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LIU Yizhuo is a master student in the College of Landscape Architecture, Northeast Forestry University. Her research focuses on ecological restoration, and urban ecosystem services |
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DONG Sicun is a master student in the College of Landscape Architecture, Northeast Forestry University. Her research focuses on urban ecosystem services |
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KONG Weiying is a master student in the College of Landscape Architecture, Northeast Forestry University. Her research focuses on cooling effects of urban blue-green spaces |
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HU Yuandong (Tujia), Ph.D., is an associate professor in the College of Landscape Architecture, Northeast Forestry University. His research focuses on regional landscape planning and ecological restoration, and urban ecosystem services |
Received date: 2023-11-02
Revised date: 2024-08-11
Online published: 2025-12-16
Copyright
[Objective] Wilderness has important ecological functions and conservation values, and in the face of the current global climate change and the severe situation of rapid decline of biodiversity, the construction of wilderness protection system plays a key role in maintaining the integrity and authenticity of ecosystems, sustaining biodiversity, and enhancing human well-being. The quantitative and visual analysis of the spatial distribution characteristics of wilderness in Heilongjiang Province, an important ecological security barrier in the northern part of China, can not only comprehensively reflect the degree of human interference with nature, but also determine the reasonableness of the delineation of the scope of nature reserve, while contributing to the formulation of local wilderness protection strategy.
[Methods] Taking wilderness in Heilongjiang as the research object, this research selects the four indicators of remoteness from settlements, remoteness from accessible roads, population distribution density and biophysical naturalness to prepare the wilderness quality index map by the classical wilderness mapping method, Normalization is carried out using ArcGIS, and hierarchical analysis method (AHP) is applied to calculate the weights of the above four wilderness evaluation indicators with the four indicators being superimposed. Through the natural breakpoint method, the 10 grades of wilderness in Heilongjiang Province are classified into the following 5 categories: Other land (grade 1−2), low-quality wilderness (grade 3−4), medium-quality wilderness (grade 5−6), wilderness with relatively high quality (grade 7−8), and high-quality wilderness (grade 9−10). Additionally, The spatial distribution pattern of the wilderness land in Heilongjiang Province and the driving factors thereof are mapped and analyzed.
[Results] 1) The spatial pattern of wilderness in Heilongjiang Province shows an axial distribution, which is overall “low in the southwestern and southeastern areas, and high in the central axis belt area”. High-quality wilderness is mainly concentrated in Daxing’anling, Heihe, Mudanjiang and their surrounding areas, and within the long and narrow region, Daxing’anling borders Heihe, and Mudanjiang borders Yichun, forming a confrontation pattern of high-quality wilderness in the northwestern and southeastern parts of the province. In the southeastern and southwestern parts of Heilongjiang Province, the distribution area of low-grade wilderness centered on Harbin, Shuangyashan and other cities and counties is formed, showing a “cluster-type” distribution pattern. 2) In the research area, the area of wilderness above the low quality grade accounts for 79.79% of the total area of the research area, and that of wilderness above the relatively high quality grade accounts for 53.53% of the total area, indicating a large wilderness reserve in Heilongjiang Province. In the Daxing’anling region, the quality of wilderness is the highest, and the area of high-quality wilderness is the largest, amounting to 21,560 km2; the area of wilderness with relatively high quality is 35,900 km2, and the area of medium-quality wilderness is 8,300 km2, which is closely related to such factors as high density of forested land, high degree of naturalness, low degree of interference from human activities, and good quality of the ecological environment in the region. 3) The larger the average patch area in the horizontal spatial distribution pattern of wilderness, the lower the density of patch edge, the lower the degree of influence of the edge effect, and the higher the resistance to external interference. 4) In the research area, the area of high-quality wilderness and that of wildness with relatively high quality are respectively 30,728 km² and 371 km², and only 41.73% of the high-quality wilderness is in nature reserves, indicating that the existing nature reserves fail to fully cover the wilderness in the province. 5) By using Gross Demostic Product (GDP) to represent the economic development level of each prefecture-level city, the degree of coupling is calculated by coupling each city’s GDP ranking with its non-wilderness ranking, and by coupling the degree of climate comfort with the degree of wilderness. Economic development and climate comfort are found to be important drivers for the distribution of wilderness landscape pattern.
[Conclusion] The wilderness resources in Heilongjiang Province are rich and of high quality, while high-quality wilderness, although distributed in a concentrated manner, has not been completely and effectively protected at present. It is possible to consider establishing a clear hierarchical management mechanism for zoning protection; constructing a spatial protection axis of wilderness in Heilongjiang Province based on the spatial distribution characteristics of such wilderness for hierarchical protection; and strengthening public education on the wilderness environment to enhance the aesthetics of wilderness for citizens, so as to encourage them to appreciate the wilderness landscape and participate in the protection of wilderness lands on their own initiative. At the policy and legal levels, permanent and systematic protection of wilderness lands will be carried out, and a wilderness space protection system will be established in Heilongjiang Province. In the nature protection system, wilderness is recognized and spatially protected on the basis of the national park protection system and the delineation of ecological function zones and protection red lines. Economy and climate are important driving factors affecting the spatial distribution pattern of wilderness, and economic development inevitably requires urban development activities. In the future, Heilongjiang Province needs to balance the relationship between economic development and ecological protection, and realize the sustainable development of green economy.
Yizhuo LIU , Sichun DONG , Weiying KONG , Yuandong HU . Analysis of Wilderness Patterns in Heilongjiang Province[J]. Landscape Architecture, 2024 , 31(10) : 82 -89 . DOI: 10.3724/j.fjyl.202311020494
表1 数据来源Tab. 1 Data sources |
| 数据类型 | 数据描述 | 数据来源 |
| 土地利用数据 | 2020年全球土地利用数据,分辨率30 m | 中国科学院资源环境科学与数据中心(www.resdc.cn) |
| 道路数据 | 2020年全国基础地理数据库中公路、铁路要素层,比例1∶25万 | 全国地理信息资源目录服务系统 (www. webmap.cn) |
| 居民点数据 | 2020年全国基础地理数据库中居民地点 | 全国地理信息资源目录服务系统 (www. webmap.cn) |
| 数字高程数据 | ASTER GDEM数字高程数据,分辨率30 m | 中国科学院计算机网络信息中心地理空间数据云网站 (www.gscloud.cn) |
| 保护地边界矢量数据 | 黑龙江省省级以上自然保护区的边界范围 | 自然保护区标本资源共享平台 (www.papc.cn) |
表2 黑龙江省不同土地利用类型的生物物理自然度分级评价结果Tab. 2 Evaluation results of biophysical naturalness grading of different land use types in Heilongjiang Province |
| 编码 | 土地利用类型 | 自然度评分 | 编码 | 土地利用类型 | 自然度评分 |
| 11 | 水田 | 2 | 43 | 水库坑塘 | 3 |
| 12 | 旱地 | 2 | 44 | 滩涂 | 4 |
| 21 | 有林地 | 5 | 46 | 滩地 | 4 |
| 22 | 灌木林 | 4 | 51 | 城镇用地 | 1 |
| 23 | 疏林地 | 4 | 52 | 农村居民点 | 1 |
| 24 | 其他林地 | 3 | 53 | 其他建设用地 | 1 |
| 31 | 高覆盖草地 | 5 | 63 | 盐碱地 | 5 |
| 32 | 中覆盖草地 | 4 | 64 | 沼泽地 | 5 |
| 33 | 低覆盖草地 | 3 | 65 | 裸土地 | 4 |
| 41 | 河渠 | 4 | 66 | 裸岩石砾地 | 4 |
| 42 | 湖泊 | 5 |
表3 不同类型荒野的质量等级及其面积比重Tab. 3 Quality grades and area shares of different types of wilderness |
| 荒野质量水平 | 荒野等级 | 荒野面积/km2 | 面积占比/% |
| 其他土地 | 1 | 9 181 | 2.02 |
| 2 | 82 628 | 18.18 | |
| 低质量荒野 | 3 | 58 858 | 12.95 |
| 4 | 28 770 | 6.33 | |
| 中质量荒野 | 5 | 28 270 | 6.22 |
| 6 | 3 454 | 0.76 | |
| 较高质量荒野 | 7 | 137 032 | 30.15 |
| 8 | 32 588 | 7.17 | |
| 高质量荒野 | 9 | 61 130 | 13.45 |
| 10 | 12 544 | 2.76 |
表4 不同质量等级荒野的景观格局指数及保护区覆盖面积占比Tab. 4 Landscape pattern index and area share of protected areas in Heilongjiang Province |
| 荒野质量 水平 | 景观格局指数 | 保护区面 积/km2 | 保护区所 占比例/% | ||||||
| NP/ 个 | PD/ 个·km−2 | AREA_MN | ED/ hm2 | SHAPE_MN | CLUMPY/ % | COHESION/ % | |||
| 其他土地 | 512 | 0.16 | 70.12 | 19.60 | 1.26 | 0.88 | 99.36 | 10 680 | 11.63 |
| 低质量 荒野 | 715 | 0.17 | 11.01 | 23.30 | 1.29 | 0.85 | 99.48 | 9 816 | 11.20 |
| 中质量 荒野 | 488 | 0.11 | 69.54 | 20.67 | 1.24 | 0.88 | 99.27 | 6 795 | 21.39 |
| 较高质量 荒野 | 137 | 0.03 | 37.71 | 53.01 | 1.51 | 0.92 | 98.51 | 371 | 0.22 |
| 高质量 荒野 | 476 | 0.11 | 75.46 | 18.10 | 1.33 | 0.87 | 98.27 | 30 728 | 41.73 |
表5 2020年黑龙江省各地级市经济发展水平与其他土地类型占比的耦合度分析Tab. 5 Degree of coupling between economic development level and proportion of other land types of prefecture-level cities in Heilongjiang Province in 2020 |
| 地级市 | GDP 排名 | 其他土地面 积占比排名 | C (耦合度) | 耦合阶段 |
| 哈尔滨 | 1 | 5 | 0.75 | 磨合阶段 |
| 齐齐哈尔 | 3 | 3 | 1.00 | 高水平耦合 |
| 鸡西 | 8 | 8 | 1.00 | 高水平耦合 |
| 鹤岗 | 10 | 6 | 0.97 | 高水平耦合 |
| 双鸭山 | 9 | 7 | 0.99 | 高水平耦合 |
| 大庆 | 2 | 4 | 0.94 | 高水平耦合 |
| 伊春 | 11 | 11 | 1.00 | 高水平耦合 |
| 佳木斯 | 6 | 5 | 1.00 | 高水平耦合 |
| 七台河 | 12 | 2 | 0.70 | 高水平耦合 |
| 牡丹江 | 5 | 9 | 0.96 | 高水平耦合 |
| 黑河 | 7 | 10 | 0.98 | 高水平耦合 |
| 绥化 | 4 | 1 | 0.80 | 高水平耦合 |
| 大兴安岭 | 13 | 12 | 1.00 | 高水平耦合 |
文中图表均由作者绘制,其中
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