Evaluations of urban land use economy-intensive level rarely focus on its relative performance within the urban system. Adjusting and modifying urban land use economy-intensive levels based on urban scaling laws helps to identify and quantify the potential improvement within the current urban population size more accurately. Based on the urban scaling laws and Scale-Adjusted Metropolitan Indicators (SAMIs), this paper measures the urban land use economy-intensive performance (ULUP) from 2012 to 2022, and analyzes its correlation with land input performance (LIP), land output performance (LOP) and green pollution emissions reduction performance (GEP). Results show that: (1) Urban scaling and SAMIs effectively correct the scaling effects on evaluation results, providing a more objective and quantitative measurement standard for urban land use economy-intensive level. (2) Spatial distribution patterns show that regions with high ULUP in China are concentrated in coastal regions such as the Yangtze River Delta and Pearl River Delta. In contrast, the ULUP of small and medium-sized cities in Northeast, Southwest, and Northwest China has yet to fully realize its scaling potential, indicating the potential for improvement. From 2012 to 2022, 77.4% of cities maintained stability or showed positive changes in terms of ULUP, indicating an overall trend of stabilization and steady improvement nationwide. (3) From the perspective of regional and scale heterogeneity, ULUP is relatively high in eastern China and megacities, while there is still potential for improvement in Northeast China and medium-sized cities. (4) Cities with comparable population sizes that generate higher outputs using fewer inputs while producing lower emissions demonstrate higher ULUP. This study can help correct the biases of traditional linear evaluation methods, providing a targeted framework and empirical basis for scientifically evaluating ULUP and urban efficiency, and formulating differentiated land management policies.

In the new period, the comprehensive land consolidation has been an important policy tool to promote agricultural transformation and rural revitalization. Focusing on the problem of cultivated land fragmentation, this paper aims to explain the mechanism of comprehensive land consolidation in promoting agricultural scale operation from two dimensions of resource reallocation and operating mode transformation, and then refine the path model and innovation mechanism of the comprehensive land consolidation in the case area. The research methods include theoretical analysis and exploratory case study. The research findings are as follows: Firstly, with the commercialization of household management and livelihood, the interest goal of household has changed from the pursuit of maximizing land output rate to the pursuit of maximizing labor productivity, and the labor force has been separated from agriculture or even completely withdrawn from agriculture to engage in non-agricultural employment in order to obtain higher labor remuneration, resulting in farmland abandonment or non-agriculture. This is an endogenous impulse, a process of farmers' reallocation of family resources, which objectively deconstructs the management mode of smallholder farmers, but also creates conditions for large-scale management. Secondly, the transformation and reconstruction of agricultural operation mode must deal with two major issues, the innovative allocation of resource elements (production problem) and the allocation of management surplus (accumulation problem). By establishing two links, the link between small farmers and village collectives, and the link between village collectives and new management subjects, the whole domain regulation can realize the horizontal integration and large-scale management of cultivated land. Thirdly, based on the current conditions of resources, the case town has explored a feasible path and model, guided the transformation of small farmers' decentralized management to the large-scale management of the new main body, and improved the land use efficiency and comprehensive benefits. In conclusion, the case town's practice shows that the comprehensive land consolidation can promote agricultural scale operation, the key lies in the mechanism innovation of interest linkage and profit distribution, and the related trend problems should be dealt with well.

Studying the vertical zonality variation of crop-livestock system and its influencing factors is conducive to clarifying the evolution law of agricultural system and providing basis for agricultural restructuring and differentiated development. Based on the survey data of 571 farmers in Alpine Canyon Area of Southwest China, this paper divides the crop-livestock system change into three types: disintegration, invariability and intensification, and summarizes the vertical zonality variation characteristics of crop-livestock system in the Alpine Canyon Area. Probit model is used to analyze the influencing factors of crop-livestock system changes and its zonal differences. The results showed that: (1) The crop-livestock system of smallholders in the study area showed three different trends: disintegrating, unchanged and strengthening. Some 49.21% of households' crop-livestock system disintegrated, 36.08% remained unchanged, and 14.71% strengthened. (2) The change of crop-livestock system in the Alpine Canyon Area showed a certain spatial differentiation in the vertical zone, disintegration was prevalent in the valley area, the mid-mountain area showed a certain strengthening trend, while the high mid-mountain and alpine areas tended to remain unchanged. (3) Changes in crop-livestock system were influenced by labor migration, agricultural assets, policy subsidies, and household characteristics. Labor migration and policy subsidies promoted the disintegration of crop-livestock system, while the use of agricultural production tools can promote the strengthening of crop-livestock system. (4) The differences of social economy and resource endowment led to different evolution tracks of crop-livestock system in different zones. Poor valley resources led to significant rural labor shifts to non-agricultural sectors, and the non-agricultural livelihood transition among farmers drives the disintegration of traditional crop-livestock systems. Abundant cultivated land and grassland resources and increased non-agricultural income in the mid-mountain zone provided conditions for the large-scale development of agriculture, and the crop-livestock system was intensified. Farmers in high mid-mountain and alpine regions sustained their livelihood through rich forest and grassland resources. However, due to poor infrastructure, low agricultural commercialization, and religious influences, they maintained traditional production methods for a long period, resulting in a persistent crop-livestock system. This study explored the geospatial differentiation of crop-livestock system changes from the vertical zonal scale, which is of great significance for deepening the understanding of the evolution law of agricultural system and realizing the reconstruction and differentiated development of agricultural production in different regions.

This research reveals the impact of the spatial correlation network of rural digital transformation on agricultural carbon emission reduction, and provides a theoretical basis for promoting the spatial linkage of rural digital transformation to enable agricultural carbon sequestration and emission reduction. Based on the "efficiency equity" framework, with the help of carbon emission reduction potential model, social network analysis model and benchmark regression model, this paper explores the impact of rural digital transformation spatial correlation network on agricultural carbon emission reduction potential in 31 provinces (autonomous regions and municipalities) in China from 2011 to 2022. The results show that: (1) The rural digital transformation index has continued to grow, showing a decreasing pattern from eastern to central to western regions. (2) The agricultural carbon emission reduction potential index has fluctuated and risen, with a spatial characteristic of decreasing from central to eastern to western regions. (3) The spatial correlation network of rural digital transformation shows the polar core diffusion law of dense in the central region and decreasing layer by layer in the periphery, and the network density and correlation number fluctuate and rise. Shandong, Henan, Hubei and some other regions have high node centrality. (4) The node centrality of spatial correlation network of rural digital transformation has a significant positive impact on agricultural carbon emission reduction potential, and the impact has regional heterogeneity. In the future, it is essential to solidify a networked mindset to promote the coordinated spatial development of rural digital transformation, break down barriers to the sharing of low-carbon agricultural elements, and achieve a positive interaction between efficiency and equity in agricultural carbon emission reduction.

The Qingzang Plateau serves as a critical ecological security barrier in China, yet realizing its Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) is challenged by multiple constraints, necessitating scientific evaluation and targeted strategies. This study establishes a county-level SDG evaluation indicator system for the Qingzang Plateau, assesses SDG progress using regional and national dual-level thresholds, and employs interpretable machine learning to analyze the influence of spatial planning factors on SDG progress. The findings are as follows: ① The regional threshold provides a benchmark for quantifying relative progress among counties. However, it tends to deviate from actual conditions when overall performance is excessively high (e.g., SDG 15) or low (e.g., SDGs 4 and 5). The national threshold, on the other hand, positions the Qingzang Plateau within the broader national and global frameworks, but the high standards set for certain goals may highlight lagging performance. ② The plateau's overall SDG progress reaches 53% and 56% of the expected targets under the national and regional thresholds, respectively. At the goal level, SDG 13 shows the highest progress at 81%, whereas SDGs 3, 4, 5, and 9 exhibit the lowest progress, ranging from 33% to 37%. Spatially, counties with higher progress are mainly located in the Hehuang Valley, the “One River and Two Tributaries” area, and the eastern edge of the plateau, whereas western Xizang and southern Qinghai lag behind. ③ Land resource suitability, locational advantage, and water resource suitability are key factors influencing SDG progress, with their impacts varying across targets and regions. These factors can promote goal achievement but may also constrain progress, particularly due to environmental limitations. Based on these findings, the paper proposes differentiated strategies tailored to diverse regional characteristics. The evaluation methodology developed in this study can be extended to regions with similar statistical foundations, thereby supporting the scientific evaluation and policy optimization of SDGs.

The energy transition within households of agro-pastoral regions has emerged as a pivotal pathway for re-establishing the human-land dynamic on the Qingzang Plateau. This study conducts an in-depth analysis of the current status and comprehensive impacts of household energy transitions across various regions, ethnicities, and livelihoods within the plateau, based on a dataset of 1,591 survey questionnaires collected during the Second Scientific Expedition to the Qingzang Plateau. Utilizing a Random Forest model, we have identified the key drivers of household energy transitions. Our findings indicate the following: (1) The energy consumption structure among agro-pastoral households on the Qingzang Plateau remains relatively primitive, with a significant dependence on coal and traditional biomass energy sources. Notably, households in Xizang and Han Chinese households exhibit higher levels of energy transition compared to other regions and ethnic groups, respectively. (2) The heavy reliance on primary biomass energy alleviates the energy transition burden for Xizang households but also leads to substantial pollutant emissions. Households with higher energy transition levels, particularly Han Chinese and agricultural households, demonstrate greater energy satisfaction, with significant social and environmental benefits. (3) Household income, altitude, and family size are identified as key determinants of energy transition on the Qingzang Plateau, with the impact of these drivers showing distinct nonlinear characteristics. Theoretical frameworks such as the energy ladder theory and tipping point theory are applicable in the study of household energy transitions in this region. This research provides a theoretical foundation for devising context-specific transition policies, promoting balanced development, and achieving inclusive and mutually beneficial outcomes, thereby fostering the green and sustainable development of the energy system on the Qingzang Plateau.

The cooperation between villages and enterprises has evolved into an important pathway for capital to flow into rural areas, driving rural revitalization, and represents a model innovation for the flow of urban-rural elements and the development of county-level industries that enrich farmers. Taking Zhonghaoyu village as a case study, based on qualitative research methods and introducing the theory of community capacity, this study constructs a logical analysis framework of "resources-organization-network-governance" to examine the practical pathways and mechanisms of village-enterprise cooperation in driving common prosperity in tourism-oriented villages. The study finds that: (1) The embedding of enterprises into villages has facilitated the flow and aggregation of urban and rural resource elements, with the driving force of industrial development evolving from endogenous to collaborative both internally and externally, establishing a collaborative, co-constructed, and shared integrated development model of agriculture, culture, and tourism. (2) Village-enterprise cooperation has promoted the return of capital, labor, technology, and other elements to rural areas, enabling interactive empowerment among actors and enhancing community capacity; the embedding of enterprises into rural society has formed a dual governance model of collaborative co-governance between corporate management and rural governance, improving rural governance efficiency; through pathways such as interest alignment and fair distribution of benefits, village-enterprise cooperation has constructed a new type of rural social relationships and actor networks, driving the orderly operation of the tourism industry. (3) The collaborative cooperation between villages and enterprises has promoted the capitalization of resources, the prosperity of the tourism industry, and the empowerment and capacity enhancement of farmers, shaping a space for good rural governance and constructing an innovative development logic of "revitalizing villages through enterprises" and "enriching villages through enterprises," achieving integrated development of industry promotion, village strengthening, and farmer enrichment, and advancing the process of rural material prosperity and spiritual affluence. This study expands the application of the theory of community capacity in the field of rural common prosperity and provides practical insights for the high-quality development of capital flowing into rural areas and rural tourism.

Rural spatial transformation is essential for achieving comprehensive rural revitalization and promoting integrated urban-rural development, it plays a significant role in moderning rural areas with Chinese characteristics. This article constructs an analytical framework for rural spatial transformation based on actor-network theory (ANT). Taking Maji Village in Huzhu Tu Autonomous County as a case study, it examines the logical processes and mechanisms underlying spatial transformation in plateau villages. The findings are as follows: (1) From the perspective of ANT, rural spatial transformation is a gradual process of reconstructing and renewing spatial functions, structures, and relationships through the interaction and coordinated evolution of various actors under the combined influence of government and market forces. The core driving force of this transformation lies in the negotiation, differentiation, and reorganization among diverse actors with varying roles and interests. (2) The spatial transformation of Maji Village is a dynamic process driven by the interactions and strategic games of various actors, each motivated by distinct interests and development visions. It is a transition from the management leading mode of small farmers to the leading mode of rural elites and village cadres, and then to the leading mode of multi-subject cooperation and coordination. The spatial transformation has experienced an evolutionary development from the endogenous stability stage to the expansion growth stage to the integration promotion stage, and gradually formed a spatial transformation path featuring “Plateau agriculture + Tu culture + Eco-tourism”. (3) As the composition, intentions, and goals of key actors such as tourism development companies and returning new farmers change at different stages, the Obligatory Passage Points (OPP) have shifted from “Party building leads the growing village collective economy” to “Integration of ecological and cultural industries to create a model village for rural revitalization”. Returning new farmers and tourism development companies are becoming key actors, driving the reconfiguration of the network. (4) Social spontaneous forces actively connect with government policy arrangements and employ market-oriented means to mobilize the public to participate in the rural construction of Maji Village. The dynamic adjustments and interaction frequencies within the ANT, the inherent attributes and objective foundations of non-human actors, the motivations and interests of key actors, as well as the participation intensity and benefit degree of villagers, jointly drive the spatial transformation and development of Maji Village. This study aims to provide a reference for the construction of beautiful villages and the modernization of rural areas in plateau regions.

Based on the comprehensive evaluation method and sensitivity model, the sensitivity of green agricultural development level to the change of grain production capacity from 2010 to 2022 was analyzed with Hubei province as an example. The findings are as follows: (1) The green agricultural development in Hubei presented an "N-shaped" change pattern, that is, the average score of resource utilization and output level decreased and the average score of environmental protection increased. (2) The grain production in the province experienced the stage of "increasing-decreasing-high yield-stable yield", and the average annual output was Central Hubei>Western Hubei>Eastern Hubei. There were different response relationships between grain production capacity and various dimensions of green agricultural development. (3) On the whole, the sensitivity of green agricultural development in the province to the change of grain production capacity decreased first and then increased, the sensitivity of resource utilization to the change of grain production capacity continued to decrease, the sensitivity of environmental protection to the change of grain production capacity continued to increase, the sensitivity of output level to the change of grain production capacity decreased first and then increased, and the number of sensitive areas fluctuated with obvious spatial differences. We should further improve the utilization efficiency of agricultural resources, enhance the capacity of green agricultural development to ensure food security, and optimize the agricultural development pattern.

This study focuses on the border corridors crossing the Himalayas, following a methodology of type classification, key node identification, and scheme integration. Fourteen border corridors are categorized into four types: dual-oriented (national defense and economic development), defense-oriented, development-oriented, and characteristic development. The study identifies 30 key townships that significantly impact Xizang's border defense strategy and security. A construction system for border corridors is proposed, comprising “strategic support bases - key nodes - frontier points”. This system enhances horizontal connections among rear bases, primarily prefecture-level cities, and vertical connections between rear bases, key front nodes, and border settlements, utilizing major transportation routes such as national highways 318 and 219. This approach forms a “one axis, multiple corridors” comb-like spatial pattern. Specific pathways for guiding the construction of border corridors are proposed, considering layout patterns and the development of border settlements.

Faced with the challenges of adapting to complex and diverse changing environments, the study on the adaptability of human settlement space is not only a key direction in sustainable living environment research, but also the key to resolve the conflict between people and land in natural tourist destinations. To some extent the adaptive state can reflect the complexity, heterogeneity, and sustainability of the evolution of human settlement space systems in balancing ecological protection and tourism development. Applying adaptability theory and the Complex Adaptive Systems (CAS) research paradigm, this study develops an analytical framework for human settlement spaces in complex changing environments,and constructs a conceptual framework and research system for the adaptability in natural tourism destinations. On the basis of clarifying the connotation of the concept of adaptability, the research content on the assessment, characteristics, mechanisms, and effects of human settlement space adaptability has been systematically sorted out. A multidimensional adaptability evaluation system from the dimensions of ecological adaptability, functional adaptability, and subject adaptability is built. Ecological adaptability is the appropriate expression of natural space based on ecological civilization, reflecting the adaptive relationship between human settlement space and the external natural ecological environment. Functional adaptability is the multifunctionality, reflected in the balance of various functions within human settlement space constrained by limited land resources. Subjective adaptability emphasizes the agency of the subject, reflecting the adaptive behavior and internal functional transformation ability of human as the subject to respond to the external environment. On this basis, further research directions are proposed from the perspectives of theoretical updates, operational laws, comprehensive mechanisms, human well-being effects, and research methods. This article aims to enrich the research content of geography disciplines, providing scientific support and empirical models for promoting sustainable development of human settlement environment and ecological civilization construction in natural tourist destinations, as well as comprehensive rural revitalization.

To evaluate the accessibility and optimize the emergency medical service system is of great significance for ensuring the multiple functions of national parks. The shortest distance method and cost-grid method were used to measure the land and air rescue accessibility of existing medical facilities in the Qingzang Plateau National Park Cluster (QPNPC). Based on the existing multi-level medical facilities, the optimization simulation of different land and air scenarios of the emergency medical services system was carried out, and suggestions were put forward for the optimal allocation of the emergency medical services system in the QPNPC. The results show that: (1) The land rescue accessibility of emergency medical services in the study area was poor, and the efficiency was not ideal. In most areas, emergency medical services could not reach and fulfill their service functions within 2 hours by ambulance within a 10-km buffer zone of the roads in the national parks. The regional differences in accessibility were large, with national parks in the eastern Qingzang Plateau having better overall accessibility to land rescue compared with other regions. (2) The accessibility of air rescue was generally good. All 10-km buffer zones of the roads in the national parks can reach the nearest municipal people’s hospital within 45 minutes, while the uninhabited areas in northern Tibet were the areas with the worst accessibility of air rescue. (3) After 265 primary health care facilities were included for land rescue and 46 secondary health care facilities were included for air rescue, the accessible area of land rescue increased by about 10% within 1 hour, and about 30% of the area within a 10-km buffer zone of the roads in the national parks was accessible by land rescue within 1 hour. Some 80% of the areas in the 10-km buffer zone of the roads in 8 national parks can be covered by air rescue within 15 minutes after the optimization, and the 10-km buffer zone of the roads in 12 national parks can be accessible by air rescue within 45 minutes. Considering the cost and regional specificity, the combination of land rescue and air rescue is an effective way to guarantee the full coverage of emergency medical service, the improvement of the efficiency of rescue and the balance of the cost of emergency medical service in the QPNPC.

Advancing the coordinated and mutually beneficial development of green development and common prosperity is an objective requirement for constructing modernization with Chinese characteristics. Based on clarifying the mechanisms of the coordinated evolution, this study employs the Haken model to quantitatively measure the relationship between green development and common prosperity and characterize the spatial and temporal patterns of the synergistic relationship between the two. Finally, the random forest model is used to analyze the driving factors affecting their coordinated evolution. The results indicate that: (1) From 2011 to 2022, China's green development efficiency and common prosperity index showed a fluctuating growth. The national green development has progressed to form a distinct northwest to southeast gradient differentiation pattern, with the Beijing and the Yangtze River Delta leading in advancing common prosperity. (2) During the study period, the level of synergy between green development and common prosperity rose significantly, presenting a spatial pattern of "stronger in the east and weaker in the west", a continuous narrowing of regional differences, and the type of synergistic evolution in each region showing phased positive development. (3) The economic foundation, industrial structure, environmental regulation, financial development and digital economy can more stably promote the benign synergy and interaction between green development and common prosperity, while the driving role of government regulation first rises and then falls. The results of the study can provide a reference for China's collaborative promotion of comprehensive economic and social green transformation and common prosperity.

The sparsely populated and inaccessible Qingzang Plateau is facing a significant challenge to achieve the goal of equalized healthcare services. However, there is a lack of research on the optimal allocation of healthcare resources in the Qingzang Plateau. At the fine scale of 1 km×1 km raster, we evaluated the accessibility and equality of healthcare resources, constructed a two-stage spatial optimization model that considers both equality and efficiency, and conducted a study on the optimal allocation of multi-level healthcare resources, with Lhasa City serving as an illustrative example. The results indicate that: (1) There is a notable decline trend in the overall accessibility of healthcare resources from urban areas along the river valley and major transport routes to the periphery. The disparity in accessibility levels is particularly evident at the tertiary hospital level. (2) In the first stage of optimization, the elevation of the People's Hospital of Dangxiong County to a tertiary hospital can reduce the time required for healthcare access in the northern part of the city area by over 1.5 hours, representing a notable enhancement in efficiency. The spatial coverage efficiency of the existing secondary hospitals is relatively high, whereas the objective of comprehensive healthcare coverage within 1 hour is impossible to attain due to the high cost. (3) The second stage optimizes the allocation of additional healthcare resources with the objective of reducing regional differences. After optimization, there is a significant improvement in the equality of accessibility to tertiary hospitals, secondary hospitals and township hospitals, as evidenced by a reduction in the Gini coefficient by 20.76%, 17.49% and 41.48%, respectively. This paper explores the spatial allocation and optimization of healthcare resources on the Qingzang Plateau, providing a scientific basis for the equalization and high-quality development of healthcare services in plateau areas.

Migration is a core element in changing the development pattern of the Qingzang Plateau and building a sustainable development system. Based on the 2000, 2010 and 2020 census data by county, the study analyzes the evolution of the spatial and temporal distribution pattern of the floating population in the counties of the Qingzang Plateau, and compares the differences in the influencing mechanisms of the inflow and outflow of the population in the counties. The results show that: (1) The scale and activity of the floating population in counties on the Qingzang Plateau have increased significantly, and the spatial pattern of floating population regional types has changed into a balanced and active type, supplemented by an active net outflow type. The overall flow activity of the county is as high as 34.99%. The Qingzang Plateau has entered a “migration era” with highly active migration. (2) The frequent migration in counties mainly occurred in the period of 2010-2020. The Qaidam Basin, the Yellow River-Huangshui River Valley, the region of the Yarlung Zangbo River and its two tributaries of Xizang formed a spatial circle structure of population mobility “core-periphery”, which was composed of areas with a large inflow and a small outflow of population centered on high administrative level regions or major industrial and mining counties, and peripheral counties with a small inflow and a large outflow of population. (3) The Qingzang Plateau exhibits a general pattern of population flowing from relatively underdeveloped counties to relatively developed counties, as well as a peculiar pattern where counties with higher absolute levels of economic development have both high inflow and outflow rates. However, economic development is not the sole significant factor affecting population flowing. Administrative level has an important impact on population inflow. Natural conditions, such as high altitude restricts population outflow, and the reduction of arable land significantly drives population exodus.

Promoting rural revitalization is a major task for realizing the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation, and identifying the types of rural settlement development and formulating targeted development countermeasures are the basis and key to effectively advancing comprehensive rural revitalization. The study examines three types of rural settlements in Suzhou city: agglomeration enhancement, characteristic protection, and suburban integration. Focusing on the three key support elements for rural revitalization: ecological empowerment, transportation facilities empowerment, and public services empowerment, the study investigates the differentiation characteristics of support empowerment in rural settlements within economically developed areas at the village scale. Utilizing a spatially constrained multivariate clustering method, the study identifies development types and proposes corresponding countermeasures based on support empowerment. The study shows that: (1) Under the role of support elements such as ecological environment, transportation facilities, and public services, spatial differentiation in support empowerment is evident across Suzhou's rural settlements. Specifically, ecological elements including topography, water bodies, and forests exhibit proximity to the three settlement types, forming a ring-shaped zonal distribution; transportation facilities empowerment shows regional variation, with high values concentrated along road networks in dendritic patterns; public services empowerment displays a spatial pattern characterized by an overall sporadic point distribution, with high values adjacent to township centers. (2) Quantitative analysis of the three support elements classifies Suzhou's rural settlements into six development zones: comprehensive promotion zone, ecological promotion zone, cultural and tourism promotion zone, governance promotion zone, key governance zone, and comprehensive governance zone. Based on the development idea of "driving weak elements with advantageous elements and promoting overall improvement with local mutual promotion", the study puts forward the countermeasures for the development of Suzhou's rural settlements under the support empowerment.

As a pivotal institutional innovation within China's ecological civilization reform, the national park system plays a critical role in enhancing biodiversity conservation, improving environmental quality, and safeguarding national ecological security. Enhancing ecosystem health in national parks contributes significantly to both ecological security and human well-being. Based on the Vitality-Organization-Resilience (VOR) model, this study explored the spatio-temporal variation characteristics of ecosystem vitality, ecosystem organization, ecosystem resilience and ecosystem health in the first batch of national parks from 2000 to 2023. The results show that: (1) From 2000 to 2023, except for the slight decrease in the ecosystem health level of Wuyishan National Park (WYM), the ecosystem health level of the other four national parks showed an overall upward trend. Among them, Sanjiangyuan National Park (SJY) showed the greatest increase in ecosystem health level, while Northeast China Tiger and Leopard National Park (NCTL) showed the smallest improvement. (2) The ecosystem health of SJY was dominated by medium and higher levels, while the rest of the national parks were dominated by high levels. (3) The ecosystem health level of SJY presented a spatial distribution pattern of "low in the northwest and high in the southeast", while that of the rest of the national parks showed a trend of "high expansion and low contraction". (4) Human activities exerted both inhibitory and facilitative effects on ecosystem health improvements across China's first batch of national parks. In the future, national parks management should pay particular attention to the level of ecosystem health in areas that are vulnerable to human activities.

Domestic pollution management is a prominent constraint in the livability of ecologically fragile areas, and revealing its impact effects is an important part of enhancing environmental sustainability and improving the well-being of the residents. This paper takes the Three River Source Region as a typical case, based on the questionnaire survey data of 1,159 households, analyzes the residents' perceptions of the configuration status and operation effect of the domestic pollution management facilities in ecologically fragile areas and the intrinsic correlation between them and livability, adopts the structural equation modeling to measure the influence effect of the residents' perceptions of the solid and liquid wastes management on livability, and uses binary logistic regression model to estimate the heterogeneity of influence effects in different groups and geographic locations. The results indicate: (1) The satisfaction level of residents in the study area with the pollution management of solid and liquid wastes generated in daily life is 57.81% and 55.31%, respectively, and semi-agricultural and semi-pastoralist and agricultural and pastoralist-industrial households are more satisfied with the domestic pollution management compared with purely agricultural and pastoralist households. (2) Domestic pollution management significantly affects residents' livability in this regon, with solid waste management exerting a stronger influence than liquid waste management, domestic waste transfer frequency, treatment method, the form of household latrine, and the modes of domestic liquid waste management are the most significant impact factors. (3) The impact of residents' perceptions of domestic pollution management on livability varies significantly across settlement scales, geographic locations, and altitudes, with farmers and herders in small, remote and high-altitude settlements more sensitive to livability feedback on the configuration of domestic waste management facilities. The findings provide scientific policy reference for enhancing the effectiveness of rural environmental infrastructure configuration and accurately upgrading the quality of living environment in ecologically fragile areas.

This study on the accessibility of recreational activities in national parks primarily analyzes visitors' accessibility and time costs, estimates recreational areas, and assesses the intensity of visitor activities in different areas. It aims to provide a basis for the zoning of park conservation areas and the management of visitor behavior. By utilizing the cumulative distance tools in ArcGIS Pro's spatial analysis module, the study analyzes the accessibility of the Qingzang Plateau National Park Cluster. The results show that, influenced by the current road system on the Qingzang Plateau, the majority of the national parks in the cluster have relatively good accessibility. On average, 40.5% of the area of the 16 national parks (or sections) is within a 6-hour accessibility range, while areas with more than 12 hours of accessibility account for 30.3% of the total park area. A study on the distribution of biodiversity values within regions of different time-cost accessibility shows that areas with better accessibility in the Qingzang Plateau National Park Cluster often have higher biodiversity value. The cumulative biodiversity value in areas within 6 hours of accessibility accounts for more than 40% on average, while areas beyond 12 hours of accessibility hold an average cumulative biodiversity value of slightly more than 30%. However, areas with more than 12 hours of accessibility cover nearly 60% of the National Park Cluster's area. The results indicate that in the future, the ecological protection of the national park cluster will face higher risks of disturbance from recreational activities, particularly in areas within a 6-hour accessibility range. The results indicate that the ecological conservation of future national park clusters will face a high risk of disturbance from recreational activities, especially in areas with accessibility within 6 hours. Considering both the convenience and the potential disturbance of recreational activities to the National Park Cluster, arranging relatively intensive mass tourism activities mainly in areas with accessibility within 1 hour could ensure that at least 92% of the biodiversity values of the National Park Cluster remain free from general recreational disturbances. The average proportion of areas within 1-hour accessibility to the total area of the National Park Cluster is about 2%. Therefore, to achieve the construction goal of "low-density development on less than 1% of the land to strictly conserve more than 99% of the territory" for the Qingzang Plateau National Park Cluster, it would be best to limit the scope of high-intensity mass recreational activities to within the 1-hour accessibility zones.

Establishing the China Spatial Planning Observation Network (CSPON) is not only the essential to ensure the operation of the territorial spatial planning system but also the key support for the digital transformation of spatial governance. It is the current requirement from spatial planning system establishment, urban development mode transformation and spatial governance upgrade that the working logic of planning should transform from the origin blueprint design mode to governance mode. Towards the challenge for territorial planning system in the aspects of operation systems, reaction mode and system response, this study proposes that the CSPON should transform the logic of planning practice from feed-forward to rear-feed control and from information production to information use. In the logic of activity perception, planning backtracking and system feedback, emphasis should be put on the relation between planning and spatial activities, planning and systems, to establish three application scenarios including the overall real-time observation on territorial spatial activities, the self-adjustment of the territorial spatial planning and systematic responses in the joint effort of territorial spatial planning and the governing bodies, which could make up the whole loop of digital spatial governance together with blueprint design logic consisting of system recognition, planning establishment and status evaluation.

To safeguard national ecological security and optimize territorial spatial planning, the Chinese government has introduced and implemented the ecological red line (ERL) strategy. Since the delineation of ERL was completed in 2022, ensuring effective and sustainable long-term management has become a critical challenge. This study provides a comprehensive analysis of the fundamental logic, conceptual framework, and implementation pathways of ERL management. The findings indicate that although the ERL delineates explicit spatial boundaries in territorial spatial planning, effective management requires adherence to three key principles: baseline thinking, systematic thinking, and flexible thinking. It is crucial not only to focus on the internal protection of ecological functions but also to consider ecological synergy with surrounding areas. Additionally, while strict regulatory enforcement is essential, management strategies must balance ecological conservation with socio-economic development needs. Given the complexity of coordinating ecological protection across diverse regions and stakeholders, a structured approach to ERL management is essential. To achieve this, the management framework should at least encompass three levels: protecting critical ecological spaces by strictly controlling land-use changes and minimizing human disturbances, optimizing ecological security patterns through the restoration and enhancement of ecosystem functions, and enhancing ecosystem services to maximize their long-term environmental and economic benefits. Furthermore, an integrated governance support system is necessary to ensure effective implementation. This system should include legal mechanisms to establish regulatory authority, define responsibilities, and enforce compliance; administrative measures to strengthen spatial planning supervision, land-use control, and ecosystem restoration initiatives; and technological innovations such as remote sensing monitoring, ecological assessment models, and early warning systems to enhance real-time oversight and adaptive management. Ultimately, the implementation of ERL management is a comprehensive, systematic, complex, and long-term task.