Special: Technology of Sustainable Landscape

Quality Characteristics and Construction Management Strategies of Wet Pond Habitat: A Case Study of the Pilot Chongqing Sponge City Project

  • Jisheng ZHANG , 1, 2 ,
  • Jialin LIU , 1, * ,
  • Yao MENG 1 ,
  • Jianfeng ZHOU 3
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  • 1 College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Southwest University
  • 2 Housing and Urban-Rural Development Committee of Shapingba District, Chongqing Municipality
  • 3 Chongqing Municipal Administrative Approval Service Center for Housing and Urban-Rural Development

ZHANG Jisheng gained his master degree in Southwest University, and is a staff in the Housing and Urban-Rural Development Committee of Shapingba District, Chongqing Municipality. His research focuses on sponge habitat monitoring and technology optimization

LIU Jialin, Ph.D., is a professor in and deputy director of the Department of Landscape Architecture, College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Southwest University. Her research focuses on sustainable design of green spaces, landscape performance assessment and optimization for stormwater management, and sponge habitat monitoring and technology optimization

MENG Yao is a master student in the College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Southwest University. Her research focuses on landscape performance evaluation and optimization of stormwater management

ZHOU Jianfeng is deputy director (Grade 5 staff) of Chongqing Municipal Administrative Approval Service Center for Housing and Urban-Rural Development. His research focuses on urban and rural construction and management

Received date: 2024-02-22

  Revised date: 2024-08-05

  Online published: 2025-12-16

Copyright

Copyright © 2024 Landscape Architecture. All rights reserved.

Abstract

[Objective] Domestic sponge city construction has gradually entered the stage of refined evaluation and optimized construction. At present, domestic research on sponge habitats focuses on stormwater management and biodiversity benefits. Wet ponds in sponge facilities, as sponge habitats with standing water levels, are key habitat heterogeneity patches in urban green spaces with significant ecological service potential. This research aims to enhance the construction quality of wet pond habitat, monitor and identify problems in the quality of native wet pond habitats, and propose strategies to improve the quality of wet pond habitat, and promote the enhancement of the ecological service function of this key habitat.

[Methods] Based on the completed wet pond facilities in the pilot sponge city area of Chongqing, this research monitored the quality of vegetation, soil, and water body in the wet pond habitat within the research area from 2021 to 2023. In this research, eleven representative wet pond facilities in Yuelai International Convention and Exhibition City are selected, and information such as plant species name, strain, and cover is recorded on site. Wet pond soil is surveyed and sampled to further clarify the physical properties and fertility quality characteristics thereof. Wet pond water samples are collected in sunny days and days with heavy rain or torrential rain, and water pollution indicators are measured. Vegetation habitat quality is assessed by the M-Godorn stability measurement method, soil habitat quality is assessed by the Nemero fertility index method, and water habitat quality by the Nemero pollution index method. Additionally, Kruskal-Wallis test is used to investigate whether there exists a significant difference in the quality of wet pond habitat between the construction land and the non-construction land, and Pearson analysis is used to investigate the correlation between the construction characteristics and water quality of wet pond.

[Results] A total of 176 species of plants classified into 140 genera under 77 families are surveyed in the wet pond habitats, dominated by herbaceous species. Specifically, native species and invasive plant species account for 71.64% and 3.41% respectively, 7 plants belong to Class I invasive species with very strong invasibility, and the average cover of invasive plants in each wet pond accounts for 7.07%. The Euclidean distance range for plant community stability in wet ponds is 17.58 – 27.00, and all wet ponds are featured by a low level of plant community stability. Plant community stability and invasive plant cover are significantly higher in urbanized area than non-urbanized area. The wet pond soil has serious compaction problems with a mean value of 1.445 g/cm3. 50% of the soil samples have a saturated infiltration rate of 6.604 mm/h, indicating poor infiltration performance. The composite fertility index of the soil samples ranges from 0.532 to 1.198, indicating poor fertility. The soil is alkaline overall, with low organic matter content, sufficient effective phosphorus content, sufficient quick-acting potassium content, and insufficient hydrolysable nitrogen content. During the monitoring period, the Nemero pollution index of water body ranges from 1.087 to 3.757, the overall water quality is good enough to meet the class V water standard, except for wet ponds g and k. In addition, each wet pond is featured by good water body turbidity, with NTU, DO, COD and COD5 being up to standard, and pH value in the middle alkaline range. The water body habit is out of standard overall in terms of permanganate, with a few water bodies being out of standard in terms of TN, TP, and NH3-N. The perimeter-area ratio of wet pond is significantly negatively correlated with the Nemero pollution index (r=–0.665, p<0.05). The narrower and longer a wet pond, the lower the pollution index. The depth of wet pond is not significantly correlated with the Nemero pollution index, but data show that the depth of wet ponds with better water quality is mostly in the range of 0.55 – 1.45 m. Pre-positioned ponds can significantly clarify various pollution indexes regarding the water body in wet pond, especially in times of heavy rain.

[Conclusion] The quality of wet pond habitat can be improved through rational design, construction and management. In terms of design and construction, it is possible to add a front pond, increase the length – width ratio of wet pond, separate the relative position between the inlet and outlet of wet pond, and control the depth of wet pond at 0.6 – 1.2 m. In terms of management and maintenance, it is possible to reduce the frequency of weed management on construction sites, eliminate invasive species, and strengthen supervision to avoid soil trampling. This research can enrich the content of habitat monitoring in sponge cities, and provide an important reference for the refined construction and management of sponge cities.

Cite this article

Jisheng ZHANG , Jialin LIU , Yao MENG , Jianfeng ZHOU . Quality Characteristics and Construction Management Strategies of Wet Pond Habitat: A Case Study of the Pilot Chongqing Sponge City Project[J]. Landscape Architecture, 2024 , 31(9) : 76 -85 . DOI: 10.3724/j.fjyl.202402220100

2022年,住房城乡建设部印发的《关于进一步明确海绵城市建设工作有关要求的通知》中明确提出应聚焦建成区用地,建立健全的海绵城市建设评估机制,排查建设项目问题,强调海绵城市高质量建设,避免将项目数量、投资规模视为工作成效[1]。2023年,财政部、住房城乡建设部、水利部共同印发《关于开展“十四五”第三批系统化全域推进海绵城市建设示范工作的通知》,将完善海绵城市设计方法、海绵设施关键参数、植物选型,建立运行维护制度作为工作内容[2]。目前,海绵城市已进入精细化营建阶段,相关政策有利于提升海绵生境品质,进一步发挥海绵城市生态效益[3]
目前,国内对于海绵生境的研究多聚焦于雨洪管理绩效评价,部分研究关注到海绵生境生物多样性效益,以及地域适宜性植被筛选[4-9]。湿塘作为海绵设施中具有常水位的生境,是城市绿地中关键的生境异质性斑 块,有重要的生态服务潜力[10-15]。湿塘生境要素——植物、土壤、水体的质量是保障湿塘发挥生态服务功能的基础条件。目前对于湿塘生境的研究已经关注水质净化效益、生物多样性效益、土壤入渗能力[16-19],针对城市绿地中湿塘质量特征综合监测与问题分析的研究还较为欠缺。本研究聚焦重庆海绵城市试点区域——悦来国际会展城,于2021—2023年对研究区域中湿塘生境的植物、土壤、水体进行监测,系统反馈其特征,分析湿塘设计、营造、管护等方面的问题,并在湿塘布局、植物群落营建、管护方式方面提出管控建议,旨在为海绵城市精细化发展提供指导。

1 研究方法

1.1 研究对象

研究区域为重庆市渝北区悦来国际会展城(106.56°E,29.72°N)。悦来国际会展城是国内首批海绵城市建设试点与全国生态先行示范区,总面积为18.67 km2,位于嘉陵江下游区域。全区土壤以水稻土、紫色土、黄黏土3类为主,植被带属于重庆中西部丘陵低山常绿阔叶林区。该区域的气候属亚热带季风性湿润气候,夏季平均气温27.7 ℃,冬季平均气温9 ℃,平均年降水量1 155.4 mm[20]。目前该区域已建成海绵项目面积约4 km2,涉及28个雨水管理片区[21]
本研究选取悦来国际会展城中的11处湿塘为样地(表1),各样地分布于不同类型的绿地中,建成时间均在1年以上,状态稳定。各样地面积、主塘平均水深、表面蓄水层周长面积比、前置塘结构等特征存在差异,具有典型性与代表性。本研究中湿塘生境包括水域及其常水位线外延15 m的范围(图1)。
表1 悦来国际会展城湿塘样地信息

Tab. 1 Information about wet pond sample plots in Yuelai International Convention and Exhibition City

样地所在位置 样地编号 样地面积/m2 有无前置塘 平均水深/m 表面蓄水层
周长面积比
绿地类型
悦来生态城
滨江公园
a 30 087 0.75 0.266 风景游憩绿地(EG1)
b 1 622 1.88 0.178
张家溪公园 c 1 879 1.24 0.189 公园绿地(G1)
悦来会展公园 d 4 233 0.55 0.134
e 514 0.62 0.258
f 11 503 1.45 0.062
g 3 317 0.30 0.252
国博中心 h 1 559 1.07 0.171 文化设施用地附属绿地(AG)
i 1 326 1.40 0.214
悦来滨江公园 j 2 936 0.72 0.389 风景游憩绿地(EG1)
悦来生态保育地 k 25 843 1.87 0.048 防护绿地(G2)
图1 悦来国际会展城湿塘样地航拍

Fig. 1 Aerial photos of wet pond sample plots in Yuelai International Convention and Exhibition City

1.2 植被调研及物种信息采集

本研究采用样方法,在2021年10月,2022年1月、4月、6月、11月分别进行湿塘生境植物调查。依据样地面积、生境中典型植被结构与种类差异性,在每个样地中设置1个或多个整体样方,共设置整体样方36个。在整体样方中设置1个10 m×10 m的乔木样方;在乔木样方角点处设置4个5 m×5 m的灌木样方,在中心及角点处共设置5个1 m×1 m的草本样方。记录乔木层中距地面1.3 m处胸径大于4 cm的乔木(含竹类)的种名、株数,记录灌木层中灌木(含胸径小于4 cm的乔木小苗及木质藤本)的种名、株数,记录草本层中草本(含水生植物)的种名、盖度。本研究中的植物物种信息以《中国植物志》为准[22],并明确该植物是否为乡土物种[23]。本研究将植物分为栽培植物、非入侵自生植物[24]、入侵植物3类,依据中国外来入侵物种信息系统(www.iplant.cn/ias)对入侵植物进行判定。

1.3 土壤样品采集与测定

本研究于2022年11月在湿塘生境范围内的陆地采集土壤样品。根据每个样地的面积、土壤质地差异设置1~5个采样点[25],共设置22个采样点,采集表层(0~30 cm)土样。用于测定土壤容重的样品采用200 cm3(Φ70 mm×52 mm)的环刀取样,用于其他理化性质分析的土壤样品为混合样品。根据湿塘形态及规模,将以梅花形或蛇形均匀布设的采样点(5~8个点位)的土壤进行混合,并按四分法去掉多余的土壤和残渣,每个采样点保留1 kg混合样品[26]图2)。土壤理化性质(容重、pH值、有机质、有效磷、速效钾、碱解氮)由专业实验室依据CJ/T 340—2016《绿化种植土壤》[25]测定。通过沉淀测试法,对照土壤质地三角形对土壤类型进行判定[27],土壤饱和入渗率依据土壤类型取值。
图2 湿塘土壤采集与测定

Fig. 2 Wet pond soil collection and measurement

1.4 水样采集与测定

本研究于2023年2月、4月、5月在晴天以及大雨(采集当日降水量为36.3 mm)、暴雨(采集当日降水量为99.3 mm)后48 h进 行水样采集,采样点为主塘出水口及前置塘入水口,共设置53个采样点(图3)。水样的理化性质在采集当日由专业实验室依据GB 3838—2002《地表水环境质量标准》[28]测定,测定指标包括pH值、溶解氧(dissolved oxygen, DO)、五日生化需氧量(biochemical oxygen demand, BOD5)、浊度、高锰酸盐指数、化学需氧量(chemical oxygen demand, COD)、氨氮(NH3-N)、总磷、总氮。
图3 湿塘水体实景及水样采集

Fig. 3 Real photo of water body in wet pond and water sample collection

1.5 生境质量特征评估指标

1.5.1 植物生境质量特征评估指标

本研究采用植物群落稳定性作为植物生境质量特征评估指标。该指标表征植物群落对外界的抗干扰能力和受干扰后回到稳定状态的恢复能力,是评估植物群落可持续发展能力的重要指标。植物群落稳定性采用M-Godorn稳定性测算法测定[28],该方法将植物频度从大到小排列,计算出各植物种的相对频度,按由大到小的顺序逐步累加,再计算植物种数倒数的累积百分数,并和相对频度的累积百分数一一对应。以植物种数倒数的累积百分数为x,以相对频度的累积百分数为y,建立曲线,使之与直线y=100−x相交,交点即为稳定性参考点。交点坐标与点(20,80)的距离称为欧氏距离,欧氏距离越小,植物群落越稳定[29-30]
植物种数的累积百分数(X)、相对频度累积百分数(Y)的计算式
$ X=m/S,$
$ {Y}=\sum _{i=1}^{m}{C}_{i}, $
式中:m为第m个物种;S为群落中的植物种数;C i为第i个物种的相对频度。根据实际情况,采用Origin 2017软件进行平滑曲线拟合与交点坐标计算,舍弃无效值,得到交点坐标(x 1y 1)。
此外,将湿塘中乡土植物物种占比(乡土植物种数占植物总物种数的比例)、入侵植物物种占比(入侵植物种数占植物总物种数的比例)作为植物生境质量的辅助评估指标[31-34]

1.5.2 土壤生境质量特征评估指标

考虑到土壤渗透性以及对植被生长的支持作用,选取容重、饱和入渗率、综合肥力指数作为评估指标[25, 35]
土壤综合肥力指数依据本研究测定的土壤理化性质,通过内梅罗肥力指数法进行测算[36]。土壤综合肥力指数(P)计算式
$ \begin{split}\\ P=\sqrt{\frac{{{{\bar P}_{i}}}{}^{2}+{{P}_{i\mathrm{m}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{n}}}{}^{2}}{2}}\times \frac{n-1}{n} \end{split}$
式中:$ {{\bar P}_{i}} $为土壤肥力质量指标(pH值、有机质、有效磷、速效钾、碱解氮)标准化值的均值;$ {P}_{i\mathrm{m}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{n}} $为指标标准化值的最小值;n为指标数量,本研究中n=5。
其中有机质、有效磷、速效钾、碱解氮的标准化值采用计算式(4)计算,pH值的标准化值采用计算式(5)计算。
$ {P}_{i}=\left\{\begin{array}{ll}{P}_{i}={C}_{i}/{X}_{a} & ({C}_{i}\leqslant {X}_{a})\\ {P}_{i}={1}+\dfrac{C_{i}-{X}_{a}}{{X}_{b}-{X}_{a}} & ({{X}_{a} < C}_{i}\leqslant {X}_{b})\\ {P}_{i}={2+}\dfrac{C_{i}-{X}_{b}}{{X}_{c}-{X}_{b}} & ({{X}_{b} < C}_{i}\leqslant {X}_{c})\\ {P}_{i}=3 & ({C}_{i} > {X}_{c})\end{array} ,\right.$
$ {P}_{i}=\left\{\begin{array}{ll}{P}_{i}={X}_{a}/{C}_{i} &({C}_{i}\geqslant {X}_{a})\\ {P}_{i}=1+\dfrac{{C}_{i}-{X}_{a}}{{X}_{b}-{X}_{a}} & ({{X}_{b}\leqslant C}_{i} < {X}_{a})\\ {P}_{i}=2+\dfrac{{C}_{i}-{X}_{b}}{{X}_{c}-{X}_{b}} & ({{X}_{c}\leqslant C}_{i} < {X}_{b})\\ {P}_{i}=3 & ({C}_{i} < {X}_{c})\end{array}\right. ,$
式中:C i为指标测定值;X aX bX c为指标分级标准值(依据中国第二次土壤普查标准[37])。
依据土壤综合肥力指数(P)判定各样地土壤的肥力等级(表2)。
表2 土壤肥力等级划分

Tab. 2 Classification of soil fertility levels

肥力等级 肥力评价 综合肥力指数范围
一等 很肥沃 ≥2.7
二等 肥沃 1.8~<2.7
三等 一般(中等) 0.9~<1.8
四等 贫瘠 <0.9

1.5.3 水体生境质量特征评估指标

本研究以水质污染指数作为水体生境质量评估指标。该指标通过内梅罗污染指数法进行测算,能够反映水体受污染的程度[38]。内梅罗污染指数($P^{\,\prime}$)计算式
$ P^{\,\prime}=\sqrt{\frac{{F^{\,\prime}}_{i\mathrm{m}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{x}}^{2}+{{\bar F}}_{i}^{\,2}}{2}} ,$
$ {F}_{i}={c}_{i}/{s}_{i} ,$
$ \begin{split} \\{F^{\,\prime}}_{i\mathrm{m}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{x}}=\frac{{F}_{i\mathrm{m}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{x}}+{F}_{\omega}}{2} ,\end{split}$
式中:$ {F}_{i} $为第i个污染因子(pH值、DO、BOD5、高锰酸盐指数、COD、氨氮、总磷、总氮)实测值与标准值的比值;$ {F}_{i\mathrm{m}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{x}} $为$ {F}_{i} $的最大值;$ {\stackrel{-}{F}}_{i} $为所有污染因子$ {F}_{i} $的平均值;$ {c}_{i} $为第i个污染因子的实测值;$ {s}_{i} $为第i个污染因子标准值;${F}_{\omega}$为权重最大的污染因子的${F}_{i}$值。由于湿塘属于景观用水,各标准值采用GB 3838—2002《地表水环境质量标准》中的Ⅴ类水质标准值。因DO含量与水体质量呈负相关,其$ {F}_{i} $计算式
$ {F}_{i}=\frac{{c}_{i\mathrm{D}\mathrm{O}}-{c}_{i}}{{c}_{i\mathrm{D}\mathrm{O}}-{s}_{i}} ,$
$ {c}_{i\mathrm{D}\mathrm{O}}=\frac{P}{{{\rm{P}}}_{0}}\times \frac{477.8}{T+32.26} ,$
式中:${c}_{i\mathrm{D}\mathrm{O}}$为饱和DO的数值;P为当地实测大气压(重庆取97.32 Kpa);P0为标准大气压(101.325 Kpa);T为监测点水温(取全年平均水温15.7℃);$ {c}_{i} $为第i个污染因子的实测值; ${s}_{i}$为第i个污染因子标准值。各污染因子权重值$ {\omega }_{i} $的计算式
$ {\omega }_{i}={r}_{i}/\sum _{i=1}^{m}{r}_{i} ,$
$ {r}_{i}={s}_{\mathrm{m}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{x}}/{s}_{i} ,$
式中:$ {r}_{i} $为第i个污染因子的相关性比值;m为污染因子的个数;s maxm个污染因子中标准值的最大值;$ {s}_{i} $为第i个污染因子的标准值。
本研究依据GB 3838—2002《地表水环境质量标准》Ⅰ~Ⅴ类水质分级标准[28],按计算式(6)~(10)对各水质指标进行计算,得到各样地的内梅罗污染指数,并依据内梅罗污染指数范围判定各样地的水质级别(表3)。
表3 依据内梅罗污染指数的水质级别划分

Tab. 3 Water quality grades classified by the Nemero pollution index

水质级别 内梅罗污染指数范围
≤0.200
>0.200~0.336
>0.336~0.520
>0.520~0.772
>0.772~1.000

1.6 数据分析

本研究采用SPSS 25.0软件进行数据分析,采用Kruskal-Wallis检验探究建设用地与非建设用地中湿塘生境质量特征评估指标是否有显著差异。若p值小于0.05,则认为差异显著,对于存在显著差异的数据,采用事后多重检验确定显著差异的位置。采用Pearson相关性分析法探究湿塘生境质量特征与湿塘水质的相关性。

2 研究结果

2.1 湿塘植物生境质量特征

在监测期中,湿塘样方中共出现176种植物,分属于77科、140属,以草本植物为主(124种)。乡土物种占比71.64%,满足《重庆市城市园林绿化条例》对乡土植物比例的要求(≥70%)[33]。入侵植物物种占比3.41%。
栽培植物共111种,以禾本科、菊科、蔷薇科为主,出现频次较高的植物有水杉 (Metasequoia glyptostroboides)、黄葛树(Ficus virens)、溪畔白千层(Melaleuca bracteata)、木樨(Osmanthus fragrans)、沿阶草 (Ophiopogon bodinieri)、狼尾草(Pennisetum alopecuroides)、水葱(Schoenoplectus tabernaemontani)、芦苇 (Phragmites australis)等。
非入侵自生植物共56种,主要有酢浆草(Oxalis corniculata)、马唐(Digitaria sanguinalis)、苣荬菜(Sonchus wightianus)等。入侵植物共9种,其中7种为入侵能力极强的一级入侵物种:喜旱莲子草(Alternanthera Philoxeroides)、钻叶紫菀(Symphyotrichum subulatum)、鬼针草(Bidens pilosa)、一年蓬(Erigeron annuus)、小蓬草(Erigeron canadensis)、藿香蓟(Ageratum conyzoides)、马缨丹(Lantana camara)。绝大部分湿塘有1~4种入侵植物,各湿塘的平均入侵植物盖度在7%以上,部分湿塘达27%以上。
湿塘植物群落稳定性的欧氏距离在 17.58~27.00之间(表4)。相关研究认为,若欧氏距离小于10,则植物群落稳定性较高[30]。本研究中湿塘植物群落稳定性处于较低水平。在建设用地与非建设用地中,湿塘乡土植物物种占比、入侵植物物种占比无显著差异;非建设用地中湿塘植物群落稳定性、入侵植物盖度显著高于建设用地。
表4 湿塘植物群落稳定性

Tab. 4 Stability of plant community in wet pond

用地性质 样地 拟合曲线 交点坐标 拟合度(R 2 欧氏距离
  注:表中**表示极显著相关。
非建设用地 a y=−1.22 561x 2+2.03 694x+0.12 844 (33.13,66.87) 0.984** 18.57
b y=−1.19 201x 2+2.03 744x+0.09 899 (35.53,64.47) 0.988** 20.18
g y=−1.06 439x 2+1.80 252x+0.20 317 (31.66,68.34) 0.973** 17.58
建设用地 c y=−0.9 1801x 2+1.67 717x+0.18 720 (34.42,65.68) 0.978** 20.32
d y=−0.91 897x 2+1.67 181x+0.20 007 (33.89,66.11) 0.985** 19.64
e y=−0.76 428x 2+1.62 804x+0.10 406 (38.37,61.63) 0.993** 25.98
f y=−1.11 822x 2+1.91 621x+0.13 991 (33.93,66.07) 0.979** 19.66
g y=−0.98 744x 2+1.81 451x+0.12 486 (35.52,64.47) 0.982** 21.96
h y=−0.95 816x 2+1.87 483x+0.04 794 (37.91,62.09) 0.995** 25.33
i y=−0.83 914x 2+1.77 902x+0.04 199 (39.09,60.91) 0.997** 27.00
k y=−1.14 337x 2+1.97 798x+0.11 355 (34.28,65.72) 0.987** 20.19

2.2 湿塘土壤生境质量特征

在监测期中,湿塘土样的容重在1.115~1.672 g/cm3之间,均值为1.445 g/cm3,73.0%的土样容重超出标准值(1.350 g/cm3[25],土样整体容重偏高。粉壤土占整体土样的50%,饱和入渗率为6.604 mm/h,低于调蓄海绵设施土壤入渗率要求(10~360 mm/h)[25];砂质壤土占比36.36%,饱和入渗率为10.922 mm/h,符合调蓄海绵设施土壤入渗率要求;其余土壤类型为砂土、壤质砂土。建设用地与非建设用地中湿塘土壤的容重、饱和入渗率无显著差异。
土样的综合肥力指数在0.532~1.198之间,整体肥力状况主要为中等和贫瘠,有45%的土样处于贫瘠状况。土壤整体偏碱性,pH均值为8.58,有45%的土样为强碱性(pH>8.5)。土壤有机质含量整体偏低,供磷能力、供钾能力较充足,供氮能力不足(图4)。建设用地与非建设用地中湿塘的土壤综合肥力指数、各肥力指标均无显著差异。
图4 湿塘土壤肥力特征[20]

Fig. 4 Characteristics of soil fertility in wet pond[20]

2.3 湿塘水体生境质量特征

在监测期中,各湿塘样地水体内梅罗污染指数在0.377~3.015之间,整体水质较好,除湿塘样地b、g、k外均达到Ⅴ类水标准。各湿塘水体浊度表现良好[39],DO、COD、BOD5均达标[28]。pH值均呈现中偏碱性特征。水体生境普遍高锰酸盐指数超标,少部分水体总氮、总磷、氨氮超标。建设用地与非建设用地中湿塘水体的内梅罗污染指数、各污染指标无显著差异(图5)。
图5 湿塘水体生境质量评价结果

Fig. 5 Assessment results of habitat quality of water body in wet pond

湿塘表面蓄水层周长面积比与内梅罗污染指数呈显著负相关(r=−0.665,p<0.05),即湿塘越狭长,内梅罗污染指数越低。湿塘深度与内梅罗污染指数无显著相关关系,但数据显示水质较好的湿塘深度多在0.55~1.45 m范围。前置塘对湿塘水体有较明显的净化效果,对DO有提升效果,且在暴雨天气下效果更好。

3 讨论

3.1 湿塘植物生境质量分析与问题

监测期中湿塘共出现176种植物,与以往研究海绵设施中的植物相比种类更丰富[40-41],乡土植物物种占比71.64%,高于重庆市公园绿地中同等规模样方的乡土植物物种占比[32],这有利于湿塘生态服务功能的发挥。灌木是提高植物群落稳定性的重要因素[42],但湿塘生境中灌木植物种类少,应在营建、更新过程中适当补植。
湿塘生境中栽培植物以禾本科、菊科为主,与以往研究结果一致[40]。禾本科、菊科植物适应性强,具有管养成本低、耐湿抗旱的特点[29]。值得注意的是,样地入侵植物盖度较高(图6),以往研究中也存在类似现象[43-44]。湿塘因汇水功能较突出,相对于其他城市绿地生境可能有更高的植物入侵风险[43]。多数入侵植物入侵前期增长缓慢,达到拐点后呈现指数级增长[45],因此对于场地内已出现的入侵植物,应在种子掉落前进行清除。
图6 湿塘植物入侵

Fig. 6 Plant invasion into wet pond

自生草本植物是城市生物多样性的重要组成部分[42, 46-47]。本研究在湿塘中发现了57种非入侵自生草本植物,可利用这些植物预先填补目标入侵物种的生态位[48],提升植物群落稳定性。相关研究表明频繁养护会降低非入侵自生草本的多样性[48],本研究中管护频次较低的湿塘样地k的非入侵自生植物达22种,而管护频次较高的湿塘样地h、i的非入侵自生植物仅有2~4种。因此,湿塘的管护频次和对象应结合入侵植物、非入侵自生植物的分布情况适当调整。另外,部分样地中栽培了不适宜相应生境的植物,可能是导致部分湿塘入侵植物盖度高的关键原因。如湿塘样地a中配置了水杉疏林与沿阶草地被层,调研发现沿阶草在强阳光环境中长势弱,导致钻叶紫菀在短时间内得以快速入侵扩散(图6)。
湿塘植物群落稳定性欧氏距离范围为17.58~27.00,与以往研究中的城市绿地植物群落相比稳定性偏低[29-30],表明湿塘植物群落抵抗扰动的能力较弱,易受入侵植物与人类活动的干扰。植物群落稳定性受优势种比重、物种多样性指数、丰富度指数的显著正向影响[49]。因此,应通过优化种植设计和管护方式提升湿塘群落稳定性。此外,非建设用地中湿塘的植物群落稳定性、入侵植物盖度显著高于建设用地,原因可能与非建设用地受到人类活动干扰弱、管理强度低有关。

3.2 湿塘土壤生境质量分析与问题

各湿塘土壤容重均值(1.445 g/cm3)偏大,建设用地与非建设用地湿塘样地中土壤压实现象较普遍。相关研究表明,当土壤容重超过1.400 g/cm3时,会严重阻碍植物根系生长发育[50]。城市绿地生境营建多存在回填土作业、机械压实、人为踩踏等现象,导致土壤物理性质退化[51-54],同时对土壤入渗能力造成负面影响。本研究中50%土样的饱和入渗率相对于海绵设施土壤入渗要求偏低,该现象易导致地表径流增加,植物根区通气受限[55-56]。湿塘作为广泛使用的海绵设施之一,其入渗能力应首要得到保障。
湿塘样地中土壤肥力质量较差是普遍存在的问题。湿塘是城市绿地中重要的生境异质性斑块,湿塘土壤对植物生长的支持作用对于发挥生物多样性潜力尤为关键[57]。本研究中样地土壤偏碱性,而大多数用于海绵生境的植物更适宜在中性或微酸性的土壤中种植,土壤偏碱性可能会对植物生长产生负面影响[51, 58]。此外,样地土壤有机质含量与碱解氮含量偏低。绿地植被的枯枝落叶等凋落物被证实是土壤有机质和氮的重要来源[59],因此,在适宜条件下,减少清理枯枝落叶的频率有利于中和土壤酸碱度,提升土壤的保水性、排水性、微生物数量及有效养分含量[45]

3.3 湿塘水体生境质量分析与问题

湿塘水质污染指标总体表现较好,但部分湿塘水体存在总氮、总磷、氨氮、高锰酸盐指数超标的情况,以往研究中也有类似问题的出现[60-61],这些问题多源于汇流区域内人为的污水和生活垃圾倾倒,从而对径流水质产生影响[61]。水质较好的湿塘深度多在0.55~1.45 m。相关研究表明,水体深度是影响水体磷循环的重要驱动因素[62],当水体深度在0.8~1.2 m时,湿塘可以产生较好的净化效果。此外,本研究观察到在暴雨天气下,相对于独立主塘,具有前置塘的湿塘的浊度、COD、总氮、总磷、高锰酸盐指数均值分别降低了10.92%、6.59%、46.31%、41.49%、8.97%,DO均值提升了22.97%。有研究指出,相较于部分分离或者完全分离的形式,前置塘和主塘相结合的形式对水体中的磷有更好的去除效果,且建造成本也更低[62]
湿塘表面蓄水层周长面积比与内梅罗污染指数呈负相关,这与以往的研究结果一 致[18, 63]。表面蓄水层周长面积比越大,即越狭长的湿塘,水体的滞留时间及水体与岸线植物的接触时间越长,且岸线的形状和边缘越复杂,支持的水生植物类群就越多,湿塘植被对水体的净化效果发挥的越好[17]图7)。
图7 湿塘岸线与水体形态

Fig. 7 Shoreline and water body morphology of wet pond

4 湿塘生境营建与管理建议

在湿塘布局层面,建议增设前置塘并采用前置塘与主塘相结合的形式,加大湿塘表面蓄水层周长面积比,分离入水口和出水口的相对位置,延长水体滞留时间,营造蜿蜒的岸线,建植更多的水生植物类群,发挥植被的净化效果。在湿塘营建时,建议将水体深度控制在0.8~1.2 m,在边坡区域采取建设鱼鳞坑等方式拦截枯枝落叶及草屑,防止水体污染的同时增强土壤肥力。
对于重庆地区湿塘边坡植物群落营建,应加大乔木株距,预留林窗,促进林下自生植物繁殖,构建复杂的垂直结构[64]。湿塘植物生境营建应重视对乡土植物、灌木植物的应用。调研发现大部分湿塘面积小于5 000 m2,对于此类湿塘,依据监测与研究经验以及植物群落稳定性标准,建议湿塘植物群落建植6~9个优势种,栽培植物种类不低于40种,乡土植物种类占比不低于70%。建议在湿塘边坡增植灌木,如桃叶珊瑚(Aucuba chinensis)、枸骨(Ilex cornuta)、棣棠(Kerria japonica)、木茼蒿(Argyranthemum frutescens)、南天竹 (Nandina domestica)等;增植乡土植物,如溪畔白千层、木樨、芦苇、白背枫(Buddleja asiatica)、狼尾草等。植物选择上尤其应重视生境适宜性,结合湿塘边坡开敞的强阳光环境选择适生地被层植物,如萱草(Hemerocallis fulva)、短莛山麦冬(Liriope muscari)、山菅兰(Dianella ensifolia)等,避免因种植植被种类不当导致入侵问题加剧。
在管护方式上,降低建设用地杂草管护频次,及时识别入侵物种,针对研究区建成湿塘出现的入侵物种,建议在每年8月份入侵植物种子未成熟前进行清除,其中藿香蓟为一年生草本,花果期全年,应对其进行持续性监管和防治。保留非入侵自生植物,如诸葛菜(Orychophragmus violaceus)、酸模 (Rumex acetosa)、马兰(Aster indicus)、斑茅 (Saccharum arundinaceum)、接骨草(Sambucus javanica)等,以较低成本营造自生繁衍、低维护、可持续的景观。应保持土壤良好的容重与渗透性,提升土壤肥力。在施工阶段,及时清除或深埋建筑垃圾。针对碱性土壤,可通过施用硫酸亚铁、高位泥炭调节土壤酸碱度。在土方作业时,应避免机械压实,通过添加一定比例的粗砂、沸石等改良剂,增加土壤渗透性。在设施营建时,可通过布设架空步道等方式避免人为踩踏,降低对生境海绵功能的干扰。保留边坡植被枯枝落叶以及修剪草坪时产生的草屑,将其用作有机堆肥。在水质管理方面,应对湿塘底泥定期进行疏浚,维持合理的湿塘水体深度,延长湿塘的使用寿命。

5 结论

本研究聚焦海绵城市试点区域的湿塘设施,对重庆悦来国际会展城11个湿塘的植物、土壤、水体样本进行采集,系统评估生境质量,探究建设用地与非建设用地中湿塘生境质量特征差异。在湿塘生境中,共调查到植物79科、144属、176种,植物种类较丰富,但群落稳定性偏低;非建设用地中湿塘的植物群落稳定性、入侵植物盖度显著高于建设用地。湿塘样地土壤容重偏大、压实情况严重,有50%的土样入渗能力偏弱,综合肥力水平较低,建设用地与非建设用地中湿塘的土壤质量特征无显著差异。湿塘整体水质较好,设置前置塘有利于提升湿塘水质,湿塘表面蓄水层周长面积比与内梅罗污染指数呈显著负相关。在海绵城市营建中,通过调整湿塘平面与竖向布局,改善土壤管理、植物种植设计等技术方法,可以提升湿塘生境营建质量,确保这一关键生境类型充分发挥生态服务功能。
本研究是对已建成的海绵设施生境质量特征研究的补充,研究结果对湿塘的可持续营建与管理有积极参考价值。本研究的监测时间较短,未来应对湿塘植被、土壤、水体生境进行长期、全面的监测。后续海绵生境相关研究可深入探究与海绵生境质量相关的关键问题,如通过种植设计与低管护的方式降低入侵植物干扰等,对未来提升以湿塘为代表的海绵生境的生态服务功能具有重要意义。

致谢 (Acknowledgments):

感谢重庆悦来投资集团有限公司规划设计部部长魏映彦、注册城市规划师申亚在研究过程中提供的支持,感谢西南大学园艺园林学院硕士陈珏洁、阳佩琳、张蕊、晁欣然,在读硕士研究生徐颖参与植物数据采集工作,硕士刘宇协助土壤样品采集工作。

文中图表均由作者拍摄或绘制。

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