Analysis of Principles and Contents of Guidelines for Constructing Bird-Friendly Urban Green Spaces
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YANG Jun, Ph.D., is a tenured professor in the Department of Earth System Science, Tsinghua University, a member of Ministry of Education Ecological Field Station for East Asian Migratory Birds, a member of Institute for Global Change Studies, Tsinghua University, and an editorial board member of this journal. His research focuses on urban ecology, and urban biodiversity |
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ZHOU Xuanhong is a Ph.D. candidate in the Department of Earth System Science, Tsinghua University, a member of Ministry of Education Ecological Field Station for East Asian Migratory Birds, and a member of Institute for Global Change Studies, Tsinghua University. His research focuses on the application AI in urban biodiversity |
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YANG Xudong is a Ph.D. candidate in the Department of Earth System Science, Tsinghua University, a member of Ministry of Education Ecological Field Station for East Asian Migratory Birds, and a member of Institute for Global Change Studies, Tsinghua University. His research focuses on urban biodiversity |
Received date: 2025-11-22
Online published: 2026-03-12
Copyright
Creating bird-friendly urban green spaces is a tangible step toward fulfilling the national biodiversity conservation strategy and has gained attention in urban greening efforts. Developing standardized principles and core guidelines for these spaces can help guide construction of green spaces across different areas. Nonetheless, there is limited research on what should be incorporated into guidelines for building bird-friendly green spaces.
Focusing on the principles and content of the guidelines for building bird-friendly green spaces, this study used a literature review to summarize patterns of avian diversity in urban green spaces and their influencing factors. It then examined the resources birds need for survival and the risks they face in these environments. Based on the analysis, essential principles and a content checklist for guideline development have been proposed. The checklist was used to analyze the contents of relevant standards, technical guides, and guidelines to identify their strengths and weaknesses. Additionally, aspects requiring attention in future efforts to develop guidelines were suggested.
Urbanization has altered bird diversity in cities both spatially and temporally, shaping overall patterns such as distribution along urban-rural gradients, species composition, and abundance of urban birds. These patterns are mainly driven by environmental filtering and human activities. Habitat changes and pollution—air, light, water, noise—filter urban birds, while human persecution and the introduction of new species select for those adapted to city life. Because bird diversity in urban green spaces is influenced by various factors across different scales, scale-based planning and management are crucial for creating effective bird habitats in green spaces. A truly bird-friendly urban green space must provide essential resources like food, water, shelter, and nesting sites, while reducing risks from light and noise pollution, domestic cats, and human disturbance. Guidelines should be based on core principles that provide overall direction, evaluate reasonableness, and adapt to unforeseen circumstances. Recognizing that making urban green spaces bird-friendly is a multidisciplinary conservation effort, five principles are proposed. 1) Multi-scale planning and design. 2) Prioritizing protection over new construction. 3) Considering species-specific traits. 4) balancing resource provision and risk management. 5) Offering multiple ecosystem services. Building on these principles, a checklist with 28 items covering city, district, and site scales is presented to guide the development and assessment of green spaces. Comparing existing guidelines to the checklist shows that all include site-scale construction techniques, indicating a focus on detailed project guidance. Several guidelines also address district-scale measures, with some extending to city-scale considerations, reflecting a move towards systematic, multi-scale planning to enhance urban bird diversity. All guidelines mention the design and post-implementation phases, but few detail the implementation process itself. Explicit impact mitigation during construction remains underdeveloped. At the city scale, existing guidelines focus on urban planning, goal setting, zoning, and artificial facilities but lack comprehensive surveys and community participation. High technical and resource demands limit city-wide bird surveys, resulting in little data on urban bird diversity, no quantitative indicators or timeframes in overall goals. Guidelines rarely promote community involvement, viewing bird-friendly green spaces more as landscape projects than as conservation efforts. At the district scale, focus is on hubs, corridors, and stepping stones, but few address matrix planning, which is vital as ecological corridors depend on surrounding land, especially since birds move through the matrix daily. Planting trees and creating green spaces can improve permeability and reduce population isolation in the matrix. At the site scale, guidelines clearly cover site selection, surveys, habitat design, and monitoring, but are less specific on threat analysis, risk management, and post-implementation actions. Few address surrounding buildings, lighting, or construction management, which are crucial because they influence bird behavior and safety. Emphasizing habitat resources while neglecting artificial factors may increase collision risks as habitat quality improves. Variations also exist in detailed methods, such as target species identification—ranging from vague survey-based identification to detailed taxonomic analysis—affecting conservation efforts and evaluations. Most guidelines focus on bird conservation; only one also considers ecological and visual value and human –bird interactions, which could foster local support and sustainability. Based on the above analysis, future efforts in developing new guidelines or revising existing ones should focus on: 1) Risk management—reducing bird collisions, controlling stray cats, regulating lighting and feeding behaviors to prevent ecological traps; 2) minimizing construction impacts on native species; 3) engaging communities throughout all phases—from species selection and design to monitoring and enforcement—to ensure long-term conservation involvement.
The fundamental principles and content checklist outlined in this research are derived from a synthesis of existing knowledge, primarily intended to serve as a reference for developing guidelines related to bird-friendly green spaces. They provide a structured framework to support the development of guidelines for bird-friendly urban green space, thereby advancing the field. Future research may include monitoring and evaluation data from post-implementation assessments of bird-friendly green spaces across different regions to continually update and refine the principles and checklist presented in this study.
YANG Jun , ZHOU Xuanhong , YANG Xudong . Analysis of Principles and Contents of Guidelines for Constructing Bird-Friendly Urban Green Spaces[J]. Landscape Architecture, 2026 , 33(2) : 89 -99 . DOI: 10.3724/j.fjyl.LA20250728
表1 鸟类友好城市绿地建设指南内容清单Tab. 1 Content checklist for the construction of bird-friendly urban green spaces |
| 空间尺度 | 指南条目 | 建议条目内容 |
|---|---|---|
| 城市(市、 区/县)尺度 | 1.综合调查 | 明确现有绿地分布格局、自然区域或迁飞路线的连接情况、鸟类多样性热点地区的调查方法 |
| 2.与城市规划融合 | 提出通过保护现有城市生态网络和新建绿地来建立全市绿地网络的目标和方法 | |
| 3.目标设置 | 设置具体、可量化、有时间限制的鸟类多样性保护或提升等目标 | |
| 4.空间区划 | 确定城市鸟类保护区域,包括敏感区域和关键廊道,在其他区域可实施功能区与保护区叠加区划等措施 | |
| 5.人工设施管理 | 颁布建筑物防鸟撞、减少人造光污染等鸟类友好的标准、规定等 | |
| 6.社区参与 | 确定社区参与的方式和鼓励措施等 | |
| 片区(或街道、 镇)尺度 | 1.枢纽识别 | 确定维持鸟类多样性的枢纽区域,如源、汇区等的识别 |
| 2.生态廊道规划 | 识别生态廊道的位置、优先保护区、瓶颈和障碍等 | |
| 3.生态廊道设计 | 确定焦点物种(包括目标鸟种在内的动植物物种)、廊道的宽度、廊道的内部结构和外形等 | |
| 4.踏脚石规划 | 确定踏脚石的位置和大小、踏脚石生境的规划和设计方案等 | |
| 5.基质规划 | 提出基质(非源、汇区和廊道区域的城市建成区)中的废弃地利用、绿色街道建设等措施,增加基质中的植被覆盖等 | |
| 场地尺度 | 1.绿地选址 | 明确绿地选址方法 |
| 2.鸟类基线调查 | 确定开展场地上鸟类多样性(包括丰富度和丰度等)调查的方法 | |
| 3.现有植被调查 | 确定现有植被的结构、种类组成和连通性等的调查方法 | |
| 4.威胁因素分析 | 确定鸟撞风险,人造光污染、噪声污染,人为活动和家猫捕猎等威胁因素的分析方法 | |
| 5.目标鸟种确定 | 确定场地要保护或恢复的目标鸟种及其栖息地要求 | |
| 6.栖息地空间规划 | 确定核心区域、缓冲区域和边缘区域的设计指标和方法 | |
| 7.植被设计 | 确定植被设计的范围、层次结构、种类组成和种植方式的指标和方法 | |
| 8.水源设计 | 确定鸟类饮水和洗浴等区域的指标和设计方法 | |
| 9.水鸟栖息地 | 确定水鸟栖息地的水文规划、水质管理、水深多样性设计、岸线设计、水生植被设计、人工巢地和栖息地设计等的指标和方法 | |
| 10.栖息地附属结构 | 确定栖息地中枯立木、停歇地、巢箱等附属设施的设计方法 | |
| 11.与建筑结合的绿地设计 | 确定绿地周边建筑绿色屋顶类型、绿墙的类型和植物类型 | |
| 12.鸟类安全建筑物 | 确定绿地周边建筑防鸟撞玻璃使用或改造、外部建筑结构改造等设计方法 | |
| 13.鸟类友好照明 | 提出绿地中鸟类友好照明设施设计、控制方式和暗夜项目等管理方法 | |
| 14.鸟类监测体系 | 明确监测指标、确定监测点分布及监测仪器安装要求 | |
| 15.其他相关风险 | 提出散养家猫和流浪猫管理、农药使用管理、鸟类投喂方式管理、人为活动管理等规定 | |
| 16.实施过程管理 | 明确规定场地整理、建设和设施安装以及降低施工对鸟类影响等方法 | |
| 17.实施后管理 | 明确景观维护措施(如修剪)、入侵物种管理措施、鸟类监测和适应性管理措施、社区参与方式和绿地长期维护措施的规定 |
表2 已有鸟类友好型城市绿地建设指南、规范、技术规程、指引和导则与清单对比Tab. 2 Comparative results of existing guides, standards, technical regulations, directives, and guidelines for bird-friendly urban green space construction against the checklist |
| 名称 | 性质 | 颁布年份 | 空间尺度 | 时间尺度 | 覆盖清单条目情况 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 注:上述内容基于Gemini 2.5 Pro和GPT-5模型对指南文本提取后再进行人工合并,最后与清单进行比较。 | |||||
| 《城市绿地鸟类栖息地营造及恢复技术规范》 (DB11/T 1513—2018) | 北京市地方标准 | 2018 | 场地 | 设计、实施后阶段 | 涉及场地尺度条目中的13条 |
| 《鸟类生态廊道设计与建设规范》 (DB11/T 1878—2021) | 北京市地方标准 | 2021 | 片区、场地 | 设计、实施后阶段 | 涉及片区尺度条目中的5条,场地尺度条目中的10条 |
| 《城市河流生态廊道鸟类栖息地植物景观规划设计导则征求意见稿》 | 中国风景园林学会团体标准 | 2023 | 城市、片区、场地 | 设计、实施后阶段 | 涉及城市尺度条目中的5条,片区尺度条目中的4条,场地尺度条目中的13条 |
| 《城市湿地公园鸟类多样性恢复技术规程》 (DB4401/T 290—2024) | 广州市地方标准 | 2024 | 片区、场地 | 设计、实施、实施后阶段 | 涉及片区尺度条目中的1条,场地尺度条目中的13条 |
| 《城市绿地鸟类多样性生态恢复技术导则》 (T/CHSLA 10011—2023) | 中国风景园林学会团体标准 | 2024 | 场地 | 设计、实施、实施后阶段 | 涉及场地尺度条目中的15条 |
| 《公园城市滨水绿地鸟类栖息地植物景观营建指南》 (DB5101/T 213—2025) | 成都市地方标准 | 2025 | 场地 | 设计、实施后阶段 | 涉及场地尺度条目中的8条 |
| 《鸟类友好城市规划与设计指引》 (DB4403/T 616—2025) | 深圳市地方标准 | 2025 | 城市、片区、场地 | 设计、实施、实施后阶段 | 涉及城市尺度条目中的4条,片区尺度条目中的3条,场地尺度条目中的10条 |
1、明确鸟类友好型城市绿地的规划设计需在多个时空尺度上进行,提供鸟类生存所需资源并降低城市环境带来的风险。
2、提出了制定鸟类友好型城市绿地指南时需考虑的5项原则和28条内容的清单,可供未来制定或修订指南时参考。
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