Review and Prospect of the Development of Theoretical System of Chinese Landscape Architecture
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ZHAO Jijun, Ph.D., is a professor and doctoral supervisor in the School of Architecture and Urban Planning, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, a member of Hubei Engineering and Technology Research Center of Urbanization and the Key Laboratory of Urban Simulation, Ministry of Natural Resources, and a young editorial board member of this journal. His research focuses on history and theory of landscape architecture |
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HE Mengyao is a Ph.D. candidate in the School of Architecture and Urban Planning, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, and a member of Hubei Engineering and Technology Research Center of Urbanization and the Key Laboratory of Urban Simulation, Ministry of Natural Resources. Her research focuses on history and theory of landscape architecture |
Received date: 2023-08-01
Online published: 2025-12-15
Copyright
[Objective] The theoretical exploration of contemporary Chinese landscape architecture has always been a concern of the landscape architecture discipline. However, due to the difficulties in the modern transformation of cultural traditions, the problems in integrating Western theories, and the mismatch between professional practice and conceptual expression or value judgment, the systematic theoretical construction of Chinese landscape architecture still needs further refinement. From a systematic perspective, this research comprehensively reviews and evaluates the content and development of theoretical research on Chinese landscape architecture since the 1980s, in order to provide reference for further systematic theoretical construction and promote the development of disciplinary theories, methods and technologies.
[Methods] Through literature research, this research analyzes representative theoretical writings on Chinese landscape architecture since the 1980s. It summarizes, compares and reflects on the ways, ideas and methods of constructing the theoretical system of landscape architecture, and explores different approaches to understanding the theory and practice of landscape architecture. At the same time, this research chronologically explores the diachrony of viewpoints and understanding of the construction of theoretical system, and through comparative research, probes into the synchrony of characteristics, similarities, differences and correlations between different perspectives of construction.
[Results] This research identifies and analyzes the similarities, differences and correlations between five theoretical systems, namely the traditional, design, space, knowledge and discipline systems. The exploration of the traditional system starts from The Craft of Gardens (Yuan Ye), a classical monograph on gardening. Meng Zhaozhen’s Yuan Yan inherits and develops the traditional gardening philosophy, while other scholars strive to explore the potential of tradition through more discovery of classical literature. There may be two ways for further exploration of tradition: One is to search inward to identify traditional elements through adherence to self-worth concepts; the other is to explore outward to review and transform tradition from a modern perspective, with the in-depth understanding of differences as a means of bridging. In terms of the research on the design system, Sun Xiaoxiang proposed in the 1980s a system consisting of three design processes and methods, namely habitat, picturesque scene and artistic conception. Meng Zhaozhen put forward a design sequence with Chinese characteristics: clear intention, conception, location, naming, layout, micro management, lingering charm, and sealing. In the new millennium, Zhu Yufan proposed a theory of juxtaposition, transposition and mediation titled three-position theory (“Sanzhilun”) to address the issue of inheriting material culture in contemporary landscape design. Ding Shaogang attempted to construct an “open theoretical system” by exploring the essence of traditional Chinese “imagery” aesthetics. In view of the various design theories above, the theory of “Research through Design” may help organize them into an “orderly” system, thus further guiding the development of the theory and practice of landscape architecture. In terms of the research on the space system, Wang Juyuan put forward a research and practical system consisting of the three major parts of traditional gardening, urban greening, and landscape planning, which was influential in the 1980s that reflected the basic thinking on the different spatial scales covered by the research and practice of landscape architecture. Following this, subsequent scholars expanded and updated the space system. For example, Sun Xiaoxiang summarized the central disciplinary work as gardening art, urban environmental green biological system engineering, and earthscape planning, and Meng Zhaozhen proposed the three levels of gardens and scenic spots, urban green space system planning, and landscape planning, etc. The construction of a theoretical framework based on the division of “spatial scales” seems to have reached a consensus in the expression of rational cognition and logical thinking. In terms of the research on the body of knowledge, different understandings of disciplinary characteristics correspond to different definitions of systems. Sun Xiaoxiang proposed that landscape architecture is a comprehensive discipline that mainly focuses on “biology and ecology”, and further defined the four basic knowledge categories of natural science, biological science, agricultural application science, and comprehensive green biological system engineering. Jin Boling regards “art” as the fundamental of landscape architecture, and constructs the four core categories of knowledge related to artistic creation, plants, garden history and culture, and techniques of landscape construction. Liu Binyi considers the most vital core of the discipline as theory and practice at the three aspects of environmental ecology, behavioral activity, and spatial form, and further defined relevant knowledge into six aspects: “background” and “society”, “activity” and “thought”, and “construction” and “imagery”. Taking “Jing” as the “hard core”, and “Jing-Qi-Di” and “Di-Jing” as the core categories of the discipline, Yang Rui established eight basic categories of thoughts, values, principles, techniques, functions, mechanisms, images and meanings. Based on different understandings of the “core” of landscape architecture, the construction of the landscape architecture body of knowledge demonstrates the multifaceted understanding and possible comprehension of landscape architecture from multiple dimensions and directions. The research on the discipline system also relies on the understanding of the core of the discipline. Li Min pointed out that the key to the essence of landscape architecture is the “recreational living environment”, and put forward the three major fields of landscape science, landscape construction, and landscape management. With reference to the experience of relevant disciplines, Lin Guangsi proposed the three secondary disciplines of history, theory and criticism of landscape architecture, landscape planning and design, and landscape plant resources and applications. Agreeing on the opinion of centering on landscape planning and design, Wang Shaozeng established the four secondary disciplines of planning and design, construction and management, ornamental plants, and human settlement environment theory. About ten years later, based on the exploration of the concept of “Jing”, Wang Shaozeng further proposed to name the discipline as “Yingjingxue” and divided the discipline into five sub-categories: scenicology, urban-rural habitats, environmental art, tourist places, and habitat restoration. The various branch disciplines and working contents exhibit similarities and differences, which, however, may not play a role in clarifying the core of the discipline with the continuous expansion of its theoretical system, thus leading to a dilemma of attending to trifles and neglecting the essentials.
[Conclusion] The theoretical system of landscape architecture integrates different elements through the inheritance of traditions, the consolidation of design approaches, the division of spatial scales, and the synthesis of disciplinary knowledge, manifested as the “relationship” between elements and systems. At the same time, with the rapid growth of disciplinary knowledge, the concepts of “core” have created opportunities for creating connections between elements at different levels with respect to “differences” or “similarities”. In addition, the relationship between system and context of the ancient and modern times, and of China and Western countries, determines the basic positioning, and dynamic development of the theoretical system of landscape architecture. Such system is not deterministic or static, and its role may lie more in the improvement of basic knowledge or the transformation of thinking patterns, thereby creating open answers for solving different problems in a composite way of perceiving the world.
ZHAO Jijun , HE Mengyao . Review and Prospect of the Development of Theoretical System of Chinese Landscape Architecture[J]. Landscape Architecture, 2024 , 31(3) : 17 -26 . DOI: 10.3724/j.fjyl.202308010353
表1 相关学者对于风景园林设计体系及其观点与内容Tab. 1 Viewpoints of relevant scholars on the design system of landscape architecture and specific contents of the system |
| 学者 | 观点 | 设计体系内容 | 提出年份 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 孙筱祥 | 中国传统文人写意山水园林创作方法 | 生境;画境;意境 | 1987 |
| 孟兆祯 | 风景园林设计序列(借景理法体系) | 明旨—问名—立意—相地—借景—布局—理微—余韵 | 2005 |
| 朱育帆 | “三置论”理论体系 | 并置;转置;介置 | 2007 |
| 丁绍刚 | 景观意象论 | 象征与隐喻;象形与转意;点景的借鉴;人格化意境的传承;意象符号的创造;中国式空间与氛围的营造;历史、典故、传说的运用;地域特征与精神的提炼;传统风水学的科学运用;传统与现代内在关联性的探寻 | 2011 |
表2 相关学者对于风景园林空间体系结构的观点Tab. 2 Viewpoints of relevant scholars on the structure of the space system of landscape architecture |
| 学者 | 风景园林空间体系结构 | 提出年份 | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 缩移空间 | 园庭空间 | 城市空间 | 大地空间 | ||
| 钱学森 | 盆景艺术、园林 里的窗景 | 庭院园林、宫苑园林 | 风景名胜区、国家 公园 | 1983 | |
| 李铮生 | 庭园、宅园、花园 | 广场绿地、街头绿地、 小游园、公园 | 风景名胜区、自然 公园 | 1986 | |
| 汪菊渊 | 传统园林学 | 城市绿化 | 大地景物规划 | 1987 | |
| 孙筱祥 | 造园艺术 | 城市环境绿色生物系统工程 | 地球表层规划 | 2002 | |
| 孟兆祯 | 单体园林和风景名胜区 | 城市绿地系统规划 | 大地景物 | 2012 | |
表3 相关学者对于风景园林知识体系核心与结构的观点Tab. 3 Viewpoints of relevant scholars on the core and structure of the landscape architecture body of knowledge |
| 学者 | 核心 | 知识体系结构 | 提出年份 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 孙筱祥 | 生物、生态学科 | 地质学、自然地理、土壤学、气象等自然科学;生物学、植物学、生态学等生物科学;园艺学、林学等农业应用科学;文学、艺术、美学等多学科综合的新的绿色生物系统工程学科 | 2002 |
| 金柏苓 | 艺术 | 和营造艺术有关的知识;和植物有关的知识;和园林历史文化有关的知识;营造风景所需要的技术知识 | 2004 |
| 王绍增 | 室外人居环境的规划、设计、建造、管理 | 自然科学;人文艺术;工程技术 | 2006 |
| 有机地球的基础理论体系;关于人地和谐的大地规划体系;人景互动的宏观风景空间的规划理论与方法;人境合一的小尺度室外生活空间的营建理论与方法;关于未来人与自然和谐相处的聚落空间的探讨;关于中国的物质和非物质风景园林文化遗产体系;建立中国的风景园林法律体系和管理制度 | 2009 | ||
| 张启翔 | 规划设计;文化艺术;建筑工程;植物生态;社会生活 | 2011 | |
| 杨锐 | 境 | 境道;境德;境理;境术;境用;境制;境象;境意 | 2014 |
| 刘滨谊 | 环境生态(背景)、行为活动(活动)、空间形态(形态)3个层面的理论和实践 | 背景:自然科学领域知识;社会:社会科学领域知识;活动:人类科学领域知识;思想:人文科学领域知识;营造:形式科学领域知识;意象:应用科学领域知识 | 2017 |
表4 相关学者对于风景园林学科体系核心与结构的观点Tab. 4 Viewpoints of relevant scholars on the core and structure of the discipline system of landscape architecture |
| 学者 | 核心 | 分支学科 | 提出年份 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 汪菊渊 | 传统园林学 | 园林史;园林艺术(理论);园林规划设计;植物造景设计;园林工程;园林建筑;园林美学等 | 1987 |
| 王绍增 | 室外人居环境的规划、设计、建造、管理 | 人居环境理论;规划与设计;施工与管理;园林植物与观赏园艺 | 2006 |
| 李敏 | 游憩生活境域 | 园林科学;园林营造;园林经营 | 2007 |
| 林广思 | 风景园林历史、理论与评论;风景园林规划与设计;风景园林植物资源与应用 | 2008 | |
| 王绍增 | 境 | 风景学;城乡生境;环境艺术;旅游场所;生境恢复 | 2015 |
文中表格均由作者绘制。
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