A Walkability Assessment Method for Urban Streets Based on Multi-source Urban Data and Deep Learning: A Case Study of the Central Urban Area of Beijing
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LIN Ruijun is a master student in the School of Landscape Architecture, Beijing University of Agriculture, and a member of Beijing Rural Landscape Planning and Design Engineering Research Center. His research focuses on landscape planning and design |
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LIANG Bingyun is a master student in the School of Landscape Architecture, Beijing University of Agriculture, and a member of Beijing Rural Landscape Planning and Design Engineering Research Center. His research focuses on landscape planning and design |
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FU Jun, Ph.D., is a professor in the School of Landscape Architecture, Beijing University of Agriculture, and a member of Beijing Rural Landscape Planning and Design Engineering Research Center. Her research focuses on landscape planning and design |
Received date: 2025-07-11
Online published: 2026-03-12
Copyright
Walking is the most fundamental mode of urban transportation, and building pedestrian-friendly streets holds great significance in urban planning. Yet many metropolises remain auto-oriented and lack high-quality pedestrian environments. Advances in multi-source urban data and deep learning now make it feasible to evaluate street-level walkability with greater coverage, precision, and reproducibility than traditional audit or perception-based approaches. This study proposes a comprehensive framework that integrates multi-source urban data with deep learning to quantify urban street walkability, and demonstrates its utility through an application to Beijing’s central districts with external validation against on-site pedestrian ratings.
By reviewing relevant literature, a multi-criteria street walkability value framework was developed, covering five dimensions: imageability, convenience, vibrancy, comfort, and safety. A walkability evaluation indicator system comprising 23 indicators was established. To operationalize the measurement, we assembled and harmonized multi-source urban data: vector layers for roads, buildings, green spaces, and land-use types; high-resolution satellite imagery; 213,950 street-view images captured via the Baidu panorama application programming interface (API) at 100-meter intervals and four bearings per point; point of interest (POI) records (20 top-level categories); urban heat-map rasters sampled at six time slots across a workday−weekend cycle; field photos; and official statistics. The street network was segmented into a 100 m grid of 53,631 units after removing duplicates and very short fragments. A DeepLab v3+ semantic segmentation model, fine-tuned via transfer learning on urban streetscape data and optimized with cross-validation and learning-rate decay, produced pixel-level shares of sky, vegetation, roadway, buildings, and other salient elements for each viewing direction; a weighted fusion yielded panoramic proportions per street unit. A YOLO v5 detector, trained on 2,000 labeled images based on building-facade quality criteria and validated on a 10% hold-out set, identified facade attributes relevant to building quality. ArcGIS pipelines performed accessibility analysis, conducted geo-joins of POIs and heat-map intensities to the street grid, integrated building and population data through grid-based analysis, and visualized the final results; georeferencing of heat-map mosaics used a WGS-84 frame and second-order polynomial transformation. Indicator weights were derived using the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) based on judgments from 35 domain experts (consistency ratio CR < 0.10). Indicator values were min-max normalized and combined via weighted summation to obtain a composite walkability score for each street unit.The empirical application covers Beijing’s central urban districts (Dongcheng, Xicheng, Chaoyang, Haidian, Fengtai, Shijingshan), which occupy less than 10% of the city’s total land area but accommodate more than 50% of its population. This region is characterized by high density and intense daily travel demand. Composite walkability scores were discretized into five performance classes from I (0.80−1.00) to V (0.00−<0.20), corresponding to “very high”, “high”, “medium”, “low”, and “very low” walkability for communication and mapping.
The mean composite score across the study area is 0.558, indicating moderate overall walkability with marked spatial heterogeneity. Class proportions are: I 23.69% (12,707 units), II 19.04% (10,210), III 26.46% (14,190), IV 16.64% (8,921), and V 14.17% (7,603). A clear ring-pattern emerges: scores are higher between the Second and Fourth Ring Roads, but lower within the inner core and at peripheral edges. In the historic inner city—despite dense networks and strong transit—comfort sub-scores are depressed by constrained built forms and heritage alleys, while functions concentrate in government or cultural uses. Peripheral zones perform relatively better on greenery and basic safety yet lag in land-use diversity, accessibility, and street activity. High-performing units cluster as patches that become more continuous toward the center, prominently around commercial and mixed-service hubs (e.g., CBD and Guomao, Financial Street, Zhongguancun, Sanlitun, Olympic area). Major ring roads and radial expressways exhibit low walkability, interrupting otherwise contiguous high-score corridors.Accuracy of assessment results was tested on three representative streets—Xueyuan Road, Wangfujing Street, and Sanlitun Road—using a random street-intercept survey of 1,217 pedestrians. Ratings used a 10-point scale and were normalized to [0,1]. Inter-rater reliability was strong, intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) = 0.817, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.79−0.85, p < 0.001. Model-to-perception fit was high: mean absolute error (MAE) was
By integrating multi-source urban datasets, deep learning techniques (DeepLab v3+, YOLO v5), GIS analytics, and analytic hierarchy process-based (AHP-based) weighting, this research develops a comprehensive and detailed framework for assessing street walkability, rigorously validated against pedestrian perceptions. The method efficiently evaluates large street networks, captures diverse dimensions—from attraction and comfort to perceived safety—and offers quantitative support for street renewal and pedestrian environment enhancement, as well as scientific evidence for policy-making and urban spatial design.
LIN Ruijun , LIANG Bingyun , FU Jun . A Walkability Assessment Method for Urban Streets Based on Multi-source Urban Data and Deep Learning: A Case Study of the Central Urban Area of Beijing[J]. Landscape Architecture, 2026 , 33(2) : 105 -114 . DOI: 10.3724/j.fjyl.LA20250418
| 评估标准 | 评估指标 | 指标内容说明 | 指标来源文献 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 可意象性 | 建筑外观 | 由建筑设计、色彩、材料、工艺、维护质量等方面综合反映的建筑外观美感 | [22]~[24] |
| 绿视率 | 街景图像中绿化要素所占的像素比率 | [25][26] | |
| 色彩丰富度 | 街景图像中沿街界面的色彩多样化程度 | [22][27][28] | |
| 视觉复杂度 | 街景图像中要素类型的多样化程度 | [29] | |
| 便利性 | 功能混合度 | 沿街地块的功能多样化程度 | [30][31] |
| 功能密度 | 沿街地块中商铺、公共服务设施等的数量 | [30][31] | |
| 交通可达性 | 街道中公交站、地铁口等交通设施的可触及程度 | [32] | |
| 设施可达性 | 教育设施、商业服务设施和公共管理设施等公共服务设施的可触及程度 | [32] | |
| 道路交叉口密度 | 一定区域内道路交叉口的数量 | [33][34] | |
| 活力性 | 人口密度 | 沿街地块单位面积的常住人口数量 | [35][36] |
| 建筑密度 | 街道单元内建筑基底面积与单元面积的比率 | [37][38] | |
| 容积率 | 街道单元内总建筑面积与单元面积的比率 | [37][38] | |
| 人群聚集指数 | 街道单元内行人的密集程度 | [39][40] | |
| 连续性 | 街道单元内建筑物的投影宽度之和与街道长度的比率 | [22] | |
| 舒适性 | 建筑街道比 | 街景图像中建筑要素和人行道要素的像素比率 | [41][42] |
| 街道宽高比 | 街道单元内街道宽度与建筑高度的比率 | [22] | |
| 平均建筑高度 | 街道两侧沿街建筑的平均高度 | [24] | |
| 绿化覆盖率 | 一定范围内绿化覆盖面积与街道面积的比率 | [25][26][43] | |
| 天空可见度 | 街景图像中天空要素所占的像素比率 | [22][44] | |
| 安全性 | 行人密度 | 街景图像中行人要素所占的像素比率 | [45][46] |
| 车辆干扰度 | 街景图像中机动车要素所占像素比率 | [46][47] | |
| 安全设施指数 | 街景图像中栏杆、斑马线和交通信号标识等要素所占像素比率 | [46][48][49] | |
| 空间围合度 | 街景图像中街道两侧树木、建筑和柱体等要素所占像素比率 | [22][44][50] |
表2 街道可步行性评估指标测算方法[22-23, 25, 27-29, 31, 38, 45-46]Tab. 2 Calculation method for walkability evaluation indicators of streets[22-23, 25, 27-29, 31, 38, 45-46] |
| 评估指标 | 测算方法/工具 | 测算内容 |
|---|---|---|
| 建筑外观 | 专家评分和YOLO v5目标检测 | 借鉴郭睿提出的建筑外观分类评分方法[23],基于百度地图街景图片,利用训练好的YOLO v5模型对街景图片中建筑外观进行自动评分 |
| 绿视率 | 街景图像语义分割 | 基于街景图像语义分割结果,计算植物像素在整幅图像中的占比[22-23] |
| 色彩丰富度 | 街景图像语义分割 | 基于街景图像颜色分布,采用香农多样性指数表征色彩丰富程度[27-28] |
| 视觉复杂度 | 街景图像语义分割 | 基于街景图像中不同视觉要素的像素分布,采用香农多样性指数衡量视觉复杂度[29] |
| 功能混合度 | ArcGIS | 基于街道单元内POI类型分布,采用香农多样性指数衡量功能混合程度[31] |
| 功能密度 | ArcGIS | 基于街道单元内POI数量与街道长度的关系,表征街道空间的功能集聚强度[31] |
| 交通可达性 | ArcGIS | 采用ArcGIS中的最近设施分析,以每个街道单元的中心点为起点,以城市公交车站和地铁入口的坐标为终点。路径为城市道路行程最短路径,其长度代表各设施的可达性 |
| 设施可达性 | ArcGIS | 与交通可达性采用类似的测量方法 |
| 道路交叉口密度 | ArcGIS | 基于道路矢量数据,使用ArcGIS筛选街道网格内的道路交叉口数量 |
| 人口密度 | ArcGIS | 街道单元内的人口数量与街道单元面积的比值,计算式[23] 式中:S i和F i分别表示在建筑矢量数据中,街道网格单元内第i栋住宅楼的建筑基底面积和楼层数;n代表街道单元内的住宅建筑数量;A r代表城市人均住宅面积;S u代表街道单元的面积 |
| 建筑密度 | ArcGIS | 以街道单元内建筑基底面积总和与街道单元面积的比值表征建筑覆盖强度[38] |
| 容积率 | ArcGIS | 基于街道单元内建筑居住面积与街道单元面积的比值,表征建筑开发强度[38] |
| 人群聚集指数 | ArcGIS | 街道单元内的各时段平均人群聚集程度,计算式[23] 式中,H i表示第i 次评估街道单元中的热力等级,n表示单天评估次数 |
| 连续性 | ArcGIS | 街道单元内的建筑界面的连续程度,计算式[22] 式中,l a和l b分别表示街道单元中左侧与右侧街道的建筑界面的长度,A表示街道单元的长度 |
| 建筑街道比 | 街景图像语义分割 | 基于街景图像语义分割结果,计算建筑要素与道路要素像素比例,用以表征街道空间的围合程度[22] |
| 街道宽高比 | ArcGIS | 基于街道单元道路宽度与建筑平均高度的比值,表征街道空间的尺度特征[22] |
| 平均建筑高度 | ArcGIS | 基于街道单元内建筑高度数据,计算建筑的平均高度,用以表征街道空间的垂直形态特征 |
| 绿化覆盖率 | ArcGIS | 基于遥感影像数据,计算街道单元内绿化面积占街道单元总面积的比例[25] |
| 天空可见度 | 街景图像语义分割 | 基于街景图像语义分割结果,计算天空要素像素所占比例,用以表征街道空间的开敞程度[23] |
| 行人密度 | 街景图像语义分割 | 基于街景图像语义分割结果,计算行人要素在图像中的像素占比,用以表征街道空间的人群活动强度[45] |
| 车辆干扰度 | 街景图像语义分割 | 基于街景图像语义分割结果,计算车辆要素像素占比,用以反映机动车活动对行人空间的干扰程度 [46] |
| 安全设施指数 | 街景图像语义分割 | 基于街景图像语义分割结果,计算街景图像中各类安全设施要素像素数所占比率,计算式[46] 式中,A F、A ZC、A TL、A SL和A MF分别表示街景图像中栏杆、斑马线、交通信号灯、街道照明、监控设施的像素数,A表示街道图像的总像素数 |
| 空间围合度 | 街景图像语义分割 | 基于街景图像语义分割结果,计算街景图像中建筑、植物和围栏等要素像素数所占比率,计算式[22] 式中,A B、A G、A Q、A P、A F分别表示街景图像中建筑、植物、墙壁、柱子、围栏要素的像素数,A表示街景图像的总像素数 |
表3 模型性能评估指标测算结果Tab. 3 Measurement results of model performance evaluation metrics |
| 召回率 | 精确率 | F 1值 | 准确率 | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 85.9 | 82.4 | 83.6 | 85.9 | ||
表4 城市街道可步行性评估指标的权重值Tab. 4 The weight values of each indicator for evaluating the walkability of urban streets |
| 评估标准 | 评估指标 | 指标权重 |
|---|---|---|
| 可意象性 | 建筑外观 | 0.062 |
| 绿视率 | 0.072 | |
| 色彩丰富度 | 0.024 | |
| 视觉复杂度 | 0.031 | |
| 便利性 | 功能混合度 | 0.065 |
| 功能密度 | 0.063 | |
| 交通可达性 | 0.084 | |
| 设施可达性 | 0.035 | |
| 道路交叉口密度 | 0.047 | |
| 活力性 | 人口密度 | 0.025 |
| 建筑密度 | 0.022 | |
| 容积率 | 0.020 | |
| 人群聚集指数 | 0.031 | |
| 连续性 | 0.042 | |
| 舒适性 | 建筑街道比 | 0.042 |
| 街道宽高比 | 0.030 | |
| 平均建筑高度 | 0.022 | |
| 绿化覆盖率 | 0.036 | |
| 天空可见度 | 0.044 | |
| 安全性 | 行人密度 | 0.022 |
| 车辆干扰度 | 0.055 | |
| 安全设施指数 | 0.065 | |
| 空间围合度 | 0.063 |
1、结合城市多源数据和深度学习技术构建了一种城市街道可步行性评估方法,能应用于大规模城市街道可步行性的高效测算。
2、构建涵盖可意象性、便利性、活力性、舒适性与安全性5个维度的多标准步行价值体系,形成系统化的街道可步行性综合量化框架。
3、以北京市中心城区进行实证分析,验证方法的有效性,结果揭示可步行性的空间分异特征,为城市街道更新与步行环境优化提供科学依据。
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