Heritage Interpretation System Construction and Pluralistic Heritage Cognition Research from the Perspective of Landscape Anthropology: A Case Study of Suzhou Gardens
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ZHOU Xiang, Ph.D., is an associate professor and master supervisor in the School of Architecture, Southeast University. His research focuses on digital research of landscape heritage and cultural landscape, landscape perception and visual landscape, and urban renewal and community empowerment |
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LIU Yaxu is a master student in the School of Architecture, Southeast University. Her research focuses on landscape heritage and digital landscape |
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XIE Yiming is a master student in the School of Architecture, Southeast University. Her research focuses on landscape heritage and digital landscape |
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CHANG Jingchao, Ph.D., is a lecturer and master supervisor in the School of Marxism, Capital University of Economics and Business. Her research focuses on law-based socialist culture |
Received date: 2024-05-13
Revised date: 2024-08-19
Online published: 2025-12-16
Copyright
[Objective] This research explores the modern concept of heritage, combining objective existence and subjective perception, within a global-national-local framework. Heritage interpretations often overlap and conflict due to varying perspectives across these levels. Landscape anthropologist Hirotake Kawai’s “Multi-phase” concept explains the cognitive collisions and integrations that occur during heritage discourse exchanges. Landscape anthropology distinguishes between “space” (globalization) and “place” (localization), reflecting how external forces shape environments versus how locals perceive and construct their surroundings. In this context, heritage interpretation involves reconciling diverse cultural perspectives.The research uses Suzhou Gardens as a case study to develop a multi-subject heritage interpretation system within a pluralistic discourse framework. Suzhou Gardens are selected for their cultural duality and rich environment. The aim is to reconstruct the heritage discourse, facilitating dialogue between Suzhou Gardens and the world heritage system while considering the cognitive differences of various stakeholders, including local communities. This approach enhances the integration of internal and external perspectives in landscape anthropology and fosters a multi-party dialogue mechanism.
[Methods] Methodologically, the research focuses on three groups: supra-local authorities, tourists, and residents. It analyzes heritage discourse through two dimensions: “space production” by external entities and “place construction” by local society. Official texts are examined using a heritage value framework and word frequency-weighting methods to create a policy-value analysis for the supra-local and higher-level perspectives.Tourist perspectives are analyzed through digital footprint data, categorizing gardens into core, transitional, and peripheral types. Semantic network analysis evaluates heritage cognition. Resident perspectives are studied via garden classification, semi-structured interviews, and coding systems. The Kano model is applied to categorize residents’ heritage cognition into demand attributes, refining the overall interpretive framework.
[Results] The research finds that the supra-national and national perspectives, which correspond to the “ space” principle in landscape anthropology, emphasize describing heritage forms and relationships from a macro-level viewpoint. The supra-national perspective focuses on regional representation and cross-cultural exchange in heritage, while the national perspective highlights national symbolism and the artistic value of Chinese aesthetic ideals in Suzhou Gardens. From the local perspective, tourists’ heritage cognition is primarily influenced by supra-national and national perspectives, with heritage characteristics becoming the most perceived elements during visits. However, deeper cultural experiences and local perceptions are often weakened by superficial visits, leading to fragmented heritage interpretation. Tourists thus form their classification system for heritage sites during visits, abstracting historical and artistic values as the primary content of Suzhou Gardens’ heritage interpretation. In core gardens, tourists and residents share similar heritage values, but the influx of tourists compresses the ability of local residents to construct the connotation of gardens, turning these gardens into spaces of heritage consumption. In transitional gardens, there is overlap but also divergence in the needs of tourists and residents, creating potential for symbiotic space – place relationships. In peripheral gardens, significant differences in values between tourists and residents suggest a shift toward place construction by locals, reflecting the self-construction process of the local society.
[Conclusion] This research demonstrates that a heritage interpretation method under a pluralistic discourse framework can break free from authoritative heritage discourse that typically focuses on management and indoctrination, and can encourage the inclusion of multiple stakeholders who consider the public attributes of heritage protection. The structural relationships and conflicts between local practice and external production in Suzhou Gardens show that heritage landscapes involve both local self-construction (place) and external social production (space). For sustainable world heritage protection, it is essential to balance expert-driven heritage value assessments with public engagement, particularly by incorporating local emotions and community memories into heritage discourse. This may facilitate the creation of a more integrated and diversified heritage system that better reflects the complexity of contemporary heritage values and supports its sustainable development.
Xiang ZHOU , Yaxu LIU , Yiming XIE , Jingchao CHANG . Heritage Interpretation System Construction and Pluralistic Heritage Cognition Research from the Perspective of Landscape Anthropology: A Case Study of Suzhou Gardens[J]. Landscape Architecture, 2024 , 31(10) : 17 -27 . DOI: 10.3724/j.fjyl.202405130262
表1 超位-高位视角下遗产价值评价体系Tab. 1 Heritage value evaluation system from the supra-national-national perspective |
| 遗产特征 | 超位视角 | 高位视角 | |||||
| 价值类型 | 高频词 | 权重/% | 价值类型 | 高频词 | 权重/% | ||
| 形式——时空代表的 苏州古典园林 | 历史代表 突出价值标准(Ⅳ) | 历史、世纪、 以来等 | 15.00 | 历史价值 | 公元、时期、始建、 世纪、苏州、中国、 江南等 | 36.26 | |
| 区域交流 突出价值标准(Ⅱ) | 苏州、中国、 地区等 | 28.89 | |||||
| 关系——精巧设计的 中华意境投射 | 人类创造 突出价值标准(Ⅰ) | 建筑、元素、假山、 设计、创造等 | 11.67 | 艺术价值 | 建筑、池水、中心、 假山、布局、占地、 山水、小院、艺术、 古典、风格等 | 55.34 | |
| 文明见证 突出价值标准(Ⅲ) | 美丽、古典、 艺术、风格等 | 23.89 | |||||
| 实践——源远流长的 人与自然实践 | 实用功能 突出价值标准(Ⅴ) | 景观、自然、 保护、文化等 | 20.55 | 科学价值 | 自然、文化等 | 8.40 | |
表2 情景代入式半结构访谈框架Tab. 2 Scenario-based semi-structured interview framework |
| 内容 层次 | 问题描述 | 目的 | 理想质性资料提取 |
| 情景 代入 | 作为居住在某园林附近的居民,您对该园林有何整体印象? | 引导受访者了解访谈背景,提高其回答核心问题的针对性 | 居民对园林遗产的整体认知情况 |
| 核心 访谈 | 您如何认知该园林的遗产特征? 您如何认知该园林的旅游形象? 您如何认知该园林的游憩体验? | 使受访者进一步了解访谈的目的,并且在不局限他们思维的基础上,引导他们对“遗产特征”“旅游形象”“游憩体验”3个方面进行深层次的感知说明 | 三方面是否存在影响;主范畴下包含的影响因素 |
| 深度 描述 | 关于您提到的相关要素,您认为它对整体感知有着怎样的影响 | 针对访谈内容,引导受访者对其提出的影响因素以及影响程度进行评判与说明,为后续研究提供资料基础 | 深度评定各方面影响因素程度 |
表3 Kano模型影响指标Tab. 3 Impact indicators of Kano model |
| 影响层次 | 影响指标 |
| 遗产特征 | A1 历史价值 A2 艺术价值 A3 科学价值 |
| 旅游形象 | B1 品牌效应 B2 特色活动 B3 设施服务 |
| 游憩体验 | C1 空间行为 C2 地方感 C3 游憩频率 |
图9 居民视角下遗产阐释四象限散点图Fig. 9 Four-quadrant scatter plot of heritage interpretation from the perspective of residents |
表4 居民遗产认知节点敏感度排序Tab. 4 Sensitivity ranking of residents’ heritage cognition nodes |
| 园林类型 | 第Ⅰ象限: 基本型需求 | 第Ⅱ象限: 期待型需求 | 第Ⅲ象限: 无差别型需求 | 第Ⅳ象限: 魅力型需求 |
| 注:“—”代表该类型园林在对应象限中无需求指标。 | ||||
| 核心型 | B1 | A1>A2 | A3>C1>B3 | C3>C2>B2 |
| 过渡型 | B1 | A1>A2>C2>B2>B3>C1>A3>C3 | — | — |
| 边缘型 | C2 | B3>A3=B2 | C1>C3>A2>B1 | A1 |
文中图表均由作者绘制,其中
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