Low efficiency of earth kilns used in the carbonising process of wood to make charcoal has been reported as one of the sources of increasing charcoal wastes in the global south. However, the potential link and approaches of converting charcoal wastes-to-valuable energy and for the environmental health is not well known in Africa. Promoting local community capacity engagement in the production and reutilisation of recycled charcoal wastes at the households’ level is one of important measures to maintain environmental services for sustainability since households make decisions on the type of energy used. This paper, presents an approach of converting charcoal wastes to fuel energy for rural households and environmental health in Kilosa District, Tanzania. To achieve the objective of this research, the primary data were collected through interviews held with 298 randomly selected households, Focus Group Discussions and observations. IBM SPSS statistics version 20 Cross tab tools were used in the data analysis. Results revealed that the conversion of charcoal wastes-to-fuel energy approach used in this research demonstrates the ability of recyclable briquettes made from the locally available charcoal pollutants collected at different stages from earth kilns, to selling centers, improves tree harvest behaviour, adds another fuel energy source through reutilisation, and ultimate reduces pollution at the local level. Thus, the study provides a basis for policymakers to adopt charcoal wastes recycling strategies to address matters related to energy and ultimately enhances environmental health for sustainable development in Tanzania and beyond.

Urban trees are valuable resources for urban areas as they have the capacity to reduce ambient temperatures, mitigate urban heat island effects and reduce runoff of rainwater playing an important role in mitigating the impacts of climate change by reducing atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2). It also helps to reduce aerial suspended particulate matter, add visual appeal to the urban landscape sequestrating a significant amount of carbon from ambient atmospheric CO2. Carbon storage by urban trees in the ring road area of the Kathmandu Valley was quantified to assess the magnitude and role of urban forests in relation to mitigate the impact of global climate change. A total of 40 sample plots were placed randomly for the detailed carbon assessment. Aboveground and belowground carbon pools were considered in the detailed assessment. Furthermore, quality assurance (QA) and quality control (QC) were maintained through regular monitoring and capacity building of the field crews while collecting the bio-physical data. The assessment recorded a total of 33 different species of plants in the avenue’s plantation sites in ring road. The mean seedling, sapling, and tree density was found to be 2149585 and 185 per hectare. The mean carbon stock per hectare in the avenue plantation of the ring road area was 24.03 tC ha1 and the existing total carbon stock was 7785.72 tC in 2021. Likewise, the total baseline carbon dioxide equivalent (tCO2e) in the avenue plantation was found to be 28573.60 tCO2e. The carbon dioxide emission from the transport sector in the ring road area in a full movement scenario was 312888.00 tCO2e per annum, while the net emissions was 42547 tCO2e. There was a deficit of carbon dioxide in terms of stock by avenue plantations of 14000.8 tCO2e.This study indicates that the existing urban forest plantation is unable to sequestrate or offset the carbon dioxide that is emitted through the transportation sector. Consequently, open spaces like riverbanks and any other public lands, in which urban forests could be developed has to be planned for the green infrastructure and plantation of the multipurpose trees. The distinct values of forests in and around urban areas have to be recognized in the specific policies and plans for the sustainable management of urban and peri-urban forests to meet the adverse impact of global climate change. In addition, this study provides insights for decision-makers to better understand the role of urban forests and make sustainable management plans for urban forests in the cities like in Kathmandu Valley.

Delimiting ecological space scientifically and making reasonable predictions of the spatial-temporal trend of changes in the dominant ecosystem service functions (ESFs) are the basis of constructing an ecological protection pattern of territorial space, which has important theoretical significance and application value. At present, most research on the identification, functional partitioning and pattern reconstruction of ecological space refers to the current ESFs and their structural information, which ignores the spatial-temporal dynamic nature of the comprehensive and dominant ESFs, and does not seriously consider the change simulation in the dominant ESFs of the future ecological space. This affects the rationality of constructing an ecological space protection pattern to some extent. In this study, we propose an ecological space delimitation method based on the dynamic change characteristics of the ESFs, realize the identification of the ecological space range in Qionglai city and solve the problem of ignoring the spatial-temporal changes of ESFs in current research. On this basis, we also apply the Markov-CA model to integrate the spatial-temporal change characteristics of the dominant ESFs, successfully realize the simulation of the spatial-temporal changes in the dominant ESFs in Qionglai city’s ecological space in 2025, find a suitable method for simulating ecological spatial-temporal changes and also provide a basis for constructing a reasonable ecological space protection pattern. This study finds that the comprehensive quantity of ESF and its annual rate of change in Qionglai city show obvious dynamics, which confirms the necessity of considering the dynamic characteristics of ESFs when identifying ecological space. The areas of ecological space in Qionglai city represent 98307 ha by using the ecological space identification method proposed in this study, which is consistent with the ecological spatial distribution in the local ecological civilization construction plan. This confirms the reliability of the ecological space identification method based on the dynamic characteristics of the ESFs. The results also show that the dominant ESFs in Qionglai city represented strong non-stationary characteristics during 2003-2019, which showed that we should fully consider the influence of the dynamics in the dominant ESFs on the future ESF pattern during the process of constructing the ecological spatial protection pattern. The Markov-CA model realized the simulation of spatial-temporal changes in the dominant ESFs with a high precision Kappa coefficient of above 0.95, which illustrated the feasibility of using this model to simulate the future dominant ESF spatial pattern. The simulation results showed that the dominant ESFs in Qionglai will still undergo mutual conversions during 2019-2025 due to the effect of the their non-stationary nature. The ecological space will still maintain the three dominant ESFs of primary product production, climate regulation and hydrological regulation in 2025, but their areas will change to 32793 ha, 52490 ha and 13024 ha, respectively. This study can serve as a scientific reference for the delimitation of the ecological conservation redline, ecological function regionalization and the construction of an ecological spatial protection pattern.

Abstract: By studying the structural characteristics and carbon storage of the mangrove island ecosystem in the 
Beibu Gulf, this study provides a scientific basis for mangrove ecological compensation in the coastal areas of 
Guangxi, South China Sea. On the basis of the unmanned aerial vehicle remote sensing images and a sample plot 
survey, the object-oriented multi-scale segmentation algorithm is used to extract the mangrove community type information, and one-way analysis of variance is conducted to analyse the structural characteristics of the mangrove 
community. The carbon storage and carbon density of different mangrove ecosystems were obtained based on the 
allometric growth equation of mangrove plants. The analysis yielded four main results. (1) The island group covers 
about 27.10 ha, 41.32% (11.20 ha) of which represents mangrove areas. The mangrove forest is widely distributed 
in the tidal flats around the islands. (2) The main mangrove types were Aegiceras corniculatum, Kandelia obovata + 
Aegiceras corniculatum, Avicennia marina + Aegiceras corniculatum and Avicennia marina communities. (3) 
Amongst the mangrove plants, Avicennia marina had the highest biomass (18.52 kg plant–1), followed by Kandelia 
obovata (7.84 kg plant–1) and Aegiceras corniculatum (3.85 kg plant–1). (4) The mangrove carbon density difference 
was significant. Kandelia obovata had the highest carbon density (148.03 t ha–1), followed by Avicennia marina
(104.79 t ha–1) and Aegiceras corniculatum (99.24 t ha–1). The carbon storage of the mangrove island ecosystem 
was 1194.70 t, which was higher than in other areas with the same latitude. The carbon sequestration capacity of 
the mangrove was relatively strong.

Changes in production factors have an important impact on the evolution of the spatial pattern of regional economic development. Based on the panel data of 290 prefecture-level cities in 1990-2020, the Mann-Kendall method was applied to classify China's municipal economic growth into two stages—1990-2012 and 2013-2020, and the Malmquist productivity index and spatial Durbin model were further used to analyze the effects of changes in production factors on China's regional economic growth at different stages. The results show that: 1) China's regional economy has always maintained its growth trend, and the regional economic growth areas have gradually shifted from the eastern coastal areas to the inland areas, and the growth pattern has changed from an obvious east-west difference to a coexistence of east-west and north-south differences. 2) There are clear differences in the spatial distribution pattern of changes in production factors. The regions with a large proportion of capital stock have gradually shifted from a contiguous distribution in the northeast and the Bohai Rim to the southeast coastal region, while sporadically distributed in core cities in the central and western regions; the pattern of incremental employment is consistently high in the southeast and low in the northwest, with high-value areas mainly distributed in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region, Yangtze River Delta, Pearl River Delta, and Chengdu-Chongqing urban agglomerations; the level of capital deepening and factor input-output efficiency generally show a year-on-year upward trend, and the core urban agglomerations are still the ones with higher levels of capital deepening and efficiency. 3) The degree of influence of factor changes on regional economic growth varied over time and at different scales, with factor input-output efficiency and the number of people employed being the main contributors to regional economic growth in the two periods, respectively. The research findings can serve as a decision-making reference for China's economic development under the new circumstance.

In the Luoyang Basin during the Han, Wei, Sui, and Tang dynasties, the flow patterns of the Yi, Luo, Chan, and Jian rivers were closely related to their geological setting. The orientations of these rivers are predominantly determined by the underlying geological fault lines of the basin. The orientations of the Yi and Luo rivers are mainly determined by east-west and northeast-oriented fault lines, with the flow path of the Luo River primarily influenced by the Matun-Yanshi fault and the Yi River influenced by the Yiyang-Yanshi fault. Jian and Chan Rivers share simultaneous spatial similarities and transient transformation similarities, both following city site migrations, turning from being sectioned eastward during Han and Wei dynasties to falling back to the natural southward flow during Sui and Tang dynasties. Luo River exhibited a trend of continual northward transformation during Han, Wei, Sui, and Tang dynasties, while Yi River constantly extends eastward and southward. Over historical periods, the Yi and Luo rivers gradually separated north and south, with their confluence point shifting eastward. Unequal north-south subsidence and a northward tilt of the sedimentary center caused Luo River to migrate northward, while a central bulge and ‘two cut first base’complex fault depression caused Yi River to extend eastward and southward.

The Tang Dynasty Chinese cliff carvings discovered in the Dil mountain of Ulziit in the central Gobi Province of Mongolia indicate that this area was an important node on the grassland transportation line at that time. The route through the desert to capital of the Uyghur Empire, as recorded in the New Book of Tang passed through this area as the ‘Eastern Uyghur Road’, also known as the ‘the road of having an audience with Tengri Khan’. The inscriptions were carved during the rule of restraint period of the Tang Dynasty in the second year of Linde, which confirmed the historical event that Emperor Gaozong of the Tang Dynasty offered sacrifices to heaven and earth in Mount Tai and invited the leaders of Tiele tribes in the Boreal desert to come, which reflected the communications between the Tang Dynasty and the northern nomads and the control of the Tang government over the vassal prefectures in the Boreal desert.

The quality of development is crucial for China to comprehensively build a socialist modern country. Drawing on related concepts of development in quality, the paper conceptualizes a city in high-quality development and proposes a stylish framework with five dimensions to evaluate it, in line with the New Development Philosophy, which is composed of innovation, coordination, greenness, openness and sharing. Using the methods of spatial analysis, club convergence test and spatial Durbin model, the paper identified the spatial evolution of the quality of city development in China and associated determinants during 2005-2020. On average, the level of city development quality increased by 48.4% during the study period. The number of cities at low-level of quality in development decreased dramatically, accompanied by a profound transformation in the spatial pattern of city development quality, which presents significant spatial aggregation. The spatial imbalance remains for cities with different development qualities, and the challenge is still huge to narrow the gap. With significant role differentiation among cities, a "pioneering-catching up" pattern emerges, and the 11 pioneering cities such as Beijing, Shanghai and Shenzhen have become the pioneers of high-quality development in China. Key determinants for cities achieving high quality in development includes urbanization level, public investment, digital economy, environmental regulation and economic growth, while there is inverted U-shaped relationship between city size and development quality. To achieve the goal of high-quality city development in the new era, it is necessary to focus on the development of cities in the central and western regions, making full use of the demonstration role of pioneers, promoting quantitative growth, strengthening environmental regulations, cultivating the new forms of digital economy, and optimizing the city size hierarchy.

County has long been the basic unit of national governance in China. Yet, only limited policy attention has been paid to counties. Recently, the central government proposed to carry out county-level urbanization to further deepen the people-centered new urbanization strategy. In this situation, counties need to provide enough jobs and decent income for rural emigrants. However, this is only the case for a small fraction of counties with prosperous local economies, and most of the rest counties need to enhance their industrial development to absorb the rural emigrants. Since China's industrialization process is largely influenced by the government, boundary adjustment, such as turning counties into urban districts, may also influence the local industrial development in various ways. Relying on the National Annual Survey of Industrial Firms Database (1998-2015), this paper constructs a county manufacturing industry dataset with 1110 counties and 376 four-digit level industries. With an Evolutionary Economic Geography approach, this paper explores the causal impacts of turning counties into districts on counties' manufacturing upgrading by employing difference in differences in differences method (DID). The empirical results show that, first, after turning counties into districts, counties have higher probabilities to enter more complex industries and exit less complex industries. And in both cases, the impacts of turning counties into districts has a time lag. Second, at the macro county level, turning counties into districts could benefit manufacturing upgrading through population agglomeration, economic development, infrastructure construction, and public service improvement; at the micro firm level, turning counties into districts could upgrade manufacturing industries by promoting output, intermediate inputs, profit, innovation, and tax reduction. Turning counties into districts has the largest impact on manufacturing upgrading in the eastern region and has negative impact in the central region. These findings could not only provide empirical support for the future implementation of turning counties into districts, but also enrich the institutional perspective of Evolutionary Economic Geography on regional industrial evolution.

In the context of Chinese-style modernization, the common prosperity effect of tourism resource development is explored to point out the direction of exploration for accelerating the high-quality development of tourism industry and realizing the goal of common prosperity. This study clarifies the mechanism of tourism resource development through the income growth effect, infrastructure enhancement effect, culture communication effect and factor flow effect to promote the realization of common prosperity, and constructs a comprehensive evaluation system of tourism resource development in terms of scale and quality. The spatial econometric modeling is applied to empirically test the impact of mountain tourism resource development on the common prosperity based on the relevant data at the district and county level of the Western Hunan Area from 2007 to 2021. Ultimately, it proposes targeted development model optimization strategies based on the real needs of enhancing the value of resources, promoting rural revitalization and contributing to the common prosperity. The results show that: (1) The overall level of tourism resource development in Western Hunan Area shows a gentle growth trend, but the spatial difference is obvious, in which Yongding district and Fenghuang county are always the dominant parties, while Luxi county is in a relatively disadvantageous position. (2) The level of common prosperity in Western Hunan Area continues to improve, but there are still imbalances between districts and counties, with Yongding district, Jishou city and Hecheng district, where the municipal administrative center is located, in the top three. (3) Tourism resource development has a significant positive spatial spillover effect on common prosperity, that is, it can enhance the level of common prosperity in the region and adjacent regions. Both tourism scale and tourism quality can be effective in empowering common prosperity, and the positive effect of tourism quality on common prosperity is better than that of tourism scale. The impact of tourism resource development on common prosperity varies significantly in different regions, with Zhangjiajie city having the largest common prosperity effect of tourism resource development, followed by Huaihua city and Xiangxi prefecture. Guided by the goal of common prosperity, the models of sustainable utilization, quality upgrading, and regional integration for the development of mountain tourism resource are proposed.

In the context of digital transformation, establishing and improving the monitoring mechanism for the implementation of territorial spatial planning is an important key to enhance the efficiency of spatial governance as well as national governance. The implementation monitoring of territorial spatial planning in the New Era involves long-term and dynamic monitoring of the planning process and the spatial changes influenced by development, utilization, and protection. It serves as a necessary prerequisite for understanding the real-time status of spatial planning and promoting real-time feedback for planning optimization. This article systematically reviews the development of China's related work on planning implementation monitoring, and summarizes the shortcomings of existing work from positioning, content and technical framework, and transmission mechanism. Based on the analysis above, it clarifies the connotation of "continuous monitoring" and the positioning of "comprehensive supporting" for the implementation monitoring of territorial spatial planning. Furthermore, with the case of Ningbo city in Zhejiang province, it constructs the content framework of implementation monitoring for territorial spatial planning from three aspects: the implementation of planning requirements, the external effects of planning, and the adjustment of planning during processes. Also, it improves the monitoring indicators and builds flexible units for monitoring analysis and predicting models for future warning. All in all, it provides references for conducting comprehensive implementation monitoring methods of territorial spatial planning on city level.

The fundamental guarantee of national food security lies in cultivated land. In the background of territorial and spatial use control, the single control of cultivated land quantity from the past has turned to the implementation of "storing grain in the land" strategy nowadays, and the "integrated food security thought" has also given a new connotation to the national food security strategy. The governance of "non-grain" in the new era needs to explore the response logic of cultivated land use control and thus construct a theoretical framework system. By reviewing the implementation of "non-grain" governance policies and the current dilemma between public goods and autonomous management, standard identification and policy implementation, consumption transformation and social service, this paper points out that the response logic of cultivated land use control should be focused on the three different dimensions of governance perspectives, namely bottom-line control, dynamic development and value realization. Aiming at each perspective, analysis of relationships should focus on the following aspects, protecting national and personal interests from the perspective of security and efficiency coordination, dealing with the self-sufficiency of rations and the upgrading of consumption from the perspective of supply and demand matching, realizing the priority and versatility of cultivated land utilization from the perspective of resource and asset transformation. The theoretical framework should refer to the principles of multi-level planning targets, refined zoning management, life cycle process and differentiated rule system. Further, the establishment of the use control framework consists of four core contents, regulation basis, pattern, section and methods. The regulation basis should refine the rules of "transfer-in" and "transfer-out" of cultivated land, which is helpful to improve the rule of law. The regulation pattern should make good use of the combination of partition, element and behavior, and carry out differentiated control measures mainly according to "three areas and three lines". The regulation section should highlight the "non-grain" governance of life cycle process, which needs to strengthen the role of use control in all aspects of investigation, registration, planning, restoration, utilization and supervision. The regulation methods should focus on innovation in aspects of administrative, social, economic and technical fields. In conclusion, this study can provide reference for the policy design of preventing "non-grain" and improving China's most stringent system of cultivated land protection.

Built environments have complex effects on the public's physical and mental health. Revealing the mechanisms and pathways through which the urban built environment influences public health can provide a basis for optimizing built environments. This helps avoid issues, such as environmental pollution, lack of social interaction, and insufficient physical activity, ultimately contributing to the enhancement of public health. Western academia has a more established foundation for research, whereas domestic endeavors are currently in the exploratory phase. A comparative analysis of relevant domestic and international studies can help elucidate the developmental trajectory of research in this field, identify common issues and characteristics, and guide the direction for advancing domestic research. Therefore, based on the Web of Science and China National Knowledge Infrastructure databases, this study systematically reviewed 658 English and Chinese studies published from 2000 to 2022 in the fields of urban and rural planning, geographic sciences, health medicine, and environmental psychology, focusing on the impact of the built environment on public health. Utilizing "Citespace" software, this study conducted a quantitative analysis and systematic review of the theoretical framework, study topics, and emerging trends in the research. The findings revealed disparities between Western and Chinese academies in terms of theoretical innovation, study groups, and research content. Specifically, international studies have pioneered theoretical perspectives, such as social welfare and environmental justice. Guided by these theories, researchers have explored the mechanisms through which the built environment affects public health in diverse population groups. Although domestic studies exhibit a relative lack of theoretical innovation, their primary focus has been the introduction and empirical application of Western theories in the Chinese context. These studies often concentrate on the transmission paths of the impacts on the older and women groups through static empirical evidence, lacking dynamism in their approaches. Furthermore, drawing upon the previously stated theoretical underpinnings, methodological approach, and research content, this paper summarized the analytical framework of "Built Environment Elements, Mediated Impacts, and Public Health." It meticulously examined the differential effects of three spatial elements—green space, land use, and road traffic—on public health. This study provides a detailed analysis of the mechanisms involved, highlighting the ecological and psychological benefits arising from exposure to and interactions with green spaces. It also analyzes how judiciously designed and compact land use patterns shape travel preferences, reduce travel distances, mitigate reliance on motor vehicles, and enhance the frequency of individual activities. Furthermore, the study outlines the ramifications for optimizing the road network system and transitioning travel modes to ameliorate traffic pollution, alleviate traffic pressure, and mitigate pedestrian injuries, among other variables. The purpose of this study was to systematically comprehend the current status and disparities in domestic and international research concerning the impact of the built environment on public health and to explore a series of health issues triggered by the built environment from the perspective of urban planning, with the hope of promoting health geography in China, offering guidance for future academic directions, and prompting local management authorities to formulate precision policies addressing public health challenges.

China is currently entering a stage of high-quality development, with urban development and governance facing systematic reconstruction of internal and external conditions, showing clear differences and the complex superposition of multi-stage development. The steady progress of urbanization has facilitated significant changes in the population structure of Chinese cities. It is expected that the population and industries will further converge to urban agglomerations and big cities, indicating basic multicenter and network patterns. Therefore, analyzing the negative population growth risks of urban agglomerations at different development stages is crucial. This study examined the cities of 19 urban agglomerations in China by adopting the data of the seventh population census, employing the optimized fuzzy logic method, building a complex network of population flow with ArcGIS and MATLAB platforms, and using the intensity of population flow and the registered population fertility rate to represent exogenous and endogenous growth, respectively. The negative population growth evaluation index system was constructed with five indicators: child ratio, aging rate, average family size, population density, and sex ratio. The risk index of negative population growth was measured using the fuzzy logic method, and the growth mechanism of negative population growth risk in urban agglomerations in China was analyzed using the spatial measurement method. (1) The negative population growth risk of growing urban agglomerations was influenced by both exogenous and endogenous growth, with exogenous growth having a greater impact. (2) The dynamic mechanism of negative population growth risk in large urban agglomerations is exogenous growth, whereas that of nurturing urban agglomerations is endogenous growth. (3) According to the risk of negative population growth in China's urban agglomerations and its influencing factors, negative population growth in 19 urban agglomerations can be divided into eight types. 1) The state of population growth of expanding urban agglomerations can be divided into two types, with the middle reaches of the Yangtze River and Chengdu-Chongqing urban agglomerations as one type; the capital city has a low risk of negative population growth, while other cities have a high risk of negative population growth. The Yangtze River Delta, Pearl River Delta, and Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei city clusters are the same, with the capital and other cities having a relatively low risk of negative population growth. 2) The status of large urban agglomerations can be divided into two types: Shandong Peninsula, Central Plains, Guanzhong Plain, and Beibu Gulf urban agglomerations. The capital city has a low risk of negative population growth, whereas other cities have a high risk of negative population growth. The risk of negative population growth in capital cities and other cities is relatively low. 3) The state of population growth of cultivated urban agglomerations can be divided into four types: the Harbin and Changsha urban agglomerations and the central and southern Liaoning urban agglomerations, which have a high risk of negative population growth. Meanwhile, the northern slope of the Tianshan Mountain City cluster and the Hubao Eyu City cluster have low risk of negative population growth. The risk of negative population growth is low in the provincial capital city and high in the other cities, while endogenous growth is positive in the provincial capital city and negative in the other cities. In the Jinzhong City, Central Guizhou City, and Central Yunnan City groups, the risk of negative population growth is low in provincial cities and high in other cities. Endogenous growth shows that the capital city and other cities have positive growth. In conclusion, this study posits that upgrading urban agglomerations should consider the spatial balance of population distribution, large urban agglomerations should fulfill their role in "blocking the flow" of big cities, and nurturing urban agglomerations should "consolidate human capital." This study presents a comprehensive and in-depth analysis of the negative population growth risk and its impact mechanisms in different development stages of urban agglomerations. This can provide a decision-making reference for the formulation of scientific and reasonable population and economic policies in various urban agglomerations and plays a significant role for maintaining a long-term stable population, economy, and social growth in the region.

Local entrepreneurialism provides an important theoretical perspective for the study of economic growth-oriented local governance after the 1980s. This theory originated in the revival of economic liberalism following the Western economic crisis. Influenced by global urbanization and deregulation, cities have been redefined as important scales of spatial governance. Local governments have abandoned "managerialism," which emphasizes regional equilibrium, and turned to "entrepreneurilism", which emphasizes local wealth accumulation, weakening the welfare state system and emphasizing absolute gain. Since the economic reform was launched in 1978, China has experienced a transition from state socialism, conceptualized as a triple process of decentralization, marketization, and globalization. The logic of local government behavior underwent profound changes during the transition. Local governments are increasingly showing behavioral characteristics that originally belonged to enterprises. These local governmental acts create the economic miracle and unique spatial phenomenon of the "Chinese paradigm," widely called "local entrepreneurialism." With the critical period of urbanization, exploring effective ways to improve local governance capabilities has become an important topic of concern for all sectors of society. Sorting out the rise and development of the theory about local entrepreneurialism, this paper seeks to construct an analysis framework for local entrepreneurialism in China by integrating the notions of strategy, discourse, and fashion. Furthermore, this paper proposes the "Chinese characteristics" of local entrepreneurialism by reviewing specific strategies adopted by local governments with multiple identities or acting as different roles, namely the owner of public (land) resources, the user of administrative resources, the urban manager, and the allocator of development rights. Therefore, the following conclusion were drawn: (1) Compared with the extensive participation in the Western system, China's local entrepreneurialism involves more administrative intervention, and all localities play a leading role in local entrepreneurial practice by virtue of their monopoly rights. (2) Although decentralization reform endows local governments with certain powers and responsibilities, state intervention still exists. The goal of an entrepreneurial strategy is to safeguard state powers. (3) In the new stage, the connotation and external form of local entrepreneurialism are expanding. Economic growth is no longer the primary theme of local development. How to pay attention to efficiency and fairness has become an important topic at present, and we argue that the sustainability of local entrepreneurial strategies and their impact on rural governance might be key research directions for future studies. This study aimed to provide a reference for the transformation of governance in this new era.

Traditional village culture is an important part of rural culture as well as a precious heritage and historical memory of the Chinese nation, and its effective inheritance and sustainable development have attracted much attention. However, traditional village culture is often in a disadvantaged position in the process of urban-rural cultural exchanges, and the cultural adaptation problem of traditional village residents creates difficulties for the integration of urban-rural culture and the development of traditional cultural inheritance in China. In the context of traditional village conservation and tourism development, the cultural adaptation of traditional village residents is related to the resolution of the contradiction among traditional village development and conservation, the realization of the residents' good life, and the realization of the creative transformation and innovative development of traditional culture. Based on the literature on cultural adaptation, case summaries, and long-term field research experiences, this study clarifies the practical objectives of the cultural adaptation of tourism-driven traditional village residents, refines the process mechanism of their cultural adaptation by combining dimensions and processes, and explores the integration path of cultural adaptation based on positive psychology. The results show that first, the process mechanism of cultural adaptation of the residents of tourism-driven traditional villages can be investigated by combining the context of the evolution of urban-rural relationships in China and the U-curve theory of cultural adaptation. During the period of foreign culture entry, residents' external actions are actively cooperative, although their internal perceptions show foreign culture biases and development opportunity expectations. During the period of cultural clash and adjustment, conflicts and contradictions in daily life and behavioral expressions of residents are frequent, causing negative internal psychological emotions and cultural assimilation. The goal of the cultural integration period is that after a series of conflicts, residents will actively cooperate in their external behavior, and will be able to pass on their culture and seek progress. In terms of internal perceptions, residents will have increased psychological satisfaction, cultural confidence, and positive and open cultural perceptions. Further, borrowing from the research concept of positive psychology, we created a positive social organization system with three aspects: government macro-control, coordination of multiple groups, and a preventive supervision mechanism; a positive personality trait system with three aspects: cross-cultural interaction skills, ownership concept, and flexible and open cultural cognition; and a positive emotional experience system with three aspects: cultural identity, positive gaze of visitors, and community care. Based on the above systems, corresponding countermeasures to be taken at different stages of the cultural adaptation process are proposed to construct an integrated path of cultural adaptation for residents of traditional villages. This study explores the process mechanism and integration path of cultural adaptation of traditional village residents to deepen the interactive logic of locality and cultural adaptation, and provides a scientific reference for community governance and conservation practices in traditional villages, supporting traditional village locality protection and urban-rural integration.

Wind speed is an important parameter reflecting the climate and environmental conditions on the Earth's surface. It is also a pivotal factor influencing wind energy, a renewable and clean energy source. The mechanisms exerting influence on the surface wind speed over China, which have been mentioned in previous studies, include the temperature difference between the high and low latitudes of China, surface drag force, and climatic factors such as the Arctic Oscillation (AO), Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO), and El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO). The Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD), which has attracted increasing attention during the past two decades, is an important climatic factor that exerts a significant influence on the climate and environment in the areas surrounding the Indian Ocean and globally. However, to date, it has not been reported whether the IOD is a climatic factor that significantly affects surface wind speed in China. Coastal South China is one of the most economically developed areas in China, and wind energy is becoming an important energy source in this area. An investigation of the relationship between the IOD and wind speed variations in coastal South China and their connecting mechanisms would contribute substantially to the understanding of the controlling mechanisms of climatic and environmental variations in coastal South China as well as to the planning of sustainable development in this area. Based on observations of surface wind speed in coastal South China, reanalysis data from the National Center of Environment Prediction (NCEP) and the National Center of Atmospheric Research (NCAR), research on the IOD over the last two decades, the effects of IOD activities on surface wind speed in coastal South China, and the controlling mechanisms were investigated using statistical analyses and atmospheric circulation variations. The results indicate that, regardless of the temporal or spatial scale, variations in the surface wind speed in coastal South China show significant positive correlations with the dipole mode index (DMI), which is a proxy for IOD activity. An increase in the DMI index (indicating a strengthening of IOD activity) corresponds to a decrease in the surface wind speed in coastal South China, and vice versa. This suggests that, in addition to the factors suggested in previous studies, which include the temperature difference between high and low latitudes, AO, PDO, and ENSO, IOD activity is also one of the most important factors affecting surface wind speed variation in coastal South China. The influence of IOD activity was weaker than that of the temperature difference between high and low latitudes. However, it played a more important role in the surface wind speed variation in this region than the AO, PDO, and ENSO. Strengthening of the IOD activity would enhance two anti-cyclones in the northwest Pacific and Bengal Bay, east of the Indian subcontinent, and, in turn, contribute to the reduction of surface wind speed variation in coastal South China. More serious global warming and increasing greenhouse gas emissions will further strengthen IOD activity in the future. Consequently, a greater decline in surface wind speed is expected in coastal South China, necessitating attention to sustainable wind energy use in this region.

The high-speed rail network exerts a multifaceted influence on the spatial structure of urban agglomerations. While the reduced cost of regional factor flows has the potential to enhance overall economic efficiency, it also reinforces the advantages of central towns, leading to a “siphon effect” on surrounding small and medium-sized cities, exacerbating imbalances in urban development. The conventional “Land-use Transportation Interaction” theory, centered on location accessibility, falls short in explaining the intricate network effects of high-speed rail on urban agglomeration spatial structures. This article adopts an approach grounded in the “Space of Flows” paradigm, considering both “transfer” (exclusive of time and space, e.g., capital and labor) and “sharing” (non-exclusive of time and space, e.g., information and technology) effects of factor flows. It analyzes the cascading effects of the “high-speed rail network-factor transfer and sharing-urban agglomeration spatial structure”. Using Wuhan Urban Agglomeration as a case study, the research employs big spatial data (i.e., population migration) extracted from network location-based services to identify and measure factor transfer and sharing among cities and towns. Then, a set of spatial models and “What-if” analyses were applied to demonstrate the impact of the high-speed rail network on factor transfer, sharing, and the overall spatial structure of the urban agglomeration. The findings reveal a heterogeneous impact of high-speed rail development on the spatial structure of Wuhan Urban Agglomeration. The high-speed rail development propels labor transfer from surrounding small and medium-sized towns to central cities, creating a discernible polarizing effect on Wuhan’s economy, and presenting challenges to its neighboring cities’ economic development. Simultaneously, high-speed rail facilitates the dissemination of information and technology from central cities to peripheral areas, offering opportunities for regional economic transformation. This study overcomes the shortcomings of previous research, which have often oversimplified the interactions between cities. It established a unified analytical framework to explain the impact of the high-speed rail networks on the spatial structure of urban agglomerations.The research results aim to serve as a policy reference for optimizing the spatial structure of urban agglomerations.

During the process of regionalization in the last 20 years, inter-city co-construction zones have been undergone rapid expansion as well as vital and thorough reorganization, which profoundly reflects the cutting-edge orientation of the widespread economic and social restructuring and current regional process. Located in the developed eastern coastline areas in China, the Yangtze River Delta Region (YRDR) consists of a glocal city: Shanghai (municipality) and 3 rapidly developing provinces (Jiangsu, Zhejiang and Anhui). Driven by the global metropolis of Shanghai, the YRDR has developed into one of the world-famous city-regions, with the fastest economic and social development in China over the past forty years since the opening-up policy. In particular, establishing co-construction Zones, as one of the most important approaches to promote local economic competitiveness in the YRDR, has had a huge impact on the economic and social growth of the area. Since then, the YRDR has, in part, taken the approach that has been the most encouraging in establishing the co-construction zones. As a result, the YRDR’s inter-city co-construction zones have been dispersed across the province/municipality and even outside of it, with some of them turning into growth poles in the city-regions. Co-construction zones appear to have had a significant influence on the YRDR’s and the nation’s overall economic and social growth. The purpose of this paper is to explain how the multi-dimensional characteristics of scale, network, and territory shape the dynamics of restructuring and influence the formation, dilemma, and breakthrough of co-construction zones in the YRDR under the fluctuating external policy environment by referencing Jessop’s theoretical framework of “TPSN” and proposing a conceptual framework for changing regional city cooperation. The study finds that: 1) The co-construction zones’ complex features have been continually deconstructed and rearranged by the growing regional development shift, with capital orientation and crisis orientation acting as the main driving forces behind the evolution. Hence, the co-construction zones in the Yangtze River Delta Region have undergone three stages: An initial stage aimed at enterprise transfer, a transitional period of emerging dilemmas, and a new stage of new partnership agenda after 2016, displaying changing sociospatial relations under different capital demands and space fixs in response to institutional crises. 2) The scale, network, and territorial features of the zone were significantly influenced by the organization of shifting transitions from inter-governmental partnership to socionetwork action, as well as the more varied partner agenda. 3) Finally, the evolving course of sociospatial connections moves from a specialization advantage in a specific job to a comprehensive deployment system, indicating the significant trend of regional governance change under the increasing complex regional economic and social activities. The process of restructuring a co-construction zone involves changing sociospatial linkages, and its multidimensional features are continuously enhanced and updated in accordance with guidelines for social and economic growth.

Taking the “Carbon Peak” in 2030 as the research time point, the IPCC “bottom to up” method and social network analysis method are used to explore the network pattern of carbon emission and emission reduction potential of interregional urban agglomerations road logistics under different channel scenarios, and to analyze the influence of the Bohai Channel on it. The research shows that: 1) Differences in the carbon emission network of interregional urban agglomerations road logistics of different channel scenarios in 2030: Under the Land Channel scenario, the carbon exchange of interregional urban agglomerations is concentrated in the economic and traffic developed axes and the endpoint cities of the Bohai Strait; under the Land-Sea Channel scenario, the interregional carbon exchange is concentrated in cities adjacent to the Land Channel; The Bohai Channel improves the high energy consumption situation pointed by the “Bohai Strait endpoint cities” of the interregional urban agglomerations. 2) The network pattern of road logistics emission reduction potential in interregional urban agglomerations in 2030: with Dalian as the emission reduction pivot and the Bohai Strait as the center, strong emission reduction city pairs are more in the south than in the north, and there are zero emission reduction city pairs; The Bohai Channel mainly exerts carbon emission reduction influence on other cities through endpoint cities. However, its influence on the carbon emission reduction of some cities of far away from it and on the edge of road logistics is relatively limited.

As a special cross-regional major infrastructure, the operation of high-speed rail (HSR) reduces factor constraints faced by firms along the route, information asymmetry and agency costs among enterprises, promotes capital flows in the regions along the route, and influences inter-city investment. Several studies have explored the impacts on enterprises investment decisions of the introduction of HSR evaluated by a dummy variable reflecting whether a city is passed by HSR, however, little attention has been paid to the impacts of the improvement in accessibility and connectivity caused by HSR. To this end, this paper analyzes and evaluates the impact of the enhanced accessibility and connectivity caused by HSR on enterprises inter-city investment and its spatial heterogeneity, relying on data about the new investment decisions of Chinese listed companies from 2008―2017. It is found that: 1) Connectivity is improved higher in the cities in eastern region and accessibility is improved more significantly in the western region; the disparities of the accessibility and connectivity between mega-cities and small/medium-sized cities keeps widening. 2) The inter-city investment is mainly concentrated between cities in the eastern region and mega-cities, but the regional differences are narrowing. 3) The enhanced accessibility and connectivity caused by HSR have a significant positive impact on inter-city investment, and the impact of accessibility is greater than that of connectivity. 4) The impact of HSR accessibiity and connectivity on inter-city investment varies across different regions and cities with different population scales. Amongst, the improvement in connectivity has generated larger influence on the inter-city investment flowing to the cities in eastern region and mega-cities, while the enhanced accessibility significantly enhances the attraction of inter-city investment in cities of western region and small cities.

Submarine optical cables play a vital role in social economy development, and national defense and security. Submarine optical cables are always facing the risk of natural or man-made damage. However, the current researches of the vulnerability of submarine optical cable network are still limited to local network and national scale. In this article, we construct the global submarine optical cable network with information ports as nodes, and design a set of evaluation method combining complex network theory and simulation tools to analyze network vulnerability, classify hub information ports, and measure regional survivability in turn. The research results are as follows: 1) The submarine optical cable network has typical scale-free and small-world characteristics, and its vulnerability structure, which is not significant under random attacks but significant under deliberate attacks, is confirmed by simulation. In the deliberate attack mode, the submarine optical cable network is more sensitive to intermediary centrality attacks than point-degree centrality attacks, and it can be assumed that the transit and bridging functions of the information port are more critical to the vulnerability structure of the network. 2) The submarine optical cable network shows three states of “connectivity damage” “partial collapse”, and “complete collapse” in order with the increase of attack level. Accordingly, 66 hub information ports are identified and classified into 3 levels. The hub information ports appear the characteristic of polar core structure in the submarine optical cable network, and echo the main sea lanes, which are the main reasons for the vulnerability structure of the submarine optical cable network. Singapore, Cape Town, England’s west coast area, Florida and other information ports and their surrounding waters need to be focused on security. 3) The redundant connections of hub information ports make the submarine optical cable network have a certain self-regulation mechanism. However, the regional survivability levels vary greatly in space, specifically showing that Europe and North America have higher survivability levels, while East Asia, South Asia and South-Central Asia have midstream destructivity levels, Central America and North Asia have the lowest destructivity levels, and there is still much room for optimization. Overall, the research results can provide reference and decision support for the optimization of submarine optical cable network structure.

Geography, as part of earth science, is a complicated system composed of multiple disciplines. Interdisciplinary studies are the significant characters of geography. With the rapid development of low-altitude airspace exploitation such as the application of UAV, low-altitude airspace has become a subject of research field of geography. Recently, there are many interdisciplinary studies and integration between geography and aeronautics. However, it is a difficult and innovative task to take the low-altitude airspace as a fixed research object of geography and develop it into a branch of geography named low-altitude airspace geography. In this paper, we consider the low-altitude airspace as a complex giant system, which has two geographical characteristics of synthesis and regionalism. Herewith, low-altitude airspace is a research object of geography in theory, which is the basis of generation of low-altitude airspace geography. The development trend of low-altitude airspace geography is to deeply conduct interdisciplinary studies with aeronautics, physical geography, human geography, information geography. On the basis of analyzing the relationship between low-altitude airspace geography and the above-mentioned disciplines, we tentatively proposed the preliminary layout of the discipline system of low-altitude airspace geography, which is composed of integrated low-altitude airspace geography, departmental low-altitude airspace geography and low-altitude airspace information geography. This paper aims to promote the development of low-altitude geography as a new academic growth point of geography to some extent.

The Hengduan Mountains Region is one of the regions with the most densely distributed and severe flash flood disasters in China. It is also the key area for major engineering projects and beautiful countryside construction in southwest China. However, previous studies have not systematically summarized the development characteristics and formation modes of flash flood disasters in this region, which restricts the development and establishment of flood control theory and technical system in the southwestern mountains. This paper focuses on the physical processes of generation, movement and hazard-formation of flash flood disasters in the Hengduan Mountains. It clarifies the dominant disaster-inducing conditions (multiple humid monsoon circulation conditions, high potential energy conditions and high heterogenous underlying surface conditions) and disaster development characteristics (high spatio-temporal heterogeneity, highly concentrated energy, disaster chain and clustered occurrence) of flash floods in the Hengduan Mountains. Based on the entire processes of flash flood disasters, three major formation modes are summarized: the runoff generation of vegetation-hydrology-soil coupling dominated by high hydraulic gradient in mountainous areas, strong runoff-sediment coupled movement, and serious disaster losses due to high exposure of disaster bearing objects. Finally, based on the issues in previous research, four future research challenges for flash flood disasters in the Hengduan Mountains are proposed. Our work contributes to the development of disaster prevention and reduction research, including basic theoretical system, precise risk assessment of regional disasters, and fine early warning and forecasting of flash floods.

Tourism and leisure have become important aspects of modern life, enhancing the quality of life through recreational activities. However, the development of tourism and leisure is characterized by imbalances and deficiencies that need immediate attention. Geo-information Science provides a spatial analytical framework and methods for studying tourism and leisure. Additionally, the rapid advancement of big data technology has facilitated the widespread application and interest in Geo-information Science in the field of tourism and leisure. This article aims to critically review the current state of research, disciplinary contributions, limitations, and future directions of Geo-Information Science in the field of tourism and leisure. To achieve this objective, we conducted interviews with representative scholars from various fields such as tourism management, Geo-information Science, and geography to gather their insights. Through interviews with twelve experts, we found that one of the major contributions of Geo-information Science to tourism and leisure research is the integration of spatial thinking, including the spatial and temporal dimensions. On one hand, by emphasizing the importance of space, Geo-information Science allows for a deeper understanding of how the geographical environment influences tourist behavior and decision-making processes. Analytical techniques such as spatial analysis, geographic visualization, and spatial modeling offer technical opportunities for valuable insights into various aspects of tourism, including the spatial behavior of tourists, distribution patterns, and the utilization of tourism resources. On the other hand, the use of Geo-information Science rooted in spatiotemporal cognitive logic helps in understanding the generation and evolution of tourism patterns. This approach can analyze changes and impacts of tourism processes at different time and spatial scales, revealing underlying behavioral mechanisms, spatial-temporal distribution patterns of tourist attractions, and temporal trends in the tourism market. However, challenges remain in interpreting research findings, integrating data from multiple sources, and promoting interdisciplinary exchanges. Addressing these challenges requires further exploration and research from scholars. Nonetheless, it is important to recognize the tremendous potential of Geo-information Science in future applications in the field of tourism and leisure. In the era of Artificial Intelligence 2.0, the integration and breakthroughs in combining 3D GIS with human sensory devices, enhancing decision-making abilities through spatiotemporal modeling technologies, the integration of AIGC with Geo-information Science technologies, and the automatic generation of multidimensional virtual spaces all hold exciting prospects. This study aims to provide guidance for the fusion of Geo-information Science with tourism and leisure research and anticipate future directions in this field. By addressing current limitations and exploring future directions, researchers can further enhance our understanding of these fields and contribute to their sustainable development.

The way we capture and analyze human activity and behavior is changing because of big data. A variety of new data sources have emerged to supplement the official data, offering a significant amount of data with potential application value for the research of tourism and leisure while overcoming the common problem of insufficient data in traditional tourism research. Based on the research frontier of big geodata, this paper explains the theoretical foundation of tourism under the background of geographic multi-source big data at three levels: human tourism activities, tourism geographical environments and destinations, and the relationship between tourists and tourist destinations. Secondly, this paper summarizes the application of big geodata, such as human tourism activity data (e.g., UGC data, device data, transaction data) and tourism geographical environment data (e.g., POI, environmental data). Finally, this paper discusses the challenges and prospects of big geodata in three aspects: research paradigm and theory, multi-source data fusion, and analysis methods. For the research paradigm and theory, there is the requirement for standardize and systematize the scientific research paradigm by combining different events and scenarios to create an interpretation system of Chinese tourism geography based on "process-structure-mechanism". In terms of multi-source data fusion, the combination of big data and other data is necessary. In terms of analysis methods, efforts are still needed to improve the adaptability of analysis methods and incorporate the specific variables of tourism phenomena.

Network science provides abstract models for analyzing complex phenomena in the real world. With the support of network science theories and methods, researchers are able to explore the dynamic relationship between research objects in tourism domains from a more systematic perspective. This unique viewpoint is of great significance for further understanding the operation rules of tourism and promoting the balanced and sustainable development of related industries. With the digitalization of tourism, tourism information has become more flexible and scalable, which has significantly increased the applicability of network science theories and methods in tourism domains. Against this background, research on the applications of network science theories and methods in tourism domains has received extensive attention in recent years. In view of this, this paper systematically reviews the published articles related to the applications of network science theories and methods in tourism domains and summarizes the main research contents through a multi-scale perspective. Specifically, this paper first outlines the backgrounds of related theoretical foundations and application scenarios. The most common types of tourism networks, including interpersonal networks, tourist flow networks, economic networks, etc., are summarized through a "node-edge" structure. Important concepts and terms in network science, especially the differences and relations between complex networks and social networks as two "research paradigms", are also highlighted. Following that, this paper summarizes the progress of the applications of network science theories and methods in tourism domains at different scales of observation (i.e., microscopic, mesoscopic, and macroscopic). Among these scales, the microscopic scale focuses on the interactive properties of tourism actors, the mesoscopic scale is often used to describe the aggregation phenomena of tourism actors, and the macroscopic scale focuses on the global topological structural features of the tourism actor networks in tourism domains. Common methods or measures in network science, such as centrality, structural holes, community/cohesive subgroups, core-periphery structure, small worlds, and scale-free effect are also introduced. Based on the review of the research progress, this paper identifies the research problems in current research, including reliability deficiencies in the research data, negligence of multi-scale phenomena, interpretability challenges in the research results, and lack of highlighting theoretical contributions in tourism domains. The aim of this paper is to review the research literature on applications of network science theories and methods in tourism domains from the perspective of research practice, in order to effectively present the substance and compatibility of research at the intersection of network science and tourism.

In the context of culture-tourism integration, digital China, and activated utilization of heritage, heritage tourism has become a hot topic in academia and industry. The mismatch between spatial representation of heritage value and tourists' spatial perception is one of the most prominent contradictions in current heritage tourism. From the perspective of heritage value, this paper combines bibliometric analysis and systematic review to discuss relevant research from four aspects: interpretation and quantification of heritage value, spatial calculation and representation of heritage value, tourists' perception of heritage value and space, and tourists' spatial behavior in heritage site. Besides, comparisons between Chinese and foreign literature of these four themes are conducted to figure out the similarity and difference. The main findings are as follows: (1) there are abundant achievements in the interpretation of heritage value, which mainly focus on the connotation and interpretation technology of heritage value, but lack of quantitative methods; (2) the spatial calculation and representation of heritage value is object-oriented and application-oriented, and the geographic information system and spatial information technology are commonly used methods; (3) studies on tourists’ perception of heritage value and space are mostly from the perspective of tourism destinations of heritage sites but ignore the heritage value and spatial attributes, lacking the exploration of relationship between heritage value, heritage space, and tourists. The measurement dimension of sensory perception is mainly visual; (4) the research on tourist behavior in heritage site mainly focuses on the characteristics, patterns, causes, and influencing factors of behavior. It emphasizes the importance of practical application and reflects the orientation of heritage responsibility; (5) the spatial calculation and representation of heritage value, as well as tourists' perception of heritage value and space, are still lack of concern in the context of natural heritage and mixed heritage; (6) there are similarities and differences in the research objects, methods, and contents of Chinese and foreign literatures; (7) in the future, the interpretation and representation of heritage value will transition from traditional narrative to spatial quantification, and the perception and calculation of heritage space will shift from spatial footprint to perceptual behavior. Based on above findings, this paper puts forward a theoretical framework and methodological path from multidisciplinary perspective for tourists' spatial perception and calculation of heritage value, in order to promote the interdisciplinary theory and technology integration of heritage research. In conclusion, this paper provides theoretical references for related research and practical references for heritage protection, heritage site management, tourism development, and heritage value inheritance.