Low efficiency of earth kilns used in the carbonising process of wood to make charcoal has been reported as one of the sources of increasing charcoal wastes in the global south. However, the potential link and approaches of converting charcoal wastes-to-valuable energy and for the environmental health is not well known in Africa. Promoting local community capacity engagement in the production and reutilisation of recycled charcoal wastes at the households’ level is one of important measures to maintain environmental services for sustainability since households make decisions on the type of energy used. This paper, presents an approach of converting charcoal wastes to fuel energy for rural households and environmental health in Kilosa District, Tanzania. To achieve the objective of this research, the primary data were collected through interviews held with 298 randomly selected households, Focus Group Discussions and observations. IBM SPSS statistics version 20 Cross tab tools were used in the data analysis. Results revealed that the conversion of charcoal wastes-to-fuel energy approach used in this research demonstrates the ability of recyclable briquettes made from the locally available charcoal pollutants collected at different stages from earth kilns, to selling centers, improves tree harvest behaviour, adds another fuel energy source through reutilisation, and ultimate reduces pollution at the local level. Thus, the study provides a basis for policymakers to adopt charcoal wastes recycling strategies to address matters related to energy and ultimately enhances environmental health for sustainable development in Tanzania and beyond.

Urban trees are valuable resources for urban areas as they have the capacity to reduce ambient temperatures, mitigate urban heat island effects and reduce runoff of rainwater playing an important role in mitigating the impacts of climate change by reducing atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2). It also helps to reduce aerial suspended particulate matter, add visual appeal to the urban landscape sequestrating a significant amount of carbon from ambient atmospheric CO2. Carbon storage by urban trees in the ring road area of the Kathmandu Valley was quantified to assess the magnitude and role of urban forests in relation to mitigate the impact of global climate change. A total of 40 sample plots were placed randomly for the detailed carbon assessment. Aboveground and belowground carbon pools were considered in the detailed assessment. Furthermore, quality assurance (QA) and quality control (QC) were maintained through regular monitoring and capacity building of the field crews while collecting the bio-physical data. The assessment recorded a total of 33 different species of plants in the avenue’s plantation sites in ring road. The mean seedling, sapling, and tree density was found to be 2149585 and 185 per hectare. The mean carbon stock per hectare in the avenue plantation of the ring road area was 24.03 tC ha1 and the existing total carbon stock was 7785.72 tC in 2021. Likewise, the total baseline carbon dioxide equivalent (tCO2e) in the avenue plantation was found to be 28573.60 tCO2e. The carbon dioxide emission from the transport sector in the ring road area in a full movement scenario was 312888.00 tCO2e per annum, while the net emissions was 42547 tCO2e. There was a deficit of carbon dioxide in terms of stock by avenue plantations of 14000.8 tCO2e.This study indicates that the existing urban forest plantation is unable to sequestrate or offset the carbon dioxide that is emitted through the transportation sector. Consequently, open spaces like riverbanks and any other public lands, in which urban forests could be developed has to be planned for the green infrastructure and plantation of the multipurpose trees. The distinct values of forests in and around urban areas have to be recognized in the specific policies and plans for the sustainable management of urban and peri-urban forests to meet the adverse impact of global climate change. In addition, this study provides insights for decision-makers to better understand the role of urban forests and make sustainable management plans for urban forests in the cities like in Kathmandu Valley.

Delimiting ecological space scientifically and making reasonable predictions of the spatial-temporal trend of changes in the dominant ecosystem service functions (ESFs) are the basis of constructing an ecological protection pattern of territorial space, which has important theoretical significance and application value. At present, most research on the identification, functional partitioning and pattern reconstruction of ecological space refers to the current ESFs and their structural information, which ignores the spatial-temporal dynamic nature of the comprehensive and dominant ESFs, and does not seriously consider the change simulation in the dominant ESFs of the future ecological space. This affects the rationality of constructing an ecological space protection pattern to some extent. In this study, we propose an ecological space delimitation method based on the dynamic change characteristics of the ESFs, realize the identification of the ecological space range in Qionglai city and solve the problem of ignoring the spatial-temporal changes of ESFs in current research. On this basis, we also apply the Markov-CA model to integrate the spatial-temporal change characteristics of the dominant ESFs, successfully realize the simulation of the spatial-temporal changes in the dominant ESFs in Qionglai city’s ecological space in 2025, find a suitable method for simulating ecological spatial-temporal changes and also provide a basis for constructing a reasonable ecological space protection pattern. This study finds that the comprehensive quantity of ESF and its annual rate of change in Qionglai city show obvious dynamics, which confirms the necessity of considering the dynamic characteristics of ESFs when identifying ecological space. The areas of ecological space in Qionglai city represent 98307 ha by using the ecological space identification method proposed in this study, which is consistent with the ecological spatial distribution in the local ecological civilization construction plan. This confirms the reliability of the ecological space identification method based on the dynamic characteristics of the ESFs. The results also show that the dominant ESFs in Qionglai city represented strong non-stationary characteristics during 2003-2019, which showed that we should fully consider the influence of the dynamics in the dominant ESFs on the future ESF pattern during the process of constructing the ecological spatial protection pattern. The Markov-CA model realized the simulation of spatial-temporal changes in the dominant ESFs with a high precision Kappa coefficient of above 0.95, which illustrated the feasibility of using this model to simulate the future dominant ESF spatial pattern. The simulation results showed that the dominant ESFs in Qionglai will still undergo mutual conversions during 2019-2025 due to the effect of the their non-stationary nature. The ecological space will still maintain the three dominant ESFs of primary product production, climate regulation and hydrological regulation in 2025, but their areas will change to 32793 ha, 52490 ha and 13024 ha, respectively. This study can serve as a scientific reference for the delimitation of the ecological conservation redline, ecological function regionalization and the construction of an ecological spatial protection pattern.

Abstract: By studying the structural characteristics and carbon storage of the mangrove island ecosystem in the 
Beibu Gulf, this study provides a scientific basis for mangrove ecological compensation in the coastal areas of 
Guangxi, South China Sea. On the basis of the unmanned aerial vehicle remote sensing images and a sample plot 
survey, the object-oriented multi-scale segmentation algorithm is used to extract the mangrove community type information, and one-way analysis of variance is conducted to analyse the structural characteristics of the mangrove 
community. The carbon storage and carbon density of different mangrove ecosystems were obtained based on the 
allometric growth equation of mangrove plants. The analysis yielded four main results. (1) The island group covers 
about 27.10 ha, 41.32% (11.20 ha) of which represents mangrove areas. The mangrove forest is widely distributed 
in the tidal flats around the islands. (2) The main mangrove types were Aegiceras corniculatum, Kandelia obovata + 
Aegiceras corniculatum, Avicennia marina + Aegiceras corniculatum and Avicennia marina communities. (3) 
Amongst the mangrove plants, Avicennia marina had the highest biomass (18.52 kg plant–1), followed by Kandelia 
obovata (7.84 kg plant–1) and Aegiceras corniculatum (3.85 kg plant–1). (4) The mangrove carbon density difference 
was significant. Kandelia obovata had the highest carbon density (148.03 t ha–1), followed by Avicennia marina
(104.79 t ha–1) and Aegiceras corniculatum (99.24 t ha–1). The carbon storage of the mangrove island ecosystem 
was 1194.70 t, which was higher than in other areas with the same latitude. The carbon sequestration capacity of 
the mangrove was relatively strong.

Current literature on regional industrial evolution has paid much attention to the impact of regional external linkages but strategic coupling, as an important variable in the global production network framework, has received little discussion. In view of this deficiency, this study employed the panel data of nine cities of Pearl River Delta from 2003 to 2016 to examine the impact of strategic coupling on the entry dynamics of regional industry, and empirically demonstrate the moderating effect of technological density of local industries on this process. The results show that: 1) Regional external linkages have a significant impact on industrial entry, and the strategic coupling with strong dependency has a negative effect on the formation of new paths of industrial development. 2) Technological relatedness has a positive moderating effect on the impact of strategic coupling on regional industrial entry, the role of strategic coupling impact on regional industrial dynamics changed after the 2008 financial crisis, and the importance of the local enterprises' technological innovation is further highlighted. This study quantitatively explored the strategic coupling patterns of nine cities in the Pearl River Delta, and empirically demonstrated the impact of strategic coupling on the dynamics of industrial entry, which is meaningful for promoting the fusion of relational economic geography and evolutionary economic geography.

The rapid urbanization has profound impacts on traditional villages, and clarifying its rigid constraints and activation drivers for preservation and utilization is of significant theoretical and practical importance. This paper takes traditional villages in the Pearl River Delta (PRD) as the research object, supported by long-term tracking investigations and return visits. Based on the dialectical relationship between the impacts and opportunities brought by rapid urbanization, the paper attempts to construct a targeted research framework for preservation constraints and activation utilization, revealing the major challenges, progress, and development prospects of traditional village preservation and utilization in the PRD. The results indicate that: (1) The challenges of preservation and utilization are mainly reflected in the alienation and damage of material elements such as the overall pattern and settlement space, as well as facing constraints such as numerous historical issues and high input costs. (2) Rapid urbanization also serves as an important opportunity for the revitalization and development of traditional villages in the PRD. The expansion of urban functions, population aggregation, and consumption potential have promoted new progress in preservation and utilization, including "remediation" based on government investment, "self-rescue" assisted by multiple subjects, "salvation" under the intervention of social enterprises, and "rescue" seizing policy opportunities. The paper also combines land spatial planning, new urbanization, rural revitalization, and other aspects to forecast the development prospects of traditional village preservation and utilization in the PRD in the New Era.

Improving the level of rural amenity is an inevitable requirement to meet the growing needs of the people and achieve rural revitalization. Comprehensive land consolidation provides a new path for amenity-driven rural development. The paper constructs the conceptual framework and index system of rural amenity based on the theory of local consumerism, the theory of rural multifunctionality and the theory of demand hierarchy, analyzes the influence mechanism of comprehensive land consolidation on rural amenity from the perspective of multifunctionality of land use, and utilizes questionnaire survey data from villagers and tourists in 10 tourist villages in 6 districts and counties in Wuhan metropolitan area, and uses analytic hierarchy process method, entropy value method and difference-in-difference method to explore and study the level of regional amenity and the amenity enhancement effect of comprehensive land consolidation. The study finds that: (1) Rural amenity is a kind of rural characteristic that embodies the quality of local consumer goods, has the function of consumption, can meet the needs of foreign tourists for rural style living and local villagers for quality of life, and prompts people to feel comfortable and at ease, including natural amenity, production amenity, social amenity, and cultural amenity. (2) Due to different needs of villagers and tourists, there are differences in their evaluations of rural amenity. (3) From the perspective of villagers, comprehensive land consolidation can significantly improve the overall level and various dimensions of rural amenity, and has robustness. In conclusion, in the future, we should increase investment in consolidation funds and expand the scope of consolidation and continue to promote the pilot work of comprehensive land consolidation based on the full consideration of the interests of villagers and tourists, especially the villagers', and the integration of the elements of mountains, water, forests, fields, lakes, grasses and sands.

Based on the analytical framework of geographical philosophy, this study investigated the production process at different stages, overall laws, ideological inspiration, and future issues of geographical knowledge production and practice in China. The main findings are as follows: First, philosophy is an important foundation supporting the production of geographical knowledge. The production of geographical knowledge should be seen as a process of content division and succession, in which new knowledge is gradually accumulated and there is movements towards wholeness. Second, in geographical knowledge production, geography reflects the actuality of knowledge through manifested features and reflects the reality of knowledge through unexpressed features. Geographical knowledge production exists dynamically in practice. Exploring the driving forces and processes of geographical knowledge production in practice can facilitate the comprehension of the existence and essence of geography. Only by coordinating stage differences in geography to achieve universal awareness can the effective function and ultimate pursuit of geographical philosophy be reflected. Third, in the future, China will inevitably enter a complex stage of development and practice, and "overlapping China" will require even more "overlapping geographical knowledge". Knowledge production and practice of geography require a comprehensive perspective that integrates wisdom from different temporal and spatial dimensions, establishment of clear philosophical ontology, epistemology, and methodology based on the changes and demands of the times, actively promoting the localization of geographical philosophy system construction to serve national strategic needs and high-quality socioeconomic development more effectively.

Ecological environmental protection is an important support for China to achieve ecological civilization, but it often encounters challenges in fairly distributing protection responsibilities and development rights between the wider society and local communities living in protected areas. Ecological protection planning is an instrument for reconstructing environmental protection responsibilities and development rights among different social groups: the communities within the protected areas bear the responsibility for ecological protection but may lose some development rights to some extent, whereas the communities outside the protected areas enjoy the benefits of environmental protection without having to fulfill related obligations. This asymmetry of rights and obligations triggers environmental injustice, and is a crucial factor in determining the effectiveness of policy implementation. The changing patterns of environmental (in)justice are shaped by negotiations between governments at different scales and local stakeholders, and involve complex political processes. Therefore, this study introduces a theoretical framework that integrates scale politics and environmental justice to explore the distinctive-scale political processes involved in achieving environmental justice in ecological protection areas under China's segmented and hierarchical political system. First, the pattern of environmental justice is shaped by the highest-scale actors among relevant stakeholders. Second, intermediate-scale actors tend to prioritize compliance with policy directives from higher scales and may use methods such as scale retention or devolution to limit the interest demands of lower scales. Finally, lower-scale actors may seek to enhance their political discourse power through scale escalation when faced with unjust situations created by a top-down decision-making system. Empirically, this research selected a village yet to be reconstructed in an ecological protection zone in the central provincial capital city of China as a case study and analyzed the environmental injustice faced by the villagers and pathways to change the injustice. The empirical findings suggest that, without prior consideration of the development rights of local residents, strict top-down ecological environmental protection methods often aggravate tense relationships among actors at different scales. Specifically, this leads to environmental injustice, in which the development rights of local residents at lower scales are overshadowed by the protection requirements enforced by higher-scale government entities. Environmental (in)justice includes the allocation, institutional, and recognition dimensions. In response, scale reconstruction emerges as an informal strategy for lower-scale residents to seek justice. Through this strategy, lower-scale residents appeal to higher-scale governments to intervene in the development issues of ecological protection areas, and thus strive to achieve equality in development rights and protective responsibilities. This process opens a way to achieve environmental justice. Additionally, the reliance on informal mechanisms underscores the lack of formal mechanisms in China to ensure that lower-scale groups have fair rights to urban ecological environmental protection. To address the challenges, this article integrates theoretical insights with empirical evidence to propose the following policy measures:(1) strengthening the top-down transmission of policies to implement the principle of balancing ecological protection by improving people's livelihoods, (2) establishing mechanisms for achieving environmental justice through the balanced allocation of rights and responsibilities, and (3) enhancing the democratic participation of relevant stakeholders in planning.

After decades of rapid urban expansion, China's urban development has transitioned to focus on the quality improvement of existing spaces. Urban renewal is now a strategic measure crucial for advancing high-level territorial spatial planning and intensive land use. In coastal regions that have experienced rapid urbanization, redeveloping underutilized collective construction land is essential for achieving high-quality urban development. China has experienced a path-dependent institutional change in collective land property rights, typically village-based institutions created by rural collectives. When the government aims to grant legal status to collective construction land by redefining property rights and promoting redevelopment, these informal institutions inevitably pose constraints. This study conducts a theoretical and empirical analysis of the roles, behaviors, and outcomes of local governments in constructing a collective land redevelopment market. First, it explores the relationship between the government and the market under gradual institutional change and how this relationship manifests in the redevelopment of collective construction land. Then, it empirically examines the case of Nanhai District in Foshan City, using data from the "Three Olds Reconstruction" database and a redevelopment project with which the authors are deeply involved. The study investigates the formation mechanisms of collective construction land, changes in land development institutions, constraints on redevelopment, and measures taken by local governments to construct the land redevelopment market. Despite the government's efforts to legitimize collective construction land through titling and market initiation, issues such as land fragmentation, involution of collective land management, and ambiguity in property rights persist, constraining further redevelopment. Local governments play an entrepreneurial role characterized by a negotiated relationship of both cooperation and competition with village collectives, the property rights holders. Cooperation involves the government acting as a 'transaction broker' between village collectives and investors, reducing institutional constraints and transaction costs. Competition arises as village collectives seek to capture land rents. The appreciation in land value, mainly generated by public investment, should benefit the general public. However, village collectives leverage their possession of land rights to "hold-up" the government, forcing compromises in profit-sharing. This capture of public value by village collectives jeopardizes social equity. To enhance collective land redevelopment and balance development efficiency with social justice, the following policy recommendations are proposed: 1) formalizing the government's informal role as a "transaction broker" to lower transaction costs and mitigate negative impacts; and 2) establishing clear standards for profit-sharing among stakeholders and a system for transferring land development rights to ensure equitable profit distribution.

The statistical definition of migration in China is attached with its unique household registration (hukou) system, the migrants so defined are also called the floating population. A new analytical paradigm is needed to deal with the complexity of sub-flows in the floating population. The paper classifies five types of the floating population in census context by referring the UN migration criteria, and constructs a new paradigm for analyzing the floating population in China. As a particular provincial-level region (hereafter province) is concerned, the inflow and outflow people belong to different hukou groups balanced by their own counter-flow, namely, inflow vs back-inflow (both have no hukou of the province), outflow vs back-outflow (both have hukou of the province). With the clue of inter-census migration cohort, a sub-flows model is constructed to identify the inter-provincial migration based on the retention rate. The annual retention rate of the inter-provincial migration cohort from 2010 to 2020 is 88.7%. Based on the provincial retention rates, an all-increment table of population change by province in China is made by modelling simulation. The paper surfaces new characteristics of population growth and inter-provincial migration: (1) Provincial population changes are divided into five types, among which the inflow-leading increase type is mainly found in municipalities and the eastern coastal areas, while the fertility-leading increase type and the fertility-overriding increase type are mainly in the western provinces and the agricultural provinces in the middle, and the outflow-overriding decrease type and the outflow-leading decrease type in Shanxi, Inner Mongolia, Gansu and the northeastern provinces. (2) The mechanical growth of population can be divided into four types: rapid increase, equilibrium, outflow-overriding decrease and dual decrease (both hukou and non-hukou migration are negative). A "W"-shaped mechanical growth rate profile from northwest to southeast is found with the equilibrium belt standing in its middle. (3) Population floating is divided into three types. The counter-flows are highly-correlated: inflow rate and outflow rate are negatively correlated while the inflow-back-inflow and outflow-back-outflow are significant positively correlated. The analytical paradigm and model of floating population in China can be further extended to the study of "citizenship seeking migration" including international migration, and even further to identity migration including migrations with status changing such as enrollment, employment and marriage.

Evolutionary economic geography has proposed the principle of relatedness. According to the degree of relatedness, the regional industrial development paths can be divided into related diversification and unrelated diversification. However, the current studies neglect the symmetrical nature of relatedness. According to the degree of symmetry between two related industries, related diversification can be divided into symmetrically related diversification and asymmetrically related diversification. Using Chinese industrial enterprises database from 1998 to 2012, this paper investigates symmetrically related diversification and asymmetrically related diversification's relationship with regional economic complexity. The result shows that: (1) The regional industrial development paths are dominated by related diversification rather than unrelated diversification. The number of related new industries in China accounted for about 60%-70% of the total number of new industries from 1998 to 2012. In terms of related diversification, positively asymmetrically related diversification takes the largest part, while symmetrically related diversification takes the second largest part. The number of positively asymmetrically related new industries accounts for about 60% of the total number of related new industries, and the number of symmetrically related new industries accounts for about 35% of the total number of related new industries over the time period from 1998 to 2012. (2) Industries with higher technological complexity show stronger symmetry in their related diversification, while industries with lower technological complexity show stronger positive asymmetry in their related diversification. (3) Regions with higher economic complexity usually have more unrelated diversification and its related diversification shows stronger symmetry. Regions with lower economic complexity usually have more related diversification and this related diversification shows stronger positive asymmetry. This study can contribute to the development of the principle of relatedness in evolutionary economic geography and provide suggestions for policymakers in terms of the industrial upgrading of regions.

Geographic environment has exerted profound effect on the origin and evolution of world civilizations. Chinese civilization budded and evolved on a vast and varied territory between Yellow and Yangtze rivers, and has been thus deeply affected by the local geographic conditions. But it has been hardly seen to explore the origin of Chinese civilization from the perspective of geography. On the basis of integrated scientific investigation in China's north-south transitional zone, geographic analysis of Neolithic culture distribution and interpretation of pre-Qin and Qin-Han ancient literature, the conclusions can be drawn as follows: (1) The early agriculture pattern of "Rice in the south and millet in the north" and the ancient astronomy formed before about 8000 years were the background for Chinese civilization. The geographic distribution of Neolithic Dadiwan, Yangshao, Majiayao and Longshan culture sites showed that the earliest civilization elements appeared in the upper reaches of West-Hanshui and Weihe rivers, with a spatial trend of spreading toward east. (2) The West Qinling Mts. region, located between the Tibetan Plateau and the Jialing River, especially its inner Chenghui and Xili basins, being characterized by superior natural conditions and resources, is closely related to the three major mysteries concerning the origin of Chinese civilization, i.e., the main areas of the ancient Di and Qiang ethnic groups, the location of ancient Kunlun Mts., and the site of Dayu water control. (3) The Qin ethnic group stepped onto the stage of history by assisting Dayu in water control, and in their history of multiple ups and downs, built the grand water control projects in ancient China, such as the Dujiangyan Irrigation Project, Zhengguo Canal, Lingqu Canal, etc., and pioneered the time of "Books with the same text" and "County system", forming the main line of the origin and early evolution of Chinese civilization. (4) The West Qinling areas are still basically a "blind zone" in archaeological and historical research. It is highly recommended to conduct systematic and in-depth archaeological and historical research in this region so as to realize the breakthrough in the exploration of the origin of Chinese civilization as soon as possible.

Thermokarst lakes, as prominent thermokarst landscapes in permafrost regions, significantly influence ecological vegetation, hydrological processes, and carbon cycling in the Arctic. However, the current understanding of the distribution characteristics and change mechanisms of Arctic thermokarst lakes remains limited. To address this gap, this study employs meta-analysis and mathematical statistical methods to investigate the distribution patterns and dynamics of thermokarst lakes. The results reveal a pronounced spatio-temporal heterogeneity in the distribution and changes of Arctic thermokarst lakes. These variations are closely associated with permafrost conditions, lithology, soil types, subterranean ice content, and soil temperatures. Most Arctic thermokarst lakes are located in continuous permafrost area, where subterranean ice content exceeds 10%, average soil temperatures are above -4°C, and there are specific vertical soil temperature gradients. The change trends of thermokarst lakes differ under various environmental conditions. Generally, the development of thermokarst lakes follows three stages: initial formation, mid-term expansion, and late-stage contraction, all influenced by hydrological and thermohydrological balances. As critical indicators of permafrost degradation and climatic environmental changes, thermokarst lakes profoundly impact carbon cycling, hydrological processes, and ecological environmental changes within the Arctic ecosystem.

Based on the background of the formation of new quality productivity, this study took intelligent manufacturing, biomedicine, and green environmental protection industry in strategic emerging industries as examples, constructed new quality productive function networks by using enterprise foreign investment data up to 2023, and applied the social network analysis method to examine the spatial structure characteristics and influencing factors of urban new quality productive function networks in China. The findings are as follows: 1) Compared with previous urban network studies, the networks of new quality productive function do not show a "diamond structure", and the medium and high intensity network links are radiation-type spatial connections with Beijing at the core. 2) The results of influencing factor analysis show that provincial boundaries have a negative impact on all three kinds of networks, but the negative effect of spatial distance does not occur in the intelligent manufacturing network. Due to the construction of major regional high-speed transportation infrastructure in China, the impact of spatial distance on intercity investment in new quality productive function networks is relatively weak. However, administrative barriers and the hindrance effect of provincial boundaries still play a significant role. 3) The study distinguished the impact of socioeconomic-related variables on the spatial structure of urban networks in the cities where investments are sent and the cities where investments are received, and found that the impact of different variables in these networks are significantly different, reflecting the differences in the development of different industries, especially in the spatial choice behavior of foreign investment. This study revealed the changing characteristics of China's urban network spatial structure in the context of the formation of new quality productivity, which has academic significance for improving the scientific understanding of the general law of the evolution of spatial structure of China's urban system in the context of new development. Empirical cases enrich the research topics of new quality productivity. This study provides a research perspective for urban geography to actively respond to the major strategic needs of national development and the main battlefield of service economy.

This study took the Xiada Co Basin in Nagri Prefecture on Qinghai-Xizang Plateau as the research area, and the fecal samples of human, donkeys, foxes, rabbits, horses, wolves, birds, sheep and cattle around the lake were collected. Subsequently, the 9 sterol compounds in the fecal samples were detected by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry to analyze its distribution characteristics and indicative significance. The results showed that coprostanol and epicoprostanol were the major sterols in human faeces, accounting for more than 60% of the total sterol concentration (the sum of the 9 sterols in faeces) in human faeces, but these 2 compounds only accounted for 0.66%~10.04% of the total sterol concentration in faeces of the other species, and the concentration of (coprostanol + epicoprostanol) in human feces was more than twice as high as as the sum of the concentrations of these 2 compounds in the faeces of the other 8 species. Therefore, coprostanol and epicoprostanol could be used as tracers for human activities in Xiada Co Basin. Cholesterol accounted for more than 50% of the total sterols in the feces of carnivores such as foxes and wolves, but less than 7% in other species, implying that this sterol could be used to trace carnivores. Sitosterol accounted for more than 85% of total sterols in bird feces, much higher than its share of total fecal sterols in other species, suggesting that it could be used to identify plant-feeding birds. Sitosterol, stigmasterol, 24-ethylcoprostanol and sitostanol were the dominant sterols in plant-feeding mammal feces. Thus, these sterols could be used to identify plant-feeding mammals. In addition, the fecal sterol compound ratio was also effective in identifying human feces in the Xiada Co Basin. Furthermore, the relative contents of C₂₇ and C₂₉ sterols could reflect the dietary composition of the animals, and the human fecal sterol data indicated that the people's dietary pattern was meat predominantly. Changes in the population size of humans and other animals will lead to changes in the amount of fecal sterols in lake sediments, which are transported to the lake and deposited. Therefore, by analyzing the steroidal biomarkers in lake sediment cores, we can obtain records of past changes in human population size and dietary habits. Combined with climate and environmental indicators in the same core, we can further explore the relationship between past human activities and climate change. This study has constructed a scientific basis for reconstructing the relationship between past human activity and paleoenvironment in the Xiada Co Basin on the western Qinghai-Xizang Plateau.

In this article, the first glacier inventory and the glacier inventory data set of the western China from 2017 to 2018 are used to obtain the retreat of the end of modern glaciers. Combined with the distribution data of frozen soil, the area ratio of modern glacier periglacial area and new periglacial area in each basin of the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau are calculated. By reviewing the development process of deformation monitoring methods, the advantages and disadvantages of monitoring methods in each development stage are summarized, and the future construction of deformation monitoring system in modern glacier periglacial area is prospected. This article starts with the deformation types of the periglacial environment, analyzes and summarizes the deformation mechanisms and influencing factors of each type, and focuses on the mutual transformation of various deformation types under the action of modern glaciers. It provides theoretical support for the construction of high-order deformation models and deformation simulation, and further understanding of the deformation of modern glacier periglacial areas. In the future, the deformation monitoring of modern glacier periglacial area will expand the spatial scale of monitoring, improve the accuracy of monitoring data and train the integrated model by carrying out the layout of measurement control network. Based on the dynamic inversion and analysis of multi-surface deformation models such as ‘glacier-hydrology-geomorphology’, a model library of periglacial deformation types in typical basins is constructed to improve the systematic understanding of the evolution of deformation disasters in periglacial areas. By coupling plate tectonics and other geodynamic processes, the deformation of modern glacier periglacial area is analyzed from multiple angles, and the space-space-ground integrated deformation monitoring system is constructed. The high-order deformation model and prediction scheme are constructed to realize the deformation early warning system of ‘high cognition of deformation mechanism-high-order inversion of process-accurate prediction of type-accurate prediction of results-effective prevention and control of disasters’ in modern glacier periglacial area. It provides a theoretical basis for the early identification and comprehensive prevention of geological disasters in the periglacial area of modern glaciers, and provides scientific data guidance for human and ecological environment protection, engineering construction and maintenance in the downstream of glaciers.

Plateau lake basins are greatly restricted by natural geographical conditions, and built-up land inevitably expands “towards the lake” and “uphill”. Analyzing the spatiotemporal evolution rules of this process by constructing a slope spectrum for built-up land will help scientifically guide relevant land planning practices. This study takes Dianchi Lake Basin and the 6 administrative regions involved as an example, based on land use data from 2000 to 2020 and elevation data converted from DEM, using methods such as steepness, evenness, and upper limited slope to analyze the evolution characteristics of the slope spectrum, and proposed the Weighted Built-up Land Climbing Index to quantitatively characterize the degree of climbing of built-up land, and deeply explores the spatial differentiation and evolution rules of built-up land expansion from the perspective of altitude climbing. The results show that: 1) The built-up land in Dianchi Lake Basin has expanded significantly, showing a distribution pattern of built-up land with the main urban area in the north of Dianchi Lake as the main core, Chenggong District in the east and Jinning District in the south as the secondary cores; 2) The vertical spatial expansion of built-up land shows two-stage characteristics, that is, first expansion on flat land and then expansion on slope land. The period from 2000 to 2015 is the expansion stage towards the lake and decreasing altitude (WBCI<0); the period from 2015 to 2020 is the expansion stage of climbing and increasing altitude (WBCI>0). 3) The slope expansion of built-up land and the elevation climb are consistent at the watershed scale, that is, the change trend of the slope climbing index is highly consistent with the altitude change trend of the distribution of built-up land. However, at the district scale, there are obvious spatial differences in the expansion and elevation of built-up land. This study reveals the evolution characteristics of the slope spectrum of built-up land in plateau lake basin areas, provides new thoughts and perspectives for the two-dimensional expansion of urban space to three-dimensional expansion, and can also provide scientific reference for urban land use planning and its ecological environment effect assessment.

The Xizang border trade markets are key links in the construction of the South Asia Corridor and trans-Himalayan connectivity, which is of great significance in promoting the stability and development of the border region in China. Facing the shortage of in-depth investigation and analysis of Xizang border trade markets in the current study. Combining field surveys from 2018 to 2020, Geographic Information System (GIS) spatial visualization techniques, this study came up with an analytical framework based on geo-economic theory, and examined the evolution process, distribution characteristics and impact factors of the Xizang border trade market. The results indicate that: 1) After the evolution development of the formation period (17th century—1904), the development period (1904—1962), the initial recovery period (1962—1994) and the slow recovery period (1994—), the Xizang border trade market as a whole has shown a decreasing trend. 2) At present, the Xizang border trade markets are mainly concentrated in the Sino-Nepalese border, and a border trade market system mainly of the port type and supplemented by the town type and village/pasture type has been formed initially, while the China-India and China-Bhutan border trade market has shown a shrinking trend. 3) The fault valleys of the Himalayas provided conditions for the formation and development of border trade markets. Meanwhile, regional trade patterns were shaped by accessibility, leading to the clustering of border trade markets in towns. Though Nepal and Bhutan hoped to reduce their transitional dependence on India through the development of border trade, “the offshore balancing strategy” of the western countries such as the United States, and India's “buffer zone strategy” are intended to cut off border trade markets. Moreover, the control measures in Xizang border restricted the development of border trade to a certain extent. 4) We should actively explore the opening of additional border trade markets in border counties and towns, the integrated development of border trade and tourism, and a differentiated model of border stability maintenance and control, in order to promote the stability and development of Xizang border areas.

In the era of globalized geo-economics, international big channel are changing the way geo-economic elements flow across borders, expanding cooperation spaces such as ports and border-free trade zones to more distant inland areas and shaping new ways of cross-border geo-economic cooperation. As an international land and sea channel connecting China and Myanmar, the China-Myanmar Indian Ocean New Channel (hereinafter "the Channel") is of great importance for promoting geo-economic cooperation between the two countries and the construction of the Belt and Road Initiative. However, owing to various obstacles in geo-economic cooperation, the geo-economic effect of the Channel has not been effectively brought into play. In this study, the obstacles to geo-economic cooperation in the Channel and its collaborative mechanisms were analyzed to provide important scientific and technological support for enhancing its geo-economic effects and strengthening geo-economic cooperation between China and Myanmar. The natural geography of the region with its high mountains and deep valleys and the frequently occurring natural disasters are natural obstacles that limit the geo-economic effect of the Channel. Moreover, the difference in economic development between China and Myanmar is not conducive to the deepening of geo-economic cooperation in the Channel. Complex armed conflicts have disrupted the construction of the Channel and China's investment in its route, and the potential intervention of India and the United States will become an added constraint on its further development. Furthermore, the multiple stakeholders game in the construction of the Channel may bring geo-risks. Contrary to preconceived notions, geo-economic cooperation in the Channel is not a strategy for regional control, but rather to create an international trade corridor deeply related to transportation logistics, supply chains, industrial chains and value chains. To promote geo-economic cooperation in the Channel, its construction should be based on a multi-level collaborative mechanism for geo-economic cooperation. At the national level, the docking of development strategies between China and Myanmar should be strengthened by promoting integration of the Channel into the Belt and Road Initiative, strengthening the docking of China-Myanmar policy communication mechanisms, and formulating a long-term development strategy plan for the Channel. At the channel level, the geo-economic effect of the Channel should be upgraded by promoting the linkage of internal and external infrastructures, strengthening geo-economic element cross-border flow and industrial cooperation, and deepening economic and trade cooperation with Myanmar and the Indian Ocean region. At the stakeholder level, a consultation mechanism involving multi-stakeholder participation should be established by strengthening the docking of multi-stakeholder interests, coordinating the mechanism of China-Myanmar port docking, and creating a three-dimensional risk prevention mechanism for the Channel.

Infrastructure and economic networks can be used to describe different dimensions of urban systems, and a close relationship exists between them. Therefore, it is important to study the dynamic coupling relationship between them to promote the formation and development of urban networks. Relevant studies have compared and analyzed the evolution characteristics of urban network structures from different dimensions; however, relatively few studies have focused on the dynamic coupling relationship between high-speed rail and remote investment networks. The formation and development of high-speed rail networks has become a key factor affecting remote investment networks, and the layout of a remote investment network also affects the development of a high-speed rail network. To this end, we used high-speed railway operation service data and related transaction data of listed companies from 2008 to 2023 to construct high-speed railway and remote investment networks reflecting intercity high-speed railway and enterprise remote investment connections, respectively. QAP correlation analysis was used to explore the overall correlation between the two networks. Using the quadrantal diagram method and the coupling coordination degree model, we discuss the spatiotemporal coupling coordination of the two networks, identify the types of cities and urban connections, and propose operational planning suggestions for cities and high-speed railways. The results indicate the following: 1) Both the scale and density of the high-speed rail network and the off-site investment network show a rapid growth trend, and the expansion of the high-speed rail network is significantly faster than that of the off-site investment network. There is a significant positive correlation between high-speed rail and the remote investment network as a whole, and the degree of correlation first increases and then decreases. 2) In terms of space, cities with the simultaneous development of high-speed rail and remote investment networks are primarily concentrated in the administrative and economic centers of the eastern region. However, cities with lagging high-speed rail networks are mainly located in non-transportation hub cities in the economically developed areas of the Pearl River Delta, Dalian, and Urumqi. Moreover, cities with advanced high-speed rail networks are mainly centered in the central and eastern regions around the main high-speed rail lines. 3) Cities with synchronous development of high-speed rail and remote investment networks are mainly located in developed cities within the five major urban agglomerations. The pairs of cities with lagging high-speed rail networks are mainly located between the core cities of different urban agglomerations. Pairs of cities with advanced high-speed rail networks are typically positioned between cities that are closer together and contain at least one city with a less developed economy. The relevant research results can provide policy support for China's high-speed rail operation planning and urban system construction.

Off-site investment relations among enterprises often bring the flow of capital, logistics, talent, information, and technology across cities, representing a new avenue for studying the urban network. Therefore, an increasing number of studies are investigating urban networks from the perspective of firm relations. Most of these studies mainly use data from intra-firm branches or mega firms' investment to quantify the linkages among cities. However, these studies have neglected the linkages among small-sized enterprises that are often located in small and medium-sized cities, resulting in the lack of authenticity in establishing urban networks. Recently, a small amount of research has begun to use wholesale enterprises' off-site investment data to construct urban networks. However, such research has neglected the indirect linkages and transit effects on enterprise investment routes. Therefore, this study uses investment data of all-industry enterprises from the Industrial and Commercial Enterprise Registration Database to propose a new method for establishing a directed weighted urban network by identifying off-site investment routes among enterprises, which could fill the gap in constructing urban networks from the perspective of micro capital flow. To verify the evolutionary characteristics of urban network structure before and after the implementation of major policies, this study considers the Yangtze River Delta as the empirical study area. Wholesale enterprise investment data from 2006 to 2020 in the Yangtze River Delta are used to construct three urban networks in three time stages. The main conclusions are as follows: (1) The growth model of the urban network scale shows that the growth of off-site investment routes drives the growth of off-site investment scale. The scale of enterprise nodes linked by off-site investment relations significantly increased from 2011 to 2015. However, after 2016, the proportion of off-site investment in the total investment of the Yangtze River Delta increased accordingly. (2) From the perspective of spatial patterns, the urban network of the study area has shifted from a polygonal network structure of interconnected core cities to a V-shaped structure centered around Shanghai, and then to a Z-shaped structure centered around Shanghai and Hangzhou. (3) In terms of network centrality, the cities exhibit a clear hierarchical structure. Although the network is evolving, the hierarchical structure has not changed significantly. However, the linkages between cities show a trend of clustering from low- to high-level cities. (4) In terms of network betweenness, the betweenness of most cities matches their centrality. Notably, the betweenness of Hefei and Wuhu is significantly stronger than their centrality. At different stages of the urban network evolution, cities with high betweenness, such as Shanghai, Hangzhou, and Hefei, play different intermediary roles in the network. This study constructs urban networks from a micro scale perspective of capital flow, thereby filling the gap in existing research. Additionally, unlike previous studies on urban networks that focus on static network structures, this study analyzes the structural evolution of urban networks based on long-term comprehensive data and verifies the characteristics of changes in the network structure, which has certain theoretical value and practical significance.

In China, public houses are properties that belong to the local government and are usually managed by the local Department of Housing and Urban-Rural Development. During the 1970s and the 1980s, these houses were used to provide shelters for incoming rural surplus laborers and low-income families who moved into the cities. Over time, problems with public houses, such as unclear property rights, the absence of management regulations, and long-term disrepair, have become increasingly serious. Managing public houses is a challenge faced by Guangzhou in the process of urban renewal. This study first reviews domestic and foreign examples of revitalizing public houses and research on the theory of "Urban Acupuncture," and then carries out further fieldwork and interviews on public houses in six typical districts of Guangzhou's old city zone. These results indicate that public houses play an important role in providing housing security to tenants. Tenants of such houses have a strong sense of belonging and trust in their communities and neighborhoods. This study summarizes three revitalization modes for public houses: selling public houses after renovation, transforming the use of public houses, and using public houses as affordable housing. It also proposes a strategy that uses public houses first as affordable houses, then for functional transformation, and selling public houses as the last choice for Guangzhou. Based on empirical researches and the methods of "Urban Acupuncture," the study further proposes an analysis model of stock public houses, and four steps of the revitalization path of public houses: (1) Find the problems of public houses through urban physical examination index analysis, big data analysis, residents satisfaction analysis, and so on, and analyze their modes of revitalization based on the analysis model of stock public houses; (2) conduct a house-to-house survey on tenants of these public houses, and select public houses with good reconstruction foundations whose tenants have strong willingness to revitalize and high degrees of cooperation as "acupuncture points"; (3) take continuous, gradual measures to stimulate these "acupuncture points" and influence other tenants of public houses with the same activation modes through social networks; (4) collect feedback from tenants, adjust strategies dynamically, enhance tenants' sense of identity and community belonging to treatment results, and form a positive interaction. It has three major innovations: (1) systematically summarizing domestic and foreign public housing disposal ways and " Urban Acupuncture " theory research progress, and providing a geographic analysis perspective for the theory of "Urban Acupuncture"; (2) providing empirical supports for the three activation modes,and a Guangzhou's strategy for to revitalize public houses; (3) summarizing an analysis framework of the activation mode mechanism of stock public houses from the perspective of humanism, an analysis model of stock public houses, and four steps of the revitalization path of public houses, which are highly enforceable. It is beneficial to the theory and practice on revitalization of public houses, which can also make public houses playing their parts as catalysts in domestic urban renewal process, stimulating motivation of community revitalization, solving housing problem of the minority, and implementing the idea that "we are the cities we make."

As a widely discussed topic in Western academic circles, post-productionism has become an important background for studying China's three agricultural problems. By carefully analyzing the origin, development, and practice of post-productionism, this study reveals the conceptual connotations and research status of post-productionism, which has theoretical value and practical significance for the study of China's three agricultural problems. The research through the research method of philology and the analysis of CiteSpace, the representative foreign core journals in Wed of Science with the theme of "post-productionism" were selected and summarized on the basis of data analysis.The research draws the following results: 1) This paper introduces the origin of post-productionism and summarizes the existing problems of agricultural production, rural ecology, and farmers' survival during the crisis, as well as the social expectation of the linear transformation of productionism to post-productionism. 2) On the basis of comprehensive research on the concept of "post-productionism," the conceptual domain of post-productionism is constructed from the four aspects of farmer's role, agricultural policy, farming technology and environmental impact, and three stages of conceptual research are proposed: the opposite stage, the coexistence stage and the subjective perspective stage, and compares it with the concept of "multifunctional agriculture," and points out the value of "paradigm shift" represented by post-productionism. 3) Comparing the post-productive rural practices of developed and developing countries, analyzing the common factors and regional differences between the post-productive rural practices of developed countries, sorting out the "post-productive phenomenon" of developing countries, and explaining the research objectives and necessity. On this basis, The paper further responds to the key question whether there is consistency between the "de-agriculturalization" in developing countries and the "post-productionism" in developed countries, and points out that there are some differences between the two in development stage, concept difference, connotation extension, expression form and fundamental value orientation. The conclusions are as following: 1) The development concept of Post-productionism is a positive response to productionism crises. Under the integration of common concepts, its global development path reflects the characteristics of "time-space difference" and "nonlinear transformation." Productionism and post-productionism are not "opposites," but will coexist and influence each other as two types of agricultural and rural management systems for a long time. Attention should also be paid to the fundamental role of change at the microactor level. 2) In relation to specific national conditions, the enlightenment of post-productionism in China's three rural problems is that we should pay attention to the research and judgment and grasp the opportunity of rural development, combine the overall promotion with key breakthroughs, continue to adhere to industrial revitalization as the goal, build a solid foundation for agricultural development, focus on promoting the development of secondary and tertiary industries, and focus on industrial integration. It is also necessary to deeply explore the multidimensional value of rural space, enrich the spatial attributes of rural areas, and promote rural development and urban-rural integration.

Evolutionary economic geography (EEG) has highlighted the importance of technological relatedness in regional industrial development in developed countries. However, other key factors, such as labour and capital, should also be included in the analysis of regional industrial development in developing countries. The labour surplus, wages and scarcity of capital in developing countries change dramatically in the development process, which can impact the role of technological relatedness in regional industrial development. The purpose of this paper is to develop a new framework to understand the regional industrial development paths of developing countries by linking related theories with EEG studies. Drawing on the literature of Lewis dual economy, growth theory, catch-up theory of developing countries and evolutionary economics, this paper develops a new framework for understanding the changing regional industrial development paths in three developmental stages, namely, the Lewisian dual economy, the period after reaching the Lewis turning point and the innovation economy. In our framework, the regional industrial development paths are affected by both factor endowments and technological relatedness. This study has important implications for regional industrial development in developing countries.

Using the construction method of Human Development Index for reference, this paper reassesses the quality of urban livability environment from 5 aspects of economic condition, public services, residential environment, institutions and urban modernization based on the perspective of migrants’ well-being, and uses 2 periods of population migration data to analyze the interaction effect of human settlements in 279 prefecture-level city in China, and explore the dynamic impact mechanism between urban human settlements and population migration. Research has found that: 1) During the sample inspection period, the human settlements environment of Chinese cities has improved, to some extent, the gap in urban construction level has narrowed, and the space shows a “high in the east and low in the west” feature. The agglomeration effect of central cities is obvious, and cities in the eastern region have experienced a “club convergence” phenomenon, while inland areas in the central and western regions of China have fallen into the “low value trap” of the human livability environment. 2) The net migration pattern of the national population shows a “concave” spatial feature of “low in the middle and high in the surrounding areas”. The migration population is mainly distributed in mega and mega cities with a population size of over 5 million, but the main driving force for the growth of the migration population is small and medium-sized cities. 3) The improvement of urban human settlements environment has a positive effect on the increase of population migration. The difference in economic development and the level of social integration are the core factors that cause the spatial difference in the scale of population migration. Life comfort has gradually become an important source of driving population migration. At the provincial level, the driving factors reflect spatial heterogeneity. 4) The impact of population migration scale is not yet enough to become one of the leading factors in stabilizing changes in the urban livability environment. Therefore, the construction of urban human settlements environment with the key to enhancing well-being should be adapted to the changes in population characteristics in the new development stage to promote the high-quality development of new urbanization.