2) From the perspective of category composition, the titles can be divided into the two categories of natural landscape and cultural landscape, with more natural landscapes reflecting the careful consideration of landscape environment in the selection of palace sites. Among them, the northern and eastern tour routes are mostly described as natural landscapes, while the western and southern tour routes are mostly described as cultural landscapes, reflecting the differences in the areas and purposes of the tour routes. The elements of “cloud, pavilion, hall, stone, zhai, qing, and mirror” appear most frequently. 3) From the perspective of theme composition, the four types of themes present a “center – edge” radiating correlation, that is, “mountain & forest wild interests” and “scenic buildings and structures” are concentrated in the center area, while “waterscapes set off by glittering ripples” and “historical religious sites” are scattered in the edge area. Among them, the themes of “mountain & forest wild interests” and “waterscapes set off by glittering ripples” mainly describe different elements from various scales, with such elements integrated as a scenic spot map. The construction of scenic spots is combined with nouns and adjectives for various constructions. The allusion fairyland highlights the purposes of emperor’s inspection tour in Qing Dynasty, namely review of the past and reflection on the present, history-based introspectiona, respect for Confucianism, and culture-based country governance. 4) Scenic spot titles can directly prove the palaces’ shouldering the mission of inspection tour and symbolizing the imperial power. Led by inspection tour activities, each type of inspection tour route has its own emphasis on spirit expression, which can be summarized as praising the prosperous times of peace, establishing the image of benevolence and filial piety, and practicing self-cultivation, diligence, and self-reliance.

[Conclusion] The rich content and comprehensive spiritual expression of the titles of scenic spots in temporary palaces in Qing Dynasty, present a complexity different from other types of gardens, making them unique in the scenic spot titles of classical garden. It is evident that the purpose of the emperor inspection tour and the nature, history, and culture along the tour routes have a significant impact on the composition of the titles of scenic spots in temporary palaces. As an important component of royal gardens, the temporary palaces in Qing Dynasty have great historical and cultural value. The comprehensive research on scenic spot titles can help deeply understand the important political activities and ruling means in Qing Dynasty, such as emperor inspection tour. Furthermore, the rich and unique composition and spiritual expression of scenic spot titles have certain inspiration and reference value for the titling of scenic spots in modern gardens.

【Objective】With climate change and other environmental problems becoming increasingly severe, the construction of China’ s ecological civilization has entered a critical period of green, low-carbon and circular development. Although garden plants are a key link in the carbon cycle of urban ecosystems, most of the plants cultivated in urban parks are ornamental ones that entail long-term, high-intensity maintenance management, which often consumes a large amount of resources and makes it difficult to balance the carbon emissions generated by human life. In this context, how to obtain maximum ecological benefits with minimum resource consumption has become an urgent task for the transformation and development of urban green space, and the resource saving rate and energy saving and emission reduction benefits of urban parks have become the focus of attention. Near-natural parks, as an effective solution, typically select low-maintenance or even self-maintained native plants with compound, heterogeneous and mixed community structures, and these parks only entail low-maintenance management. Meanwhile, self-maintained plants, as widespread urban native plants, do not require much maintenance management, and this feature, combined with the concept of low-cost management, has made them the ideal plant material used in near-natural parks and the focus of attention in traditional parks. The emergence of low-carbon gardens has put forward new ideas to meet the needs of low-carbon development, and near-natural parks are an important practice of low-carbon gardens that aim to explore the high carbon sink benefits of spontaneous plants during the planting, maintenance, and construction of plantscape dominated by native plant communities. Spontaneous plants are usually regarded as weeds, existing in areas of spontaneous growth in urban parks without proper care and management, and are the main targets for gardeners to remove.【Methods】Taking the 13 urban parks in Xicheng District, Beijing as an example, this research, on the basis of combing domestic and international maintenance management policies and the current development situation, analyzes the impacts of the differences in the maintenance management of different types of parks on the species composition, diversity and community composition of spontaneous plants through the research methods of literature collection and field investigation, and puts forward a maintenance management system that is suitable for different types of parks.【Results】Research findings are summarized as follows. 1) Urban parks in Xicheng District differ in terms of maintenance management strategies depending on the type of park. Near-natural parks and traditional parks differ primarily in terms of weeding and pruning, with the former not doing so to preserve the natural state of plants and the latter doing so on a regular basis to preserve the overall landscape effect. At other levels, such as irrigation, fertilizer application, and pest control, there are no appreciable differences between the two types of parks. 2) A total of 36 species of spontaneous plants classified into 32 genera under 17 families are recorded, with the near-natural parks having the highest number of species; under the influence of varying maintenance management, there is no discernible difference in the richness and diversity of spontaneous plants among the various park types, with the near-natural parks having the highest mean value; the spontaneous plant communities are impacted by the differences in maintenance management in terms of the composition of plant species, with traditional parks being dominated by annual or biannual plant communities and near-natural parks dominated by perennial plant communities; nevertheless, there is a significant difference in the homogeneity of the spontaneous plants, with large-scale traditional parks having the largest mean value. 3) Urban park maintenance management has two primary problems and difficulties: First, it is challenging to meet the needs of low-carbon development in urban parks due to the lack of specialized technical solutions for maintenance management and the obvious shortcomings in the application of policy measures in maintenance management; second, all types of parks contain spontaneous plants, which have large potential for gardening uses. It is critical to focus on applying spontaneous plant communities along with various maintenance management techniques and strategies to create plant communities that are appropriate for various environments. Based on the above findings, the research proposes the following optimization strategies for maintenance management applicable to different types of parks: clarify the maintenance management system; modify the species composition of plant communities; improve technical measures for maintenance management.【Conclusion】This research emphasizes the key role of spontaneous plants in the maintenance management of urban parks, and the research results may provide new ideas and directions for the reform of park management, thus effectively promoting the low-carbon sustainable urban development.

[Objective] In the context of urban regeneration, green roofs represent a critical strategy for improving urban ecological environments. Existing studies typically treat rooftop greening as isolated elements and over-rely on large parks as cores for constructing ecological networks, thereby overlooking the synergistic holistic effects of integrating potential rooftop greening with existing green spaces. Precisely identifying the greening potential of building rooftops and quantifying their critical role in optimizing ecological network connectivity within high-density urban areas will provide a scientific foundation for urban ecological development.

[Methods] This research presents a systematic approach for the extraction of potential green roofs and the assessment of ecological network reconstruction, with the central urban area of Tianjin as an example. By synthesizing four key suitability characteristics including flat roof features, roof color, additional structures, and building height, the research develops a deep learning model that integrates attention mechanisms and multi-scale feature fusion strategies to efficiently identify potential green roof areas. Furthermore, based on the Least-Cost Path (LCP) model, the research proposes a methodological framework for incorporating potential green roofs into urban ecological network reconstruction. The contribution of potential green roofs to urban ecological network optimization is systematically assessed from two dimensions (basic elements and overall structure) through three aspects: source patch extensibility, corridor connectivity, and corridor connectivity index (CCI) of source patches.

[Results] The research findings reveal several key aspects. 1) In the central urban area of Tianjin, 21,244 roofs are identified with greening potential, covering a total area of 1,345.22 hm², with an average area of 633 m² and the largest potential green roof spanning 24,927 m². These potential sites exhibit a “polycentric and dispersed” spatial distribution pattern. 2) The integration of potential green roofs with existing green spaces has significantly enhanced the urban ecological network, with the number of source patches increasing from 100 to 131, and the total area increasing by 302.35 hm². Notably, potential green roofs directly contribute 126.28 hm². The number of ecological corridors has expanded from 4,950 to 8,515. The average cumulative resistance of corridors increases slightly — likely due to the introduction of new corridors traversing high-resistance areas — while the decreased average corridor length and a 72% increase in network density indicate the formation of a more compact ecological network, suggesting enhanced opportunities for species dispersal between source patches through more diverse and shorter pathways. 3) Potential green roofs expand source patches through two mechanisms: First, they have enlarged 67 existing source patches, contributing 61.34 hm² (7% of the expanded source patches). Second, they have facilitated the formation of 31 new source patches, adding 64.94 hm² (30% of the newly formed source patches). The analysis demonstrates that potential green roofs make significant contributions to newly-formed source patches. These green roofs not only synergize with existing green spaces to exceed critical thresholds for creating new source patches, but also account for nearly one-third of the total area of these newly-formed patches. The improvement in corridor connectivity is achieved through increased existing − incremental (E-I) and incremental − incremental (I-I) connections. E-I corridors, representing connections between new and existing source patches, have increased by 3,100, while I-I corridors, reflecting connections between incremental source patches, have added 465 new links. These new connections demonstrate superior performance metrics compared to the existing urban ecological network, indicating expanded spatial coverage and enhanced network hierarchy with more diverse dispersal pathways. From a functional perspective, the average CCI of source patches increases by 53%. The CCI values of source patches are redistributed, resulting in two distinct phenomena: Some source patches with originally low dispersal capability gain increased connectivity opportunities and become key bridging areas, while others with high dispersal capability experience reduced network control due to the influence of surrounding and newly added nodes. Among these, expansionary source patches demonstrate higher mean CCI values compared to other types, and work synergistically with newly-added source patches to enhance the overall redundancy and resilience of the ecological network.

[Conclusion] In conclusion, although individual potential green roofs may have limited area, their integration with existing green spaces can effectively expand urban ecological sources, optimize corridor connectivity, and enhance network functionality, thereby providing a significant technical approach for optimizing urban ecological networks. This research presents two major innovations: First, it transforms the traditional multi-step identification process by developing an end-to-end multi-task deep learning network that directly identifies potential green roofs based on their key characteristics, breaking through the existing complex process of “complete extraction followed by stepwise elimination”; second, the research presents methods to assess how scattered, small-scale green roofs can strengthen urban ecological networks. Through quantitative studies, the research demonstrates how potential rooftop gardens contribute to enhancing city ecosystems.