Practice-Oriented Doctoral Education in Landscape Architecture: A Comparative Research Based on 29 European and American Universities
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ZHENG Xi, Ph.D., is a professor and doctoral supervisor in the School of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, and editor-in-chief of this journal. His research focuses on landscape planning and design |
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LI Zheng, Ph.D., is an associate professor in the School of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, and a young editorial board member of this journal. His research focuses on urban mountain landscape preservation, cultural landscape, and landscape representation |
Received date: 2023-02-09
Online published: 2025-12-15
Copyright
[Objective] In 2022, the State Council Academic Degree Committee and the Ministry of Education issued the Catalogue of Disciplines and Specialties in Postgraduate Education (2022), upgrading the graduate degree of landscape architecture from a professional master’s degree to a professional doctoral degree. In 2023, the Opinions of the Ministry of Education on Further Promoting the Classification and Development of Graduate Education for Academic and Professional Degrees proposed that it is necessary to attach equal importance to the academic and professional degrees of graduate education, and to strengthen their differentiation. With professional degree becoming the strategic focus of the reform and development of China’s degree and graduate education, how to respond to the practical needs of urban and rural ecological civilization construction in the new era has become a key challenge for doctoral education in landscape architecture at present, for which there is an urgent need to clarify the differentiated requirements between academic and professional degrees. China’s doctoral education in landscape architecture is still in its infancy, and most of the existing researches are confined to individual countries and regions in terms of geographic location, focus on the doctor of philosophy (Ph.D.) in terms of type, or tend to focus on a single aspect in terms of breadth. Focusing on English-taught doctoral programs related to landscape architecture at universities in the United States, Commonwealth countries, and some continental European countries, this research comparatively analyzes various aspects of the training process of such programs and identifies their strategies for responding to practical issues, so as to provide a reference for the reform of professional doctoral education in landscape architecture in China.
[Methods] In this research, “doctor” and “landscape architecture” are used as the combined keywords to search online information about doctoral degree programs related to landscape architecture through the Google search engine, supplemented by related programs mentioned in the literature searched in the WoS (Web of Science) core collection, based on which the doctoral degree programs initially searched are screened according to four criteria. The research figures out 29 universities with doctoral degree programs related to landscape architecture, which offer a total of 33 doctoral degree programs related to landscape architecture, including 29 Ph.D. programs and 4 Doctor of Design (DDes) ones. Using the information about doctoral degree program searched from the official websites of the universities as the main data source, this research comparatively analyzes the doctoral training modes related to landscape architecture of the 29 European and American universities to reveal the similarities and differences between the related degree programs from the 6 perspectives of enrollment, training process, learning mode, research field, dissertation, and financial support, and to identify the specific strategies they have adopted to respond to practical needs.
[Results] The doctoral graduate education in landscape architecture at 29 European and American universities has three training modes overall, namely full-time Ph.D. training (17 universities), parallel full-time and part-time Ph.D. training (8 universities), and dual-track separate Ph.D. and DDes training (4 universities). The mode of full-time Ph.D. training tends to favor purely academic research on the whole, but it also adopts three strategies to take into account practical needs, including limiting the requirements for admission, integrating the field of research with contemporary economic and social needs, and permitting diversified forms of dissertations. The parallel full-time and part-time Ph.D. training provides both full-time and part-time training modes in the traditional Ph.D. degree training system, and adopt Internet-based distance learning and diversified dissertation forms. As to the dual-track separate training mode, both Ph.D. and DDes training take course learning, qualifying examination, opening report, and dissertation as mandatory parts, but they also have obvious differences in enrollment target, learning mode, training process, dissertation, and financial support. Generally speaking, these training modes respond to the practical needs mainly from three aspects: first, highlight the professional attributes in terms of training targets, and do well in qualification review; second, adhere to the academic basis and cater to social needs in terms of training contents; and third, explore the flexibility of teaching and innovating learning modes in terms of training process.
[Conclusion] While doctoral education in landscape architecture certainly needs to get rid of the path dependence on traditional academic doctoral training modes, the academic attributes of the doctoral degree cannot be ignored. It is necessary to continue to take classical theories and research methods as the core teaching contents, and at the same time to strengthen the professional attributes and the scientific exploration based on applied research in terms of admission qualification review, dissertation topic and learning mode, so as to integrate academic research and professional practice. This research fails to deeply explore the development history and social context of doctoral programs related to landscape architecture at the 29 European and American universities, neither does it cover non-English-taught doctoral programs related to landscape architecture in other countries and regions, leaving room for future research to deepen and expand.
ZHENG Xi , LI Zheng . Practice-Oriented Doctoral Education in Landscape Architecture: A Comparative Research Based on 29 European and American Universities[J]. Landscape Architecture, 2024 , 31(3) : 36 -42 . DOI: 10.3724/j.fjyl.202302090089
表1 29所欧美大学的风景园林相关博士学位项目Tab. 1 Doctoral degree programs related to landscape architecture at 29 European and American universities |
| 培养模式 | 国家 | 大学 | 院系 | 学位 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 注:*表示以“风景园林”(landscape architecture)命名的院系;大学院系名称中“college”“school”“faculty”均译为“学院”。 | ||||
| 全日制哲学博士 | 美国 | 加州大学伯克利分校 | 风景园林与环境规划系* | 风景园林与环境规划哲学博士(Ph.D. in Landscape Architecture & Environmental Planning) |
| 伊利诺伊大学香槟分校 | 风景园林系* | 风景园林哲学博士(Ph.D. in Landscape Architecture) | ||
| 俄勒冈大学 | 风景园林系* | 风景园林哲学博士(Ph.D. in Landscape Architecture) | ||
| 麻省大学阿默斯特分校 | 风景园林与区域规划系* | 规划哲学博士(Ph.D. in Planning) | ||
| 得克萨斯农工大学 | 风景园林与城市规划系* | 城市与区域科学哲学博士(Ph.D. in Urban & Regional Sciences) | ||
| 得克萨斯理工大学 | 建筑学院 | 土地利用规划、管理与设计哲学博士(Ph.D. in Land Use Planning, Management, and Design) | ||
| 马里兰大学 | 建筑、规划与保护学院 | 城市与区域规划设计哲学博士(Ph.D. in Urban and Regional Planning and Design) | ||
| 俄克拉何马大学 | 建筑学院 | 规划、设计与建造哲学博士(Ph.D. in Planning, Design, and Construction) | ||
| 佛罗里达大学 | 设计、建造与规划学院 | 设计、建造与规划哲学博士(Ph.D. in Design, Construction and Planning) | ||
| 科罗拉多大学丹佛分校 | 建筑与规划学院 | 地理、规划与设计哲学博士(Ph.D. in Geography, Planning, and Design) | ||
| 弗吉尼亚理工大学 | 建筑与设计学院 | 建筑与设计研究哲学博士(Ph.D. in Architecture and Design Research) | ||
| 华盛顿大学 | 建成环境学院 | 建成环境哲学博士(Ph.D. in Built Environment) | ||
| 佐治亚大学 | 环境与设计学院 | 环境设计与规划哲学博士(Ph.D. in Environmental Design and Planning) | ||
| 加拿大 | 多伦多大学 | 建筑、景观与设计学院 | 建筑、景观与设计哲学博士(Ph.D. in Architecture, Landscape, and Design) | |
| 曼尼托巴大学 | 建筑学院 | 设计与规划哲学博士(Ph.D. in Design and Planning) | ||
| 瑞士 | 苏黎世联邦理工大学 | 建筑系 | 景观与城市研究哲学博士(Ph.D. in Landscape & Urban Studies) | |
| 挪威 | 奥斯陆建筑与设计学院 | 城市与景观研究系 | 哲学博士(Ph.D.) | |
| 全日制与非全日制 并轨的哲学博士 | 英国 | 爱丁堡大学 | 建筑与风景园林学院* | 风景园林哲学博士(Ph.D. in Landscape Architecture) |
| 伯明翰建筑与设计学院 | 艺术与设计哲学博士(Ph.D. in Art and Design) | |||
| 纽卡斯尔大学 | 人文与社会科学学院 | 建筑、规划与景观哲学博士(Ph.D. in Architecture, Planning and Landscape) | ||
| 格鲁斯特大学 | 艺术学院 | 建筑、建造与环境哲学博士(Ph.D. in Architecture, Construction and Environment) | ||
| 澳大利亚 | 皇家墨尔本理工大学 | 建筑与城市设计学院 | 建筑与设计哲学博士(Ph.D. in Architecture and Design) | |
| 墨尔本大学 | 设计学院 | 建筑、建造与规划哲学博士(Ph.D. in Architecture, Building and Planning) | ||
| 新西兰 | 惠灵顿维多利亚大学 | 建筑与设计创新学院 | 哲学博士(Ph.D.) | |
| 荷兰 | 代尔夫特理工大学 | 都市主义系 | 都市主义哲学博士(Ph.D. in Urbanism) | |
| 分设哲学博士与 设计博士的双轨制 | 美国 | 哈佛大学 | 设计学院 | 建筑、风景园林与城市规划哲学博士 (Ph.D. in Architecture, Landscape Architecture, and Urban Planning) |
| 设计博士(Doctor of Design) | ||||
| 北卡罗来纳州立大学 | 设计学院 | 设计哲学博士(Ph.D. in Design) | ||
| 设计博士(Doctor of Design) | ||||
| 英国 | 谢菲尔德大学 | 风景园林系* | 哲学博士(Ph.D.) | |
| 设计博士(Doctorate by Design) | ||||
| 加拿大 | 卡尔加里大学 | 建筑、规划与景观学院 | 环境设计哲学博士(Ph.D. in Environmental Design) | |
| 设计博士(Doctor of Design) | ||||
文中图表均由作者绘制。
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