Assessment Method for Urban Green Space Shading Based on the Allometric Parametric Model
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CHEN Yujie is a master graduate in the College of Horticulture & Forestry Sciences of Huazhong Agricultural University. Her research focuses on planning and design of urban green infrastructure |
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ZHOU Zixuan is a master student in the College of Horticulture & Forestry Sciences of Huazhong Agricultural University. Her research focuses on planning and design of urban green infrastructure |
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FENG Xiaoxia is a master student in the College of Horticulture & Forestry Sciences of Huazhong Agricultural University. Her research focuses on planning and design of urban green infrastructure |
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ZHANG Wei, Ph.D., is an associate professor in the College of Horticulture & Forestry Sciences of Huazhong Agricultural University, and a member of the Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture in Central China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs. His research focuses on planning and design of urban green infrastructure |
Received date: 2025-01-07
Revised date: 2025-09-22
Online published: 2026-03-12
Copyright
In the context of accelerating urbanization and the escalating impacts of global warming, urban green spaces have become increasingly crucial for mitigating urban heat, as they offer shaded environments that significantly enhance the overall livability and comfort of urban environments. Consequently, the optimization of vegetation layout within urban green spaces has become a fundamental strategy for addressing climate change and improving the sustainable quality of life for urban residents. Currently, the assessment of green space shading in relevant norms at home and abroad is usually calculated based on the projected area of adult tree crowns. The result is a static indicator that cannot accurately reflect the three-dimensional morphological characteristics of the tree crown and the influence of the plant growth process on the shading effect. To accurately assess the shading area of green space, it is necessary to establish a dynamic assessment method for green space shading based on the three-dimensional growth model of plants and the real lighting environment. Such a method should reflect the three-dimensional elements of plant morphology and the dynamic nature of plant growth.
Based on the allometric growth equations for different tree species and plant crown morphology models, parametric tree growth models and a shading area generation algorithm for the shading area of green space trees are established in the Python and Grasshopper environment. The area within the 4-hour isohel on the summer solstice for trees in a green space is defined as the shading area of the green space and used as an assessment indicator for the shading effect of the green space, which is typically calculated by the calculation method for the shading area of a building as specified in the Assessment Standard for Green Building (GB/T 50378−2019). Additionally, taking Xiangyang Academy in Xiangyang City, Hubei Province, as an example, this research compares and explores the application characteristics of the shading algorithm, and generates a three-dimensional model for tree growth in and dynamic shading area of the selected site based on the aforesaid parametric generation algorithm to evaluate and analyze the shading range of the buildings and plants on the site.
Compared with the calculation method based on the vertical projection of the tree crown, the shading simulation and assessment method based on the generated three-dimensional model for the site has the following characteristics. 1) It can dynamically simulate the actual light changes. The shadow area of green spaces within the campus of Xiangyang Academy is closer to the real shading situation. For example, after the trees have grown for thirty years, the overall shadow area of the campus accounts for 67.61% of the total area of the campus’s open space, among which the shadow area of buildings accounts for 21.55%, the shading area of green spaces accounts for 51.92%, and the overlapping area accounts for 5.86%. The calculation result of the vertical projection area of the tree canopy is 45.48% less than the area of the tree canopy, and there is a certain offset distance in space. 2) This observation reflects the temporal changes in vegetation shading on the site; the area of green space shading increases from 69,106 m2 to 269,086 m2 as plants grow, and the ratio of open space area rises from 13.33% to 51.92%, indicating a trend of rapid increase followed by gradual stabilization. 3) It can reflect the difference in shading ability of different tree species in different growth periods. Fast-growing tree species such as Celtis sinensis Pers. and Magnolia denudata Desr. have obvious shading effects in the early stage while slow-growing large trees such as Cinnamomum camphora (L.) and Zelkova serrata (Thunb.) Makino have better shading effects in the later stage. 4) It can reflect the differences in the shading characteristics of different areas, such as the campus dormitory area and teaching area with high greening and building density; the superimposed effect of plants and building shading is obvious, while the shading range of the athletic area is subject to significant changes in the growth of plants, and the plants planted have better shading potential and growth trend. Campus roads are mainly planted with slow-growing trees on both sides, with the shading area improving slowly; the overall trend is stable.
The shading algorithm based on the parametric growth model proposed in this research can generate more accurate dynamic shading range, reflecting the dynamic change of shading range during plant growth, and is consistent with the existing standards for building shading assessment. The algorithm can be used to predict and simulate the long-term shading effect in different periods, to quantify the shading capacity of multiple trees in different periods, and to evaluate the zoning in different scales of space. The research improves the accuracy and applicability of the assessment of shading areas in urban green spaces and combines parametric algorithms to build a reusable and automatic calculation process, which can be used as a reference for urban green space planning and climate-adaptive design.
CHEN Yujie , ZHOU Zixuan , FENG Xiaoxia , ZHANG Wei . Assessment Method for Urban Green Space Shading Based on the Allometric Parametric Model[J]. Landscape Architecture, 2026 , 33(1) : 109 -116 . DOI: 10.3724/j.fjyl.LA20250015
表1 现行绿色建筑和环境评估标准中与遮阴相关的部分条目[3-6]Tab. 1 Selected shading-related entries in existing green building and environmental assessment standards[3-6] |
| 标准名称 | 发布机构 | 相关内容 |
|---|---|---|
| 《建筑研究院环境评估方法可持续建筑认证标准》 | 英国建筑研究院(BRE Group) | 确保通过使用设计工具达到适当的热舒适度,需要使用符合CIBSE AM11建筑能源和环境建模的软件进行热环境建模[3] |
| 《能源与环境设计先锋认证标准》 | 美国绿色建筑委员会(U.S. Green Building Council) | 对于非屋顶措施的遮阴计算,植物以种植10 a的冠层垂直投影面积进行计算[4] |
| 《健康建筑标准》 | 国际健康建筑研究所(International WELL Building Institute) | 以遮蔽时间每日超过日照小时数的一半的范围作为有效遮阴面积[5] |
| GB/T 50378-2019《绿色建筑评价标准》 | 中国住房和城乡建设部 | 建筑阴影区为夏至日8:00—16:00时段在4 h日照等时线内的区域;乔木遮阴面积按照成年乔木的树冠正投影面积计算;构筑物遮阴面积按照构筑物正投影面积计算[6] |
图2 襄阳书院已建成主校区乔木和建筑分布(2-1)及分区(2-2)情况Fig. 2 Distribution of trees and buildings (2-1) within and zoning (2-2) of the built-up campus area of Xiangyang Academy |
表2 襄阳书院已建成主校区不同分区绿地指标概况Tab. 2 Overview of green space indicators in different zones of the built-up campus area of Xiangyang Academy |
| 分区 | 面积/m2 | 绿地面积/ m2 | 乔木数量/株 | 乔木正投影面积/m2 | 乔木正投影面积比率/% |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 注:道路铺装区域种植树木的树池暂未纳入绿地面积考虑,因此该区域未统计绿地面积。 | |||||
| 宿舍区 | 118 786.84 | 49 941.01 | 2 010 | 49 349.38 | 41.46 |
| 教学行政区 | 151 294.52 | 56 232.20 | 1 979 | 45 330.95 | 29.96 |
| 公共服务区 | 74 158.09 | 30 100.80 | 337 | 18 164.32 | 24.49 |
| 运动区 | 108 538.51 | 28 779.80 | 641 | 23 765.69 | 21.90 |
| 道路铺装区 | 65 514.44 | 451 | 10 090.92 | 15.40 | |
| 总计 | 518 292.40 | 165 053.10 | 5 397 | 146 701.26 | 28.30 |
表3 襄阳书院已建成主校区树种的异速生长方程示例Tab. 3 Allometric growth equations example for tree species in the built-up campus area of Xiangyang Academy |
| 树种 | 变量 | 计算式 |
|---|---|---|
| 栾树 | 树龄(a) | |
| 胸径(y) | | |
| 树高(h) | | |
| 冠幅(g) | | |
| 冠高(l) | l |
表4 乔木种植30 a后校园不同活动区域的遮阴效果比较(基于4 h等时线)Tab. 4 Comparison of shading effects of trees in different activity areas of the campus after 30 years of planting (based on the 4-hour isohel) |
| 分区 | 综合遮阴面积占比/% | 建筑遮阴面积占比/% | 植物遮阴面积占比/% |
|---|---|---|---|
| 注:由于场地内建筑分布距离道路铺装区较远,建筑产生的遮阴极少投射到道路铺装区,因此占比忽略不计。 | |||
| 宿舍区 | 90.96 | 25.19 | 84.36 |
| 教学行政区 | 86.99 | 35.74 | 60.65 |
| 公共服务区 | 56.21 | 15.38 | 43.06 |
| 运动区 | 57.44 | 12.40 | 47.11 |
| 道路铺装区 | 55.72 | 0 | 55.72 |
文中图表均由作者绘制。
1、基于植物生长方程和参数化建模进行植物的三维动态遮阴效果模拟,代替传统二维静态投影的遮阴计算方法,提高绿地遮阴评估的准确性。
2、参考中国GB/T50378—2019《绿色建筑评价标准》中的建筑阴影评估方法,提出基于4 h日照等时线的植物遮阴面积作为评估植物遮阴效果的量化标准,以构建统一的遮阴评估方法。
3、基于湖北省襄阳市48种常用园林植物类型,构建了可推广使用的遮阴面积参数化生成算法,有效支撑了绿地遮阴评估体系的构建与优化。
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