Association and Interaction Between Built Environment and Outdoor Jogging Based on Crowdsourced Geographic Information
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YANG Wei (Tujia), Ph.D. is an associate professor in the School of Management Science and Real Estate, Chongqing University. His research focuses on trajectory big data mining, behavior health, urban computing, and GeoAI |
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HU Jie, Master, is an assistant research fellow in the Committee of Housing and Urban-Rural Development of Rongchang District, Chongqing. Her research focuses on trajectory data analysis, urban planning and design |
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LIU Yong, Ph.D., is a professor in the School of Management Science and Real Estate, Chongqing University. His research focuses on land resource management, urban ecology, and urban geography |
Received date: 2023-10-12
Online published: 2025-12-15
Copyright
[Objective] Outdoor jogging has been gaining popularity worldwide thanks to its various health, social and environmental benefits. Optimizing the design of urban built environment is an effective way to promote outdoor jogging activities for urban residents. To achieve this, it is necessary to clarify the association and interaction between urban built environment and outdoor jogging activities. However, the existing research mainly focuses on the independent effects of single factors on jogging activities, while neglecting the interactive effects between built environment factors and the spatio-temporal differences in their impacts. To this end, this research aims to analyze the association and interaction between urban built environment and jogging behavior, so as to provide a scientific basis for creating a human-friendly living environment.
[Methods] Firstly, this research utilizes crowdsourced geographic information to measure outdoor jogging activities and urban built environments at a large scale. Specifically, jogging flow is calculated with jogging GPS trajectory data collected from the Edooon sport app. Eight built environment factors selected from the three dimensions of attractiveness, vibrancy and accessibility are calculated using multi-source spatial data, such as Baidu street view images, point of interest (POI) data and road data. Secondly, the Geographic Detector model is employed to investigate the associations and interactions between built environment factors and jogging behaviors. Thirdly, jogging flow is categorized into three types (morning peak, night peak and off-peak) at hourly scale, two types (weekdays and weekends) at daily scale, and four types (residential, commercial, industrial and recreational) based on land use type. Then, the variations in the aforesaid associations and interactions are explored and analyzed from the perspective of different time and different land use types with the Geographic Detector model.
[Results] Empirical analysis is conducted with real jogging-related GPS trajectory data recorded by the sports app of 9,860 users in Chengdu City, China. Results show that population density, land use mix, and density of public transit station are core factors determining the spatial distribution of outdoor jogging. Across different time scales, the eight built environment factors, including green view index (GVI), normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), park density, population density, land use mix, retail store density, road intersection density and bus stop density, have a significant impact on jogging activities. The explanatory power of different built environment factors varies significantly across different land use types. For example, the impact of park density on jogging is significantly greater in recreational land than in industrial or commercial land. Nevertheless, for industrial land, only three indicators, namely population density, land use mix, and accessibility, have significant impacts on outdoor jogging. Significantly, the explanatory power of interacted built environment factors for jogging flow is greater than that of single factors. This indicates that the differences in spatial distribution of jogging flow result from the combined effects of multiple built environment factors. The interaction between population density and land use mix explains the spatial variation of jogging activities to an extent of 50%. The interactive effects of some environmental factors on jogging may change over time and land use types. For instance, during morning peak period, outdoor jogging is more affected by the interaction of park density, GVI, and land use diversity in Chengdu. In contrast, outdoor jogging during the evening peak period is mainly affected by the interaction of population density, bus stop density, and land use diversity. The core interacting factors affecting the distribution of jogging flow in residential and commercial areas are population density and land use mix. In contrast, the core interacting factors in recreational and industrial areas are land use mix and park density. The interactive effects between population density/land use mix and other built environment factors may be synergistically enhanced, and the explanatory power of these core interaction factors varies over space and time. For example, after the interaction of two built environment factors, the explanatory power may increase by more than 10% in commercial land, 20% in industrial land, while only around 7% in residential land. These differential impacts will help planners formulate targeted design strategies for environmental intervention.
[Conclusion] This research utilizes crowdsourced geographic information and a geographic detector model to establish multiple detection models, identifying the dominant built environment factors affecting outdoor jogging activities and quantitatively measuring the interactive effects of different built environment factors. Crowdsourced geographic information provides a new, extensive, and cost-effective means for measuring human activities and built environment characteristics. The interactive effects of multiple built environment factors on outdoor jogging activities are greater than those of single factors, exhibiting both dual-factor enhancement and nonlinear enhancement effects. Moreover, the interactive effects of built environment factors on outdoor jogging vary with time and land use types. This variability reflects the behavioral decisions of urban residents under the constraints of multiple scenarios, such as time (e.g., leisure time, commuting time), space (e.g., location), infrastructure (e.g., transportation infrastructure, sports facilities), and environment (e.g., visual environment, safety). A systematic analysis of the interactions between built environment and outdoor jogging may support health-oriented urban design.
YANG Wei , HU Jie , LIU Yong . Association and Interaction Between Built Environment and Outdoor Jogging Based on Crowdsourced Geographic Information[J]. Landscape Architecture, 2024 , 31(4) : 44 -52 . DOI: 10.3724/j.fjyl.202310120460
表1 指标分类及其信息描述Tab. 1 Indicator classification and description |
| 类别 | 指标名称 | 解释说明 | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 因变量 | 慢跑流量 | TAZ内慢跑轨迹数量 | |
| 自变量 | 吸引力 | GVI(X 1) | TAZ 1 km缓冲区内街景采样点的绿视率均值 |
| NDVI(X 2) | TAZ 1 km缓冲区内NDVI均值 | ||
| 公园密度(X 3) | TAZ 1 km缓冲区内单位面积公园数量 | ||
| 活力度 | 人口密度(X 4) | TAZ 1 km缓冲区内单位面积手机用户数量 | |
| 土地利用混合度(X 5) | TAZ 1 km缓冲区内居住、工业、商业、休闲娱乐4类POI的信息熵 | ||
| 零售店密度(X 6) | TAZ 1 km缓冲区内单位面积零售店POI数量 | ||
| 可达性 | 道路交叉口密度(X 7) | TAZ 1 km缓冲区内单位面积道路交叉口数量 | |
| 公交站密度(X 8) | TAZ 1 km缓冲区内单位面积公交站数量 | ||
表2 交互探测中的因子关系Tab. 2 The relation of factor in interaction detection |
| 因子关系 | 交互作用 |
|---|---|
| $ q ( {x}_{\text{1}}\cap {x}_{2} ) < Min\left\{q ( {x}_{1} ) ,q ( {x}_{2} )\right\} $ | 非线性减弱 |
| $ \begin{array}{c} Min\left\{q ( {x}_{1} ) ,q ( {x}_{2} )\right\} < q ( {x}_{\text{1}}\cap {x}_{2} ) < \\ Max\left\{q ( {x}_{1} ) ,q ( {x}_{2} )\right\} \end{array}$ | 单因子非线性 减弱 |
| $ q ( {x}_{\text{1}}\cap {x}_{2} ) > Max\left\{q ( {x}_{1} ) ,q ( {x}_{2} )\right\} $ | 双因子增强 |
| $ q ( {x}_{\text{1}}\cap {x}_{2} )=Max\left\{q ( {x}_{1} ) ,q ( {x}_{2} )\right\} $ | 独立 |
| $ q ( {x}_{\text{1}}\cap {x}_{2} ) > q ( {x}_{1} )+q ( {x}_{2} ) $ | 非线性增强 |
表3 建成环境因子与慢跑总流量的因子探测结果Tab. 3 Factor detection results between built environment factors and total jogging flow |
| 指标类型 | 指标 | q值 | p值 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 吸引力 | GVI | 0.1135 | 0 |
| NDVI | 0.0829 | 0 | |
| 公园密度 | 0.2468 | 0 | |
| 活力度 | 人口密度 | 0.4230 | 0 |
| 土地利用混合度 | 0.4149 | 0 | |
| 零售店密度 | 0.2534 | 0 | |
| 可达性 | 道路交叉口密度 | 0.1978 | 0 |
| 公交站密度 | 0.3757 | 0 |
表4 建成环境因子与慢跑总流量的交互探测结果Tab. 4 Interaction detection results between built environment factors and total jogging flow |
| 因子 | X 1 | X 2 | X 3 | X 4 | X 5 | X 6 | X 7 | X 8 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| X 1 | 0.113 5 | |||||||
| X 2 | 0.223 9 | 0.082 9 | ||||||
| X 3 | 0.314 2 | 0.301 8 | 0.246 8 | |||||
| X 4 | 0.481 8 | 0.431 6 | 0.466 4 | 0.423 0 | ||||
| X 5 | 0.473 9 | 0.436 1 | 0.486 5 | 0.498 8 | 0.414 9 | |||
| X 6 | 0.383 8 | 0.283 4 | 0.387 2 | 0.456 1 | 0.498 1 | 0.253 4 | ||
| X 7 | 0.332 6 | 0.234 0 | 0.363 9 | 0.452 1 | 0.491 3 | 0.306 7 | 0.197 8 | |
| X 8 | 0.4439 | 0.394 2 | 0.431 2 | 0.466 4 | 0.486 5 | 0.387 2 | 0.363 9 | 0.375 7 |
表5 不同时间段下的因子探测结果Tab. 5 Factor detection results at different periods |
| 指标类型 | 指标 | 早高峰 | 晚高峰 | 非高峰 | 工作日 | 休息日 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 吸引力 | GVI | 0.1163 | 0.1093 | 0.1025 | 0.1160 | 0.1045 |
| NDVI | 0.0462 | 0.0946 | 0.0790 | 0.0873 | 0.0686 | |
| 公园密度 | 0.2182 | 0.2602 | 0.2039 | 0.2482 | 0.2408 | |
| 活力度 | 人口密度 | 0.3179 | 0.4725 | 0.3859 | 0.4364 | 0.3820 |
| 土地利用混合度 | 0.3245 | 0.4521 | 0.3605 | 0.4226 | 0.3857 | |
| 零售店密度 | 0.1830 | 0.2910 | 0.2126 | 0.2626 | 0.2254 | |
| 可达性 | 道路交叉口密度 | 0.1420 | 0.2405 | 0.1476 | 0.2048 | 0.1761 |
| 公交站密度 | 0.2560 | 0.4382 | 0.3180 | 0.3896 | 0.3322 |
表6 不同时间段下的因子交互结果(部分)Tab. 6 Factor interaction results at different periods (partial) |
| 早高峰 | 晚高峰 | 非高峰 | 工作日 | 休息日 | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 交互 | q值 | 交互 | q值 | 交互 | q值 | 交互 | q值 | 交互 | q值 | ||||
| X 3∩X 5 | 0.401 9 | X 4∩X 5 | 0.549 8 | X 5∩X 7 | 0.455 6 | X 4∩X 5 | 0.510 7 | X 5∩X 7 | 0.469 1 | ||||
| X 1∩X 5 | 0.394 2 | X 5∩X 8 | 0.535 1 | X 5∩X 6 | 0.447 7 | X 5∩X 6 | 0.506 2 | X 5∩X 6 | 0.466 6 | ||||
| X 5∩X 6 | 0.392 5 | X 5∩X 6 | 0.534 9 | X 4∩X 5 | 0.446 4 | X 5∩X 7 | 0.496 4 | X 4∩X 5 | 0.460 7 | ||||
| X 5∩X 7 | 0.388 5 | X 5∩X 7 | 0.526 4 | X 5∩X 8 | 0.431 2 | X 1∩X 4 | 0.494 5 | X 3∩X 5 | 0.458 6 | ||||
表7 不同土地利用类型下的因子探测结果Tab. 7 Factor detection results under different land use types |
| 指标类型 | 指标 | 居住 | 商业 | 工业 | 休闲娱乐 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 吸引力 | GVI | 0.1306 | 0.1965 | 0.0237 | 0.1069 |
| NDVI | 0.0753 | 0.1399 | 0.0692 | 0.1042 | |
| 公园密度 | 0.2065 | 0.2585 | 0.1192 | 0.3958 | |
| 活力度 | 人口密度 | 0.4061 | 0.5097 | 0.3206 | 0.5075 |
| 土地利用混合度 | 0.4026 | 0.4234 | 0.3546 | 0.4994 | |
| 零售店密度 | 0.2175 | 0.3797 | 0.1393 | 0.3000 | |
| 可达性 | 道路交叉口密度 | 0.1810 | 0.2311 | 0.1936 | 0.2737 |
| 公交站点密度 | 0.3605 | 0.4509 | 0.3037 | 0.4949 |
表8 不同土地利用类型下的因子交互结果(部分)Tab. 8 Factor interaction results under different land use types (partial) |
| 居住 | 商业 | 工业 | 休闲娱乐 | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 交互 | q值 | 交互 | q值 | 交互 | q值 | 交互 | q值 | |||
| X 4∩X 5 | 0.477 6 | X 4∩X 5 | 0.636 4 | X 3∩X 5 | 0.539 1 | X 3∩X 5 | 0.642 6 | |||
| X 3∩X 5 | 0.477 5 | X 5∩X 6 | 0.620 2 | X 1∩X 5 | 0.527 8 | X 1∩X 5 | 0.629 7 | |||
| X 5∩X 6 | 0.477 4 | X 5∩X 8 | 0.619 6 | X 2∩X 5 | 0.520 0 | X 4∩X 5 | 0.606 1 | |||
| X 1∩X 4 | 0.466 5 | X 1∩X 4 | 0.618 4 | X 5∩X 6 | 0.473 8 | X 1∩X 4 | 0.603 6 | |||
文中图表均由作者绘制。
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