Evaluation of the Potential for Renewing Urban Vacant Land into Green Infrastructure
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LU Ming, Ph.D., is a professor in the School of Architecture and Design, Harbin Institute of Technology. Her research focuses on sustainable development of urban and rural ecosystems |
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JIN Meicen is a master student in the School of Architecture and Design, Harbin Institute of Technology. Her research focuses on sustainable development of urban and rural ecosystems |
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ZHANG Yan is a Ph.D. candidate in the School of Architecture and Design, Harbin Institute of Technology. Her research focuses on sustainable development of urban and rural ecosystems |
Received date: 2023-07-07
Online published: 2025-12-15
Copyright
[Objective] The most significant problem caused by urban shrinkage is the phenomenon of large-scale urban spatial vacancy, which has generated a large quantity of vacant lands, buildings, and infrastructure in cities. As “gray area” in urban space, vacant land is prone to arouse waterlogging and rainwater siltation, which will not only decrease the quality of urban space, affect cityscape and result in landscape fragmentation, but also generate economic and social problems. Indeed, the renewal of vacant land into green infrastructure (GI) has been proven to be an effective way to alleviate negative effects caused by urban shrinkage. At present, there exists a research gap on the evaluation of the potential for renewal of vacant land from the perspective of both function and structure. It is of great scientific significance to explore the potential for renewing urban vacant land into GI from this perspective to realize the high-quality development of shrinking city.
[Methods] Based on the characteristics of GI, urban vacant land is evaluated from the perspective of both function and structure. At the functional level, ecosystem services are selected as the evaluation indicator. While at the structural level, landscape connectivity is selected as the evaluation indicator. The potential for renewing urban vacant land into GI is calculated by equally weighted overlap analysis. This research selects 2 regulation services (air purification and water purification), 3 support services (soil conservation, biodiversity, and vegetation coverage), and 3 cultural services (landscape aesthetics, recreational potential, and recreational accessibility) as main ecosystem services evaluated targeting the renewal potential of urban vacant land. Also, this research selects patch importance as an indicator of landscape connectivity. Finally, ArcGIS 10.8 is used for calculations to reflect the spatial distribution and potential evaluation results.
[Results] In terms of functionality, the overall results show a distribution trend of being high in the north and low in the south. Almost all areas with high ecosystem service supply are lands with minimal human activity damage, such as forests and grasslands; meanwhile, areas with low ecosystem service supply are mostly the lands left behind under the most severe impact of human activities. The vacant lands with high ecosystem service supply account for 26.47% of the total. In terms of structure, the overall landscape connectivity of vacant lands in the central urban area of Hegang is not high, with only a few vacant lands being of medium or higher patch importance. Vacant lands with high connectivity are distributed scatteredly in each district, which account for 16.26% of the total. There exists a correlation in spatial distribution between the evaluation results of the renewal potential of the vacant lands and the evaluation results of function and structure in the central urban area of Hegang. The renewal potential of the vacant lands is not high overall. Vacant lands with high potential only account for 22.19% which almost owned large area in each district. The spatial distribution pattern of the potential evaluation with respect to the renewal of urban vacant land into GI is similar to that of the functional evaluation, both showing a pattern of being high in the old urban area and gradually decreasing from urban center to the suburb. Most of the vacant lands in the central urban area of Hegang are of low potential for renewal into GI, with the vacant lands with high potential being distributed scatteredly in each district. There is only one vacant land with the highest renewal potential, located at the junction of Xiangyang District and Dongshan District in the northern part of the central urban area with an area of 105.39 hectares, accounting for 7.87% of the total. Vacant lands with high renewal potential are also quite few, with a total area of 191.88 hectares, accounting for 14.32% of the total.
[Conclusion] For each potential level, this research proposes four renewal modes of increasing, merging, inserting and reserving for vacant lands to be renewed into GI. The research believes that it is possible to strengthen the function and optimize the pattern of GI network in the central urban area of Hegang by adding network centers, generating new connecting corridors, widening the original connecting corridors, or building small sites. For urban vacant lands with each potential level, the research proposes to base corresponding potential evaluation on resource endowment and maximize their green advantages; assist ecological restoration and achieve moderate and comprehensive development; meet the needs of residents and adapt to local conditions; prioritize ecological restoration and ensure a flexible and resilient planning strategy. The research quantifies the functional and structural levels of each vacant land in the central urban area of Hegang, identifies the styles of such vacant lands, and proposes suitable improvement mode to improve the GI network. Based on the location and prominent functional and structural characteristics of each vacant land, corresponding strategies are proposed, aiming to provide a basis for urban vacant land renewal.
LU Ming , JIN Meicen , ZHANG Yan . Evaluation of the Potential for Renewing Urban Vacant Land into Green Infrastructure[J]. Landscape Architecture, 2024 , 31(3) : 81 -88 . DOI: 10.3724/j.fjyl.202307070304
表1 数据来源及精度Tab. 1 Data source and accuracy |
| 数据类型 | 数据来源 | 数据格式(精度) |
|---|---|---|
| 土地利用数据 | 欧洲航天局(viewer.esa-worldcover.org/worldcover) | 栅格(10 m) |
| 高程数据 | 地理空间数据云(www.gscloud.cn/home) | 栅格(30 m) |
| 年降水栅格数据 | 国家地球系统科学数据中心(gre.geodata.cn) | 栅格(1 km) |
| 土壤数据 | 寒旱区科学大数据中心(bdc.casnw.net) | 栅格(1 km) |
| 植被覆盖数据 | 国家科技资源共享服务平台(www.nesdc.org.cn) | 栅格(30 m) |
| 兴趣点(point of interest, POI)数据 | 高德地图API | 矢量 |
| 道路矢量数据 | OpenStreetMap地图(www.openstreetmap.org) | 矢量 |
| 水系矢量数据 | OpenStreetMap地图(www.openstreetmap.org) | 矢量 |
| 城市空地数据 | 黑龙江省城市规划勘测设计研究院 | 矢量 |
| 第三次全国国土调查数据 | 黑龙江省城市规划勘测设计研究院 | 矢量 |
| 评估指标 | 计算式 | 参数含义 |
|---|---|---|
| 空气净化 | ${S}_{i}({ {\text{SO} } }_{2},{ {\text{NO} } }_{x},{ {\text{PM} } }_{10})={A}_{i}\times {P}_{i}$ | ${S}_{i}({ {\text{SO} } }_{2},{ {\text{NO} } }_{x},{ {\text{PM} } }_{10})$表示景观类型$ i $对空气污染物的截留吸收量;$ {A}_{i} $表示景观类型$ i $的面积;$ {P}_{i} $表示单位面积景观类型$ i $对空气污染物的截留吸收量[44-47] |
| 水体净化 | $ {P}_{i}=\dfrac{{\displaystyle\sum }_{i=1}^{n}{(S}_{i}\times {K}_{i})}{\displaystyle\sum\nolimits_{i=1}^{n}{S}_{i}} $ | $ {P}_{i} $表示最终空地的加权平均分值;$n$表示空地要素个数;$ {S}_{i} $表示空地包含的第$ i $类缓冲区的面积;$ {K}_{i} $表示第$ i $类缓冲区的分值[48-49] |
| 土壤保持 | ${ {{A} } }_{r}=R\times K\times L\times S\times (1-C\times P)$ | ${ {{A} } }_{r}$表示研究区域土壤保持量;$ R $为降雨侵蚀力因子;$ K $为土壤可蚀性因子;$ L $为坡长因子;$ S $为坡度因子;$ C $为植被覆盖因子;$P $为水土保持措施因子[50] |
| 生物多样性 | $ {Q}_{xj}={H}_{j}[1-{D}_{xj}^{z}/({D}_{xj}^{z}+{k}^{z})] $ | $ {Q}_{xj} $表示景观类型$ j $中栅格$ x $的生境质量;$ {H}_{j} $为第$ j $类景观的生境适宜度;$ {D}_{xj} $为第$ j $类景观中栅格$ x $所受胁迫程度;$ k $为半饱和常数,默认值为0.5;$ z $为归一化参数,默认值为2.5[51-52] |
| 植被覆盖度 | $ {\text{F}\text{V}\text{C}}_{i}=\dfrac{\text{N}\text{D}\text{V}\text{I}-{\text{N}\text{D}\text{V}\text{I}}_{\text{soil}}}{{\text{N}\text{D}\text{V}\text{I}}_{\text {veg}}-{\text{N}\text{D}\text{V}\text{I}}_{\text{soil}}} $ | $ {\text{F}\text{V}\text{C}}_{i} $为植被覆盖度;${\text{NDVI}}$为归一化植被指数;$ {\text{N}\text{D}\text{V}\text{I}}_{\text{soil}} $表示区域无植被或缺少植被覆盖的值;$ {\text{N}\text{D}\text{V}\text{I}}_{\text {veg}} $表示完全由植被覆盖的值[53] |
| 景观美学 | $ {\text{E}\text{S}\text{V}}_{i}={\displaystyle\sum }_{i=1}^{n}({\text{V}\text{C}}_{i}\times {A}_{i}) $ | $ {\text{E}\text{S}\text{V}}_{i} $表示景观美学价值;$n$表示地类要素个数;$ {\text{V}\text{C}}_{i} $表示第$ i $类地类单位面积ESs价值,元/hm2;$ {A}_{i} $表示第$ i $类地类的面积,hm2 [54-55] |
| 游憩潜力 | ${L}_{i}=\dfrac{-{\displaystyle\sum }_{K=1}^{K}{P}_{K,i}{\ln}({P}_{K,i})}{ {\ln}(K,i)}$ | $ {L}_{i} $表示土地利用混合度;${P}_{K,i}$表示第$ K $种POI在第$ i $个空地缓冲区中的数量占比;$ K $表示空地缓冲区$ i $的POI种类数量[42] |
| 游憩可达性 | ArcGIS近邻分析 |
表4 功能方面评估指标体系及权重Tab. 4 Evaluation indicator system and weights at the functional level |
| 目标层 | 准则层 | 权重 | 指标层 | 权重 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| ESs供给 | 调节服务 | 0.3276 | 空气净化 | 0.1638 |
| 水体净化 | 0.1638 | |||
| 支持服务 | 0.2599 | 土壤保持 | 0.0545 | |
| 生物多样性 | 0.1429 | |||
| 植被覆盖度 | 0.0625 | |||
| 文化服务 | 0.4125 | 景观美学 | 0.0825 | |
| 游憩潜力 | 0.1650 | |||
| 游憩可达性 | 0.1650 |
表5 不同潜力等级的城市空地面积及其比例Tab. 5 Areas and proportions of urban vacant lands under different potential levels |
| 潜力等级 | 面积/hm2 | 所占比例/% | 主要所处区位 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 最高 | 105.39 | 7.87 | 向阳区与东山区交界处 |
| 较高 | 191.88 | 14.32 | 工农区、东山区、南山区 |
| 中等 | 370.35 | 27.64 | 六区均有分布 |
| 较低 | 487.80 | 36.41 | 六区均有分布 |
| 最低 | 184.50 | 13.76 | 南山区、兴安区 |
图6 鹤岗市中心城区城市空地更新模式示意Fig. 6 Schematic diagram of the renewal modes of urban vacant lands in the central urban area of Hegang |
表6 鹤岗市中心城区城市空地GI规划利用途径Tab. 6 GI planning and utilization of urban vacant lands in the central urban area of Hegang |
| 潜力等级 | 空地更新模式 | 规划利用途径 |
|---|---|---|
| 最高 | 增加式 | 生态保育:该等级空地生态本底好,景观连通性高,建议针对该类型的空地通过地质勘测选择改造方式。若地质为沉陷积水类型的区域,则易于形成天然湿地生态系统,根据积水深度及景观条件规划可更新为观赏型、环保型、综合型湿地公园;地质为淹没类型的区域可复垦为水田,发展为产学研实验基地或都市农业等产业;地质情况良好的区域可以结合城市绿地系统规划更新为城市公园、儿童公园等开敞空间 |
| 较高 | 合并式或插入式 | |
| 中等 | 插入式 | 生态修复:该等级空地在功能或结构某一方面存在优势,可以就近与高等级空地一同进行转化,也可作为GI网络的灵活补充,建议进行生态化更新,更新为社区绿地、口袋公园、街头绿地等社区级公共绿地 |
| 较低 | 预留式 | 生态恢复:该等级空地生态本底差,斑块面积小,ESs水平低,建议不对该类型空地进行人为干预,通过自然过程进行生态恢复;或优先考虑经济效益,进行转型发展;也可作为城市发展备用地或白地以便后期规划用地调整 |
| 最低 |
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