Special: Campus as Landscape

Design Characteristics of Campus Pedestrian Spaces of Comprehensive Universities in Singapore

  • LIU Yanhan , 1 ,
  • HE Zhuoshu , 1, * ,
  • ZHANG Ye , 2
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  • 1 College of Design and Engineering, National University of Singapore
  • 2 School of Architecture, Tsinghua University

LIU Yanhan is Ph.D. candidate in the College of Design and Engineering, National University of Singapore. Her research focuses on urban public space, intergenerational interaction, and multigenerational community planning

HE Zhuoshu is teaching assistant (educator track) in the College of Design and Engineering, National University of Singapore, and a guest researcher of spatial planning and strategy at Delft University of Technology. His research focuses on urban morphology, neighborhood social mix planning, and urban diversity

ZHANG Ye, Ph.D., is tenured associate professor and doctoral supervisor in the School of Architecture, Tsinghua University, and adjunct associate professor in the College of Design and Engineering, National University of Singapore. His research focuses on urban design and theory, urban morphology, urban public space, and sharing cities

Received date: 2025-06-05

  Revised date: 2025-10-28

  Online published: 2025-12-26

Copyright

Copyright © 2025 Landscape Architecture. All rights reserved.

Abstract

[Objective] The quality of pedestrian environments is a crucial component of campus planning for comprehensive universities. As contemporary higher education increasingly emphasizes interdisciplinary communication, well-designed pedestrian environments can help foster interaction, strengthen campus identity, and promote active mobility. However, a great deal of research has identified the pedestrian-unfriendly conditions of university campuses in China, particularly those constructed in recent decades. Most empirical research has focus on sidewalks in campuses, while overlooking the characteristics and qualities of pedestrian spaces within squares, green spaces, and void spaces, revealing the limitations of quantitative evaluation. The lack of systematic characterization in existing studies also limits their applicability as practical guidances for campus pedestrian planning, in which urban design plays an integrative role. Therefore, a systematic spatial and design analysis of exemplary cases is needed. Singapore stands out for its well-developed pedestrian networks that effectively respond to tropical climatic conditions, support placemaking, and integrate with campus and urban systems. These qualities are particularly evident in its two comprehensive universities: the National University of Singapore (NUS) and Nanyang Technological University (NTU). This research examines the spatial and design characteristics of pedestrian spaces in NUS and NTU, aiming to extract strategies applicable to campus regeneration. The research first establishes a framework through a literature review that synthesizes key factors related to campus pedestrian environments and distinctive characteristics of Singapore’s pedestrian planning. Building on this framework, the research combines quantitative spatial analysis with qualitative mapping, on-site observation, and design analysis to identify the configurational and design characteristics of pedestrian spaces in the campuses of the both universities mentioned above. The findings further inform a discussion on design and management strategies for improving pedestrian environments in other universities.
[Methods] This research employs a mixed-methods approach for analyzing the design characteristics of pedestrian spaces. First, the research establishes an analysis framework based on a literature review. The review summarizes key spatial factors related to pedestrian on the campus from the perspectives of international research and distinctive characteristics of Singapore’s pedestrian system. The framework comprises four dimensions: overall spatial layout, public space design and placemaking, landscape integration, and infrastructural application. Second, on-site observation, spatial analysis and design analysis are conducted to unpack the characteristics of the campuses of the both universities. Specifically, observation comprises photography, measurement, hand sketching and mapping. Design characteristics are summarized in an inductive approach, according to the four-dimensional framework. In particular, to analyze the overall spatial layout, comprehensive mapping and configurational analysis are conducted. Mapping overlays walking spaces with campus functional layout and transportation systems. Based on the space syntax theory, a configurational analysis is conducted to measure the spatial relationships between one pedestrian space to another. This research employs two classical parameters, integration and choice, to measure to-potential and through-potential of each pedestrian space in relating to other spaces at local (400 m radius) and district (2,000 m radius) scales.
[Results] The analysis reveals that both NUS and NTU develop comprehensive pedestrian systems characterized by the above four aspects, overall layout, public space, landscape integration, and infrastructural application. First, continuous networks of covered walkways connect academic, residential, and service functions, as well as public transport nodes. The compact built form of the campuses of the both universities shortens pedestrian distance, promotes pedestrian activities, and makes pedestrian systems more efficient. Public transport routes are accessible to the campuses and share stops with campus shuttle, well-connected with covered walkways. Major covered walkways are laid out effectively to support local pedestrian activities, shown by high 400 m Choice values. While campus roads are supportive to the public transport for accessing to the campuses, shown by 2,000 m Choice. Besides, special attention should be paid to relations between multiple types of pedestrian spaces and campus roads and the configurational legibility of pedestrian spaces. Second, pedestrian spaces at NUS and NTU are characterized by their public space design and placemaking, which extend pedestrian nodes into multifunctional places that support studying, social interaction, and leisure. These node spaces are equipped with diverse forms of seats, lights, plants and equipment for better thermal comfort, encouraging encounter and stay. In particular, maintaining pedestrian spaces, both paths and nodes, at a human scale is crucial not only for users’ comfort while staying, but also for minimumizing impact on nature. Third, landscape integration balances aesthetic design with ecological and environmental performance. Shaded corridors, rain gardens, and terrain-responsive pathways enhance thermal comfort, support stormwater management, and strengthen ecological sustainability, while preserving the natural terrain and reinforcing campus identity. Fourth, infrastructure application comprises pedestrian-friendly elements and climate-responsive design. Natural ventilation, canopies, and semi-open transitions enhance microclimatic comfort, while durable materials, modular drainage systems, and traffic-calming measures improve accessibility, safety, and long-term maintainability. Despite these strengths, challenges persist, such as narrow pedestrian routes and limited connectivity with adjacent neighborhoods. Nevertheless, the two Singapore examples illustrate how progressive infill and adaptive design renewal can transform pedestrian systems into cohesive, efficient, and socially vibrant pedestrian environments.
[Conclusion] NUS and NTU demonstrate effective coverage of pedestrian spaces for core university functions with limited investment. Moreover, design strategies integrating pedestrian spaces with campus functions, public spaces, landscape resources, and transport systems can create walkable, vibrant, multi-functional and thermally comfortable pedestrian environments. Beyond spatial layout and design, the study offers more insights for universities subject to regeneration, particularly in China. First, despite different campus form, pedestrian space can be incrementally integrate with teaching and research spaces, amenities, and public transport. Second, creating vibrant pedestrian spaces and fostering placemaking of public space require accessible campus for pedestrian and open building public and transport spaces. A new Town & Gown relationship comprising accessible campus, shared facilities and open buildings means new management paradigms. Third, a compact building layout combined with human-scale public spaces forms the spatial foundation for active pedestrian space. This is achievable through the innovation of climate-response design elements, even under the current sunlight code of China. Fourth, digital analytical tools, such as behavioral tracking and environmental monitoring, can support participatory planning and performance evaluation. Successful campus pedestrian systems emerge from the coordination of spatial design, institutional management, and functional programming.

Cite this article

LIU Yanhan , HE Zhuoshu , ZHANG Ye . Design Characteristics of Campus Pedestrian Spaces of Comprehensive Universities in Singapore[J]. Landscape Architecture, 2025 , 32(12) : 96 -104 . DOI: 10.3724/j.fjyl.LA20250341

校园步行空间不仅承载交通功能,更对激发校园活力、倡导绿色出行有重要作用。大学校园是空间育人的载体和面向未来的设计实验室[1],在当代高等教育日益强调跨学科交流的背景下,宜人的步行环境促进师生交流、强化场所认同[2],对综合性大学教育和创新的价值日益凸显[3]。提升校园可步行性(walkability)、鼓励步行也有助于师生员工增加体力活动,带动全社会向“慢行(如步行、自行车)+公交”的可持续交通方式转型。
然而,中国大学校园(尤其是新建校园)步行环境建设仍存在较多问题,制约了步行空间在支撑日常交流与公共活动方面的作用。相关研究指出了校园步行空间普遍存在的问题,如片面追求平面构图形式而忽视了可步行性,公共空间尺度过大、步行流线过长,缺乏步行友好设施、休憩设施等[4-6]
随着中国高校校园建设进入以品质提升为核心的存量更新阶段[7],系统解析国际典型案例的步行空间设计特征,对中国高校校园规划与更新有重要的参照意义。新加坡作为高密度热带城市国家,其高温、烈日、潮湿、强降雨的气候条件对鼓励“慢行+公交”形成显著挑战。新加坡在商业中心区、组屋住区(公共住宅区)、高教科研园区等环境下,都构建了覆盖面广、与建筑和用地高度整合、适应气候挑战的公共步行系统,其设计实践具有启示意义[8-9]
在此背景下,本研究选择新加坡2所知名综合性大学的主校园——新加坡国立大学肯特岗校区(Kent Ridge Campus, National University of Singapore,简称NUS)和南洋理工大学云南园校区(Yunnan Garden Campus, Nanyang Technological University,简称NTU)作为分析步行空间设计特征的案例。案例选择基于3点考量:1)相较于欧美大学,NUS和NTU在用地模式、师生活动方式、周边环境等方面与中国综合性大学更具可比性,包括独立校园用地、高比例校内住宿、集中食堂就餐、公交主导通勤、中高密度周边环境等;2)空间结构方面,两校与中国大多数新建校园类似,均以环路组织车行交通,但塑造了活跃的步行环境,对中国大学校园步行环境改造提升参考性较强;3)在建筑形态方面,NUS和NTU差异显著,为设计分析提供了互补性视角。
本研究首先回顾校园步行环境相关研究,总结影响校园步行的环境因素,指出设计分析的必要性;并梳理新加坡步行系统规划的理论与实践特征。其次,基于上述理论建构,综合运用实地调研、图析、空间分析与设计要素分析方法,解析NUS和NTU步行空间的规划设计特征。最后,总结并讨论新加坡典型案例对中国校园步行空间规划、改造、管理的适应性启示。

1 校园步行环境相关研究

当前国内外校园步行环境研究主要分为4类:1)相关性研究,即检验建成环境指标与步行行为的关系[1-2, 10-11];2)调查研究,包括调查使用者对各影响因素重要性的评估[12-13],或对校园步行环境的主观评价[4, 14-18];3)评价研究,即调整现有城市可步行性评价工具并应用于校园[19-21];4)文本与案例研究,包括校园规划文件综述[22-24]、实践回顾[25-26]和案例引介[5, 27-29]
过往研究的定量实证证据主要涉及4个方面。1)步行系统整体布局的便捷性。相关性研究显示,步道交叉口密度提高与步行距离及分担率提高显著相关[10];道路到教学、服务和居住功能的邻近性及路径便捷性与人流量显著相关[2]。调查研究显示,多路径选择、捷径设置和与公交的衔接对步行意愿较重要[12-13],校园组团间的连通性、宿舍到各功能区的便捷度和人行道可达性的主观感受与步行环境评价相关性最高[4, 30];功能混合和尽端路少的主观感受与积极的步行活动相关[15]。2)步行空间的设计特征支撑公共活动场所的营造。相关性研究显示沿街建筑数量及透明性、街道家具、行道树与道路人流量显著相关[2];步道和周边建筑的视线联系与通勤型步行行为显著相关[1]。调查研究显示步行环境中的服务、休闲设施和绿地空间对步行意愿较重要[13]。3)绿地景观资源的利用或塑造对步行环境的优化。相关性研究显示,遮阴条件和特色景观要素与休闲型步行行为显著相关[1]。调查研究显示,步道趣味性和绿地数量的主观感受与步行环境评价的相关性较高[30];环境优美的主观感受与积极的步行活动相关[15];步行空间周边建筑的积极立面、绿化植被、遮阴条件和景观小品对步行体验有正向作用[31]。4)步行友好设计要素(如减速带、安全岛)或气候适应性设计要素(如遮阳、通风、防雨构造)的特征对步行舒适度的提升。调查研究显示,人行道、标识系统、遮阴条件、照明设施、人车冲突缓和措施对步行意愿较重要[12-13, 32]。另外,现有校园步行环境研究多聚焦炎热或多雨地区[10, 13],这反映出此类气候条件对步行环境构成显著挑战。
尽管现有研究在校园步行环境的定量实证方面取得一定进展,但仍缺少系统分析步行空间设计特征的典例研究。具体而言,现有实证研究多聚焦于道路红线内的人行道,相对忽略了一些同样重要的步行空间,如步行连廊、绿地中的步道,以及架空层和室外公共空间等。这些空间因特征和空间品质不易量化,较少被纳入分析框架。而在校园规划实践中,这些空间也需要以城市设计为工具进行优化[29],故而案例研究和设计分析在步行环境研究中不可或缺。与此同时,现有案例研究在分析的全面性、系统性和深度方面均存在不足,制约了对规划设计的参考价值。因此,本研究选取典型校园步行空间案例,使用混合方法进行设计特征分析。

2 新加坡城市步行系统规划设计的理论与实践

在高密度城市中,新加坡城市步行系统在应对高温多雨气候、提升步行体验、整合城市系统等方面独具特色,并贯彻于大学校园规划建设中。其演化可追溯至19世纪40年代至20世纪中叶广泛建设的骑楼型街屋 (shophouse),骑楼进深多为5尺(约1.5 m),故称“五脚基”[33]。20世纪60—70年代新加坡建国初期,本土设计师们提出了一系列城市设计策略,如架空的巨构综合体(“城市客厅”)、有盖顶步行系统及轨道交通导向开发。这些策略回应了热带气候,探索了东亚高密度城市化的新模式,甚至塑造了新加坡的城市特色与国家认同[34]。20世纪70年代起,建屋发展局(Housing Development Board)在高层组屋采用底层开放空间(Void Deck),最初为了通风、防水,后来逐渐成为邻里日常联系、举行公共和社会活动的空间[35]。20世纪80年代末,组屋社区通过更新规划开始逐步增设有盖顶步道及连廊(covered walkways and linkways),以加强邻里连结和公交站点接驳[36]
新加坡城市步行系统的特点主要体现在4个方面。
第一,基于炎热多雨气候,以“10分钟社区”的理念拓展有盖顶步行空间,提高公共服务设施的步行可达性[9]。2013—2018年实施的“Walk2Ride”项目新增了200 km有盖顶步道(原为46 km),将覆盖范围从原本的地铁站周边200 m延伸至地铁站周边400 m,及公交站点周边200 m的组屋、学校、医疗等设施[37]。新加坡计划于2040年前再新增150 km的站点周边有盖顶步道,并重点建设地下步行网络(underground pedestrian network)[38-39]
第二,步行系统及公共空间与不同功能、权属用地高度整合,这主要得益于一系列公私合作机制和城市设计要求的推动。代表性的强制性要求有:都市重建局(Urban Redevelopment Authority)要求在特定城市设计区内,商业或商住混合开发项目临街面须设置不低于规定净宽、净高的有盖顶步道,并划定了须布置提升活力的功能(activity generative uses)、穿越街区的通道(through-block link)及有盖顶私有公共空间(Privately Owned Public Spaces)的位置[9, 40]——上述空间符合一定条件可不计入容积率[41]
第三,步行系统与绿地景观逐步融合。新加坡城市建设长期融合热带都市主义(Tropical Urbanism)与景观都市主义(Landscape Urbanism)理念。前者在强调建筑防雨、降温等气候适应性设计的基础上,更注重以高密度布局提高交通效率与土地利用率,减少温室气体排放,保护绿地、水体,缓解热岛效应。后者则主张生态系统与城市功能、交通等其他系统协同规划。这些理念体现在新加坡从“花园城市”到“花园中的城市”的国家战略演进中[42],如在特定高密度区域,新建项目或须提供用地面积70%~100%的绿化,并设定了一系列强制性或鼓励性公共景观设计导则[43]。这些理念也落实于绿道系统(Park Connector Network)的建设上。
第四,逐步推进既有道路步行友好改造,应用并改良步行友好设计要素[44-45],优先在50个老龄化社区开展集中试点(如Silver Zone项目)[38]
综上,现有研究指出了校园步行环境的4个基本方面——整体布局的便捷性、公共空间营造、景观利用和塑造,以及步行友好和气候适应性设计要素的应用。新加坡步行系统规划建设的特色同样体现在提高步行系统覆盖率,整合不同功能、权属的用地,融合绿地景观,推进步行友好改造4个方面——这些特色也被贯彻到了综合性大学的规划设计中。

3 NUS和NTU校园步行空间设计特征

基于上述整体布局、公共空间营造、景观融合、设施与构造4个方面,笔者通过实地调研,系统解析NUS和NTU校园步行空间设计特征,力求将复杂设计问题解构为可操作、调适与组合的要素,促进研究与实践的联结[46-47]
2所大学步行空间均在数十年的加建与更新中不断完善(表1)。NUS于1969年由荷兰建筑师范·恩姆登(S. J. van Embden)主持总体规划,1973—1986年建成校园各主要组团的雏形,其规划结构延续至今[48]。1955年南洋大学在云南园建立,20世纪80年代初,南洋大学与新加坡大学合并为新加坡国立大学,后南洋理工大学于南洋大学校址组建。1986年,丹下健三主持规划了NTU集中轴线式新区。接下来的数十年,除2011年NUS北侧集中建设了大学城(University Town)外,两校均在原空间结构下逐步加建、更新建筑、景观及步行空间。
表1 新加坡国立大学和南洋理工大学校园概况

Tab. 1 Outline of National University of Singapore and Nanyang Technological University campuses

校园 新加坡国立大学肯特岗校区 南洋理工大学云南园校区
占地面积约150 hm2约200 hm2
学生人数全校约29 800名本科生,13 900名研究生(其中约2 000名学生不在该校区)全校约24 800名本科生,12 700名研究生
功能布局教学科研建筑按学部分为若干组团,生活、运动设施穿插其中教学科研区相对集中,与生活、运动设施形成功能分区
建筑形态自由式、阶梯布局轴线式与环形布局结合
地形丘陵洼地、坡地
区位及周边用地
(容积率)
位于中央规划区西部,周边为纬壹科技城(3~7)、新加坡科学城(2~3)、组屋社区(2.8~3.5)、小住宅和公寓(1~2)、学校、城市绿地位于建成区边缘、毗邻西部集水区(自然保护区),周边为组屋社区(2.8)、裕廊工业园(1.4~2.5)

3.1 整体布局:步行空间整合校园功能、交通系统

为分析步行空间整体布局,笔者对校园步行空间与建筑、功能、交通系统进行图析(mapping)与叠合[49],并进一步使用空间句法剖析其组构(configuration)特征[50]。图析针对城市的各系统和要素类型分层分析,以揭示其结构和形态特征[49]。而空间句法简明、定量地描述空间网络中某一节点与其他节点之间的空间关系(即组构)[50]。空间句法和同类空间网络分析方法被广泛运用于分析各种城乡肌理的步行网络布局。一些研究显示空间句法适用于高校校园环境,并对步行行为有一定预测性[2, 18, 51-52]。本研究使用了空间句法的2个经典变量——选择度(choice)与整合度(integration)分别表征通过型和目的型交通的组构潜力,并基于适宜步行的距离设置了局部(400 m网络半径)和区域(2 000 m网络半径)2个分析尺度。对于整合度与选择度,局部与区域尺度的相关性表征步行网络的可理解性(intelligibility),高可理解性表征局部与区域尺度的空间结构较一致,从而步行者能较容易推断方向[53]
NUS与NTU建筑布局均较为紧凑,有效缩短步行距离,促进步行活动,提高步行空间使用效率。两校均将重要的共享设施布置在各院系之间,作为跨学科交流的纽带。高覆盖率的有盖顶步行空间进一步实现科研教学、生活居住与公共服务功能的高效连接(图1)。建筑之间加建的风雨连廊大多采用较为经济的材料和构造形式,得以形成高覆盖率系统。在步行尺度上,两校的有盖顶步行空间在组构上表现出较高的步行尺度通过型交通潜力(局部选择度高),说明这些空间提供了便捷的日常通行路径,成为高活力空间的形态基础(图2-1)。
图1 步行空间与建筑功能、交通及服务设施图析

Fig. 1 Mapping pedestrian spaces with building functions, transport systems and service amenities

图2 步行空间局部与区域尺度(400 m与2 000 m半径)空间组构分析

Fig. 2 Configurational analysis at local and district scales (400 m and 2,000 m radii) of pedestrian spaces

两校均采用“公交进校园”策略,实现校巴与城市公交的站点共享,并用步行空间衔接校园建筑与公交站点。这一设计特征缩短了步行距离,提升了炎热多雨气候下“公交+慢行”出行的便利性和舒适性。两校道路均有较高的区域尺度通过型交通潜力(区域选择度高),为公交连结校园内部与周边社区提供了形态基础(图2-2)。
值得注意的是,应谨慎处理各类步行空间与校园道路的关系。NUS的空中连廊布置较为克制且适度绕行,避免削弱地面层街道活力(图1-1)。NUS校园核心区及各组团主要步行空间均有较高的到达型步行交通潜力(局部整合度较高),步行空间与道路连接紧密(图2-3)。相较而言,NTU核心区的主要步行轴线是内向型的,功能界面朝内、面向中庭,主要活动平面抬升至二层,与环路及首层停车场形成人车分流。这导致主要步行轴线与周边道路、室外步道缺乏整合,削弱了外部空间活力[54]。同时,主要步行轴线可达性不足,体现在到达型步行交通潜力不高(局部整合度不高,图2-3)。
考虑到校园使用群体相对固定,步行空间结构是否需要便于找寻方向是存在争议的。NUS步行空间在组构上的可理解性比NTU更强(局部与区域整合度、选择度相关性更高,图3),但实际体验中局部存在主次空间尺度层级不明确、方向和标识系统不清晰的问题,如一些人流量大或选择度高的空间尺度狭小。
图3 步行空间在局部(400 m半径)和区域(2 000 m半径)尺度的选择度(3-1)及整合度(3-2)散点图

Fig. 3 Scatter plots of local (400 m radius) and district (2,000m radius) choice (3-1) and integration (3-2) of pedestrian spaces

3.2 公共空间:在步行节点营造丰富且活跃的场所

NUS与NTU的校园建筑设置了大量开敞的建筑公共空间(如架空空间、半室内灰空间),增强自然通风,应对高温多雨气候,鼓励步行,促进交往(图4)。步行空间也与之结合,形成承载复合功能(通行、讨论、自习、餐饮等)的公共活动节点。具体而言,步行空间与教学、科研空间形成功能混合、透明度高且形态多样的界面,并在节点(如局部整合度或选择度较高的空间)布置共享功能(如咖啡店、便利店、还书点)。复合的功能吸引使用者停留,透明的界面提高视线互动概率,丰富的形态、界面变化增加使用者偶遇、交流的机会。这契合综合性大学日益强调跨学科交流、孕育创新的目标[3]
图4 步行空间的公共空间营造设计特征

Fig. 4 Design characteristics of placemaking in pedestrian spaces

同时,步行节点空间配置了丰富的设计要素,如桌椅、景观小品、微气候调节设施等。这些设计要素增加空间细节,支撑不同形式的公共活动,提升空间活力,还作为标志物提高空间可识别性。
实地估测典型步行空间后发现,2个校园均注重步行空间尺度的控制和节制。NUS纯通行连廊净高约3~4 m,宽1.5~3.0 m;节点空间净高5~8 m,宽5.0~10.0 m;室外步道宽1.5~4.0 m。NTU大轴线将空间切分为 180 m和230 m长的2段,以30°相交;主要活动层宽度小于25 m,配合退台形式通风采光。人性化尺度的步行空间既为使用者带来舒适的停留体验,又与丘陵、缓坡地形取得协调,减少对植被的破坏,还避免净高过大影响遮阳避雨的效果。

3.3 景观融合:创造性运用景观资源融入步行空间体验

在校园总体规划层面,NUS和NTU均注重生态斑块的保护[55]。如NUS保留中央丘陵(南部山脊的一部分),形成生态绿廊衔接城市绿道。生态保育有助于降温、形成微气候,提高步行环境的热舒适度,还保持了景观格局的完整性,成为校园外绿地系统、绿道系统的有机组成部分。
在具体的空间设计层面,两校均重视景观资源与步行空间的融合,将热舒适调节、造景与场所营造相结合(图5)。NUS图书馆天桥设在环路最高处,兼顾便捷性和视野,两侧形成借景,并保留原生岩石作为景观。NUS教育资源中心保留大树,利用高差,以置景、障景、对景塑造标志性、场所感。NTU大尺度主轴线以大树障景,并以植物界定尺度亲切的空间。这些设计特征起到引入景观资源、形成标志物以提高空间特色和可识别性、丰富空间层次和细节、使空间尺度更适宜停留等作用。但两校也仍有一些核心步行空间未能利用景观资源或配置设施创造功能复合的场所,如NTU的一些高局部整合度有盖顶步道,总体规划也指出了这个问题[55]
图5 步行空间的景观融合设计特征

Fig. 5 Design characteristics of landscape integration in pedestrian spaces

3.4 构造与设施:应用气候适应性和步行友好设计要素

校园建筑与步行空间广泛使用适应炎热多雨气候的构造与设计要素(图6)。早期校园建筑有较多自然通风采光的空间,但后来依赖机械通风而趋于封闭。近年来,新加坡积极倡导热带可持续设计理念,并贯彻到校园建筑与步行空间的设计中。通过综合运用被动式设计(如遮阳构造、垂直绿化)与主动设备(如电扇、混合冷却系统),平衡热舒适性与减碳目标[56]。同时,步行空间设计也兼顾炎热多雨气候下的耐久性,并重点完善排水构造(如阶梯式明沟、卵石落水缓冲带、退台式花坛、结合垂直绿化的雨水降温系统)以减缓径流、滞蓄雨水并与景观结合。但也有局部设计片面追求造型表现,忽视迅速排水的需求,如NUS教育资源中心的非线性中庭存在这样的不足。
图6 步行空间的构造与设施应用设计特征

Fig. 6 Design characteristics of infrastructure application in pedestrian spaces

两校在校园道路综合应用步行友好设施与设计要素(图6)。道路线形规划融入了交通宁静化理念。在易发生人车冲突的道路节点设置步行友好设施(如红色铺装、缓坡带、减速带、过街人行岛),提高行人(尤其是过街行人)的安全感和舒适度,提示驾驶员行人优先,引导机动车限速及在人行横道处减速。但两校道路在步行友好方面仍有不足:一方面一些大尺度环岛影响了行人过街便捷度;另一方面道路红线宽度普遍较窄(12~15 m,局部仅10 m),虽尺度宜人,但人行道宽度常不足1.5 m,部分路段甚至无双侧人行道,也无非机动车道。新加坡过去对自行车、滑板车等慢行交通方式缺乏重视,在当代城市交通倡导整合多模式以提升街道活力的背景下[57],现有道路宽度制约了路权重新分配与设施优化设计。

4 讨论

NUS和NTU的步行空间特征及配套管理体系对中国综合性大学校园(尤其是新建校园)的规划设计与改造更新有一定启示。
在整体布局方面,NUS和NTU案例表明,不同的空间布局形式均可通过加建连廊、拓展公共空间、打开封闭空间等设计手段,初步构建步行系统,并引导新建建筑与既有步行空间相衔接。即使在教育部与NUS权属用地交错的大学城,也通过建立各利益主体协作的公私伙伴机制(public-private partnership),协调设计方案与实施,确保了步行空间的连续性。此外,2个校园均允许行人和公交穿行,实现公交与校巴站点一体化,还向社会共享校园设施(如博物馆、演艺中心、运动设施、绿道),提高经济和社会效益。这些开放共享的空间模式涉及跨部门协同管理协作与细致的安全责任界定等校园空间管理理念。
然而,对NUS与NTU而言,城市与校园(Town & Gown)空间互动仍然不足。尽管校园开放且校园道路穿越型交通潜力大(区域选择度高),但校园与周边社区连通路径较少,仅部分边缘道路目的型交通潜力较高(区域整合度较高,图2-4)。中国高校也面临类似问题,不仅如此,封闭式管理的校园还形成步行渗透性差的超尺度街区,对周边的步行环境产生消极影响。未来大学校园除增强向行人开放的力度,还可在校园边界局部植入混合功能界面,提升空间共享与街道活力。
紧凑集约的建筑布局是活跃、高效步行系统的基础。新加坡地处热带,在高密度布局(NUS大学城容积率达到1.5[58])下仍能保证一定的日照。而中国大部分地区需兼顾冬季日照需求,对高密度布局形成挑战。亚热带地区如珠三角一些地方已在探索地方法规创新,在满足使用者合理冬季日照需求的同时,提高空间集约程度。探索被动式设计和主动技术的创新,也有助于空间集约兼顾采光。
在公共空间营造方面,NUS与NTU步行空间的活力得益于和建筑的密切互动关系,尤其是建筑公共空间的开放与共享(多数建筑没有“大门”,通过电子门禁及监控系统实行管理)。而中国高校普遍采用“校门—楼宇—功能用房”三级门禁体系。增强空间活力、增加空间共享程度意味着全新的校园管理理念和系统。而在尺度上,NUS与NTU大部分步行空间与中国湿热地区的很多新建校园形成反差:如珠三角地区部分新建校园常见脱离功能界面或活动空间的超尺度空廊(经估测长达60~80 m,净高8 m以上)和校园轴线(经估测长达300~500 m,宽60~100 m),造成了空间与造价浪费、覆盖率低、难以适应亚热带湿热气候(遮阳防雨效果欠佳)、空间活力不足等问题[6, 18]
在景观融合及构造与设施应用方面,两校步行空间虽然创造性融合景观要素,广泛运用气候适应性设计要素,综合应用步行友好设施以优化步行环境,但仍有很多局部存在不足,需要持续性的空间介入。近年来两校均开始将新技术和新数据用于采集、分析人流量与微气候数据,识别有潜力营造公共空间的步行节点,或辅助步行空间改造策略和环境要素设计。不仅如此,数字化手段更应用于构建师生参与校园规划过程的平台,而步行环境评价与步行空间规划是一个很好的契机[28]

5 结论

本研究基于步行环境的4个关键方面,即整体布局、公共空间营造、景观融合、设施与构造,通过实地调研、图析、空间组构分析等方法,对2所新加坡综合性大学校园(NUS和NTU)的公共步行空间进行了空间分析和设计特征解析。1)在整体布局方面,两校依托紧凑的建筑布局与校巴-公交共享站点,采用经济耐久的材料构造形式,以有限成本实现了步行空间对主要校园建筑和交通站点的有效覆盖,提高了高温多雨气候条件下步行的便捷性和舒适度。2)在公共空间营造方面,两校利用通透开敞的建筑公共空间,使步行空间节点与建筑形成功能复合、形态多样的空间关系。通过配置丰富的设计要素,并控制空间的人性化尺度,营造出适宜停留的场所,为鼓励师生交流、承载公共活动、培育创新提供了空间载体。3)在景观融合方面,两校在保护大面积生态斑块的基础上,将景观资源与要素系统融入步行空间的布局与设计,将热舒适调节、造景与场所营造有机结合。这些设计特征软化了空间界面,增加了空间细节,使步行空间更适宜停留,从而增强空间活力。4)在构造与设施方面,两校在建筑与步行空间广泛采用了适应炎热多雨气候特征的被动式设计要素,辅以必要的主动式设备,平衡热舒适与低碳目标,并兼顾了耐久性与经济性。同时,校园道路设计集成了步行友好设施与设计要素,提升行人的安全感和舒适度。然而,本研究也指出NUS和NTU校园步行空间存在局部不足,如校园与周边社区连通路径和空间互动有限,部分主轴线内的步行空间与外部道路及室外步道缺乏整合,一些核心步行空间的景观融合与设施配置不足,局部气候适应设计和步行友好设施有待完善等。
本研究结合中国综合性大学的校园现状,对比NUS和NTU的步行空间特征,得到4点实践启示:1)提升校园与建筑尺度的空间开放共享程度,有助于步行空间的连续性和空间活力,但需要配套管理理念与模式的改变;2)加强校园与周边社区的空间互动和功能融合,能提升周边区域的可步行性,这要求对校园边界用地和连接路径进行精细规划;3)集约化建筑布局是构建高效步行系统的基础,但须兼顾日照和采光要求;4)应引入新技术,赋能步行节点识别、空间改造评估与规划参与过程。

致谢(Acknowledgments):

感谢专题学术主持人和匿名审稿专家对本文提出的宝贵意见和建议。

表1由作者根据两校官方网站、2019年新加坡总体规划整理(现状截至2023年底);其余图、表均由作者拍摄、绘制。

1、界定了校园步行环境的4个关键方面——整体布局、公共空间营造、景观融合与设施构造,系统分析了新加坡2所综合性大学步行空间的组构与设计特征,为大学步行系统的设计与更新提供参照。

2、通过案例研究,阐明集约化布局下,通过各类步行空间与校园功能、交通系统紧密衔接,形成多样化的空间界面和形态,融合自然与景观要素,结合气候适应、步行友好设计要素,为校园的步行空间兼顾交通、活力与热舒适性的设计与更新提供参考。

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