Research on Poetic and Painterly Implications of Famous Mountain Scenic Areas and Generative Mechanisms Thereof: A Case Study of Hanyan − Mingyan Scenic Area in Tiantai, Zhejiang Province
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YE Sen gained his doctoral degree in Beijing Forestry University. His research focuses on landscape planning and design, and history and theory of landscape architecture |
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DONG Cong, Ph.D., is a professor in the School of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University. His research focuses on form of architecture and landscape, design theory and method of modern architecture, and design of ancient Chinese architecture |
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LIU Xiaoming, Ph.D., is chief engineer of Beijing Binfenjiuzhou Eco-technology Co., Ltd. His research focuses on history and theory of landscape architecture, and landscape planning and design |
Received date: 2023-11-11
Revised date: 2024-06-16
Online published: 2025-12-17
Copyright
Exemplified by the private gardens in Jiangnan Region during Ming and Qing dynasties, traditional Chinese gardens are renowned for their intricate layouts, refined details, and profound implications. They are acclaimed as “three-dimensional paintings and silent poems”, exhibiting a significant affinity with poetry, literature, painting, and even musical arts. Landscape poetry and painting, in particular, have been highly abstracted, refined, and sublimated by scholars throughout the ages, based on their experiences of appreciating natural landscapes. These works transcend mere depictions of natural landscapes, incorporating scholars’ personal experiences, emotions, and aesthetics into reinterpretations. Various aspects of traditional private gardens in Jiangnan, encompassing rockery arrangements, water feature design, architectural layout, plant cultivation, couplets, plaques, and even home bonsai, can be perceived as continuations of this reinterpretation process in the realm of engineering. Consequently, poetry and painting arts serve as the spiritual bridge between natural landscapes and “urban forests”. While extensive research has explored the interconnection and intertextuality between poetry, painting, and urban gardens, investigations into the exploration and expression of poetic and artistic conceptions in natural landscapes, particularly in renowned mountain scenic areas, remain relatively scarce. Therefore, it is imperative to clarify the specific derivation process of the gardening technique of “emulation of nature” by identifying a well-known natural wonder among traditional famous mountain scenic areas that is adorned by scholars’ poems and paintings throughout history.
This research centers on the natural wonder of Hanyan − Mingyan Scenic Area. Rooted in landscape architecture, the research relies heavily on historical research and theories. The research is conducted through on-site surveying and mapping utilizing such methods as oblique photography, three-dimensional modeling, and field reconnaissance.
The inherent natural endowment of the “Ten-mile Iron Armor Dragon” (“Shilitiejialong”), where Hanyan − Mingyan Scenic Area is situated, attracts hermits and fosters the creation of Hanshan poetry and Mingyan paintings. Conversely, literary and artistic creations further invigorates and deepens the “anthropomorphic” aspect of local scenery, encompassing the so-called “naturalization of humans” and “humanization of nature”. These two aspects reinforce each other, ultimately achieving the apex state of “poetic and artistic nature”, which provides inexhaustible inspiration and nourishment for the creation of the “urban forest” among the bureaucratic class. The motif of “Snow on Cold Rock”, popular since Song Dynasty, along with the summaries of “poetic materials” and “painting materials” by scholars in Ming Dynasty, has elevated and refined the aesthetic cognition of landscapes to the realm of “harmony between heaven and man”. This has become an integral component of the aesthetic value of the renowned Tiantai Mountain Scenic Area. Relying on their superior natural endowments, traditional famous mountain scenic areas in China gradually evolve and improve with the progressive enhancement of their development and openness throughout the ages. In the process of deepening their epistemological understanding, the literati and scholar-bureaucrats of the time often engage in the “disembodied cognition” process, wherein aesthetic subjects cognize landscape objects through poetry, calligraphy, painting, and other creative expressions. Their diverse worldviews, life outlooks, and values as “social beings” give rise to diverse aspects of landscape aesthetics deconstruction and distinct expression styles. The aesthetic value of famous mountain scenic areas is derived from the commonalities extracted from all these deconstructions and expressions. Scholars apply the aesthetic experience garnered from appreciating the poetry and painting works of their predecessors or directly visiting the sites to the engineering practices of urban private garden construction. This transition represents a leap from “disembodied cognition” to “embodied cognition”. If captivating natural landscapes and artificial pavilions and temples constitute the “two facets of the same coin” in terms of the natural and humanistic attributes of famous mountain scenic areas, then the process of interpreting and deconstructing them through literary and artistic works may serve as a bridge and link that introduces them into the “human world”. The “re-cognition” and “re-interpretation” of landscape by the general public, based on literary and artistic works, continuously generate newer and deeper aesthetic understandings that can guide urban construction practices. Simultaneously, this may also enrich the cultural connotation of the original scenic areas from both material and spiritual dimensions, forming a complete positive feedback loop from beginning to end.
By analyzing the symbiotic relationship between humanities and natural landscapes, this research summarizes the interaction and positive feedback mechanism between the natural endowments of Hanyan − Mingyan Scenic Area and relevant literary and artistic creation. This approach is pivotal in elucidating the specific evolutionary process of the traditional gardening technique of “ emulation of nature”, and can offer insights into the rational development and utilization of the tourism resources of Hanyan − Mingyan Scenic Area. Furthermore, it can foster a novel integration of culture and tourism in “Poetic and Artistic Tiantai” and “Poetic and Artistic Zhejiang”, thereby promoting regional industrial upgrading.
Sen YE , Cong DONG , Xiaoming LIU . Research on Poetic and Painterly Implications of Famous Mountain Scenic Areas and Generative Mechanisms Thereof: A Case Study of Hanyan − Mingyan Scenic Area in Tiantai, Zhejiang Province[J]. Landscape Architecture, 2024 , 31(8) : 130 -138 . DOI: 10.3724/j.fjyl.202311110512
图3 明岩区域三维实景(方向从东南望向西北)Fig. 3 Three-dimensional real scene of Mingyan Scenic Area (viewing from southeast to northwest) |
图4 明岩峡谷三段式空间序列示意Fig. 4 Schematic diagram of three-segment spatial sequence of Mingyan Canyon |
表1 明岩景区历朝名景一览Table 1 List of famous scenery in Mingyan Scenic Area |
| 景名 | 景点简介 |
| 注:a)齐召南在天台县城五关里的私宅名为“宝纶堂”(今已湮灭,原址现为城关镇第二小学),取“满腹经纶”意,齐召南《宝纶堂诗钞》《宝纶堂文钞》《宝纶堂集古录》等著作便是在此撰就。据周边乡民回忆,宝纶堂三进院落坐北向南,堂门东开,采用天台传统手工艺“一根藤”制作;入门为小天井,内为书房(正堂)及道地,后有二层平地楼,为主人起居之所;二进院落道地东侧开月洞门,过则为宅园(“息园”),园内北有桂花树一株,南有古槐一株,东侧照壁下有长方形鱼池一口,名为“桂花井”(今在城关二小操场国旗杆附近,为复建)。b)刘光禄即刘宪宠(1551— 1635),浙江宁波府慈溪县人,字仰之,万历二十年(1592年)及第壬辰科同进士第十五名(翁正春榜),授吉安推官,历任仪制司郎中,光宗朝改任太仆寺卿,不久告病还乡。后被魏忠贤指为东林,遭削夺,崇祯初年复官,著有《诗经会说》。传见《东林列传》卷十四“明·刘宪宠传”。据陈甲林《天台山游览志》,刘宪宠题碑至民国时期已残缺不全,惟“此衲面壁久矣,今始睹其面”几字尚可分辨。 | |
| 八寸关 | 两岩逼束为门,狭不盈尺。门东(关外)即通海池(今修葺为放生池,称“德心池”),旁有眠犬石,北有“石怪岩明”岩镌、小石梁,上对和合石(即寒、拾二峰,又称和尚岩) |
| 将军岩 | 亦称“石柱岩”“螳螂岩”,顶有藤蔓垂下,与其北侧卧蟾岩相连。清末民国时期藤蔓一度枯死而被斫除,今已恢复为紫藤花架 |
| 五马隐 | 亦称“影壁”,相传为“闾邱(胤)太守影”所在处[21],位于万佛洞斜上方。崖壁上因岩纹水痕和苔藓等自然之力作用,形成五匹马的痕迹,又被历朝文人雅士所引申、联想于诗文书画中,这正是“景面文心”的最佳体现 |
| 老龙喷水 | 在五马隐对面崖壁,其顶有泉下坠,水流不大,微风吹拂则四散开去,水雾若隐若现,形成“青天落白雨”奇景。其前即合掌岩,下为合掌洞,雨雾蒸发吸热,致使洞内温度降低,顿成清凉世界 |
| 合掌岩 | 实为自平地拔起的两座冲天巨岩。两岩形如佛掌,倒侧相倚,顶仅余一线,下为合掌洞。洞口有巨石堵门,南北岩壁凹入如回廊,可环通,沿途数十丈碎石遍地,故名“石弄堂”(今已砌筑台阶),清人陈向中有诗云“水落千寻练,岩通一线天”。崖间有“白狸捕鼠”天然岩画 |
| 仙人洞 | 在明岩西尽,洞前有一石笋斜插,如鲤鱼跳龙门之状,即鲤鱼上山石 |
| 初来洞 | 位于明岩峡谷北侧崖壁,乃乡贤齐召南“宝纶诗社”a)旧址所在。洞口有明末句章行素居士刘光禄b)书短碑碣语,眉岩上有“狐狸斗鸡”纹样,内有“达摩祖师西来影”岩纹与齐召南书“高大”二字岩镌,故别名“达摩洞”“高大洞”,今朝阳庵建于此处 |
| 月光洞 | 眉岩上有“白马上西天”纹样,当是洞顶雨水顺流而下冲刷后的水渍形成。今三圣殿建于此处 |
| 朝阳洞 | 位于初来洞西侧,空间环境高爽向阳,得名“朝阳”,有齐召南书“日光”二字摩崖景观。洞内旧置草寮,今济公/寒山殿建于此处 |
| 狮子口 | 位于八寸关北侧崖壁,又名“老虎洞”,高6 m余,宽近20 m,洞内有二井名曰“日月井”(又称“仙人井”);洞外左上方为和合石,下临通海池,东与“象缩鼻”(白象戏水)相对,是为狮象二峰 |
图5 明岩峡谷第一截景观布局示意(方向从东南望向西北)Fig. 5 Schematic diagram of landscape pattern of the first segment of Mingyan Canyon (viewing from southeast to northwest) |
图6 明岩峡谷第二截景观布局示意(方向从东南望向西北)Fig. 6 Schematic diagram of landscape pattern of the second segment of Mingyan Canyon (viewing from southeast to northwest) |
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