Research

Structural System and Construction Method of the Existing “City − Lake Landscape” of 14 Ancient Cities in Yellow River Floodplain

  • QIU Yuanxun ,
  • WANG Ruiqi ,
  • LI Xiong , *
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  • School of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University

QIU Yuanxun is a Ph.D. candidate in the School of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University. His research focuses on landscape planning and design

WANG Ruiqi, Ph.D., is a lecturer in the School of Architecture and Urban Planning, Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture. Her research focuses on landscape planning and design

LI Xiong, Ph.D., is a professor and doctoral supervisor in the School of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, and director of editorial board of this journal. His research focuses on landscape planning and design

Received date: 2023-06-05

  Online published: 2025-12-15

Copyright

Copyright © 2024 Landscape Architecture. All rights reserved.

Abstract

[Objective] The hydrological characteristics of the Yellow River, which is easy to deposit, break dykes and migrate, have created a unique City – Lake Landscape phenomenon of city surrounding by lake that is commonly seen in the Yellow River Floodplain. The morphological features of such City – Lake Landscape are more regular than and significantly different from those in other regions, with the latter featuring city adjacency to the lake, city separation from the lake, lake embedding in the city, etc., which is of systematic research value. Taking the City – Lake Landscape in the Yellow River Floodplain as the research object, this research discusses the historical experience of intervening in hydrological process, responding to the Yellow River flood disaster, and accordingly reshaping regional landscape by virtue of ancient lake-based water conservancy facilities.
[Methods] Starting from the regional perspective of landscape architecture, this research combines local chronicle information mining with geospatial analysis with a focus on the City – Lake Landscape of 14 ancient cities in the Yellow River Floodplain, including Shangqiu, Xiayi, Yucheng, Suixian, Liaocheng, Caoxian, Chengwu, etc., and systematically explores the forming background, structure system and construction method of such City – Lake Landscape.
[Results] Firstly, the City – Lake Landscape phenomenon in the ancient cities in the Yellow River Floodplain is the result of the combined action of flood disaster and human intervention. The root cause of local flood disaster lies in the hydrological characteristics of the Yellow River, which is easy to deposit, break dykes and migrate, and the characteristics local flood disaster are highlighted in the following three aspects: 1) The high sediment concentration gradually elevates the terrain outside the city, giving birth to overground suspended river and basin terrain; 2) the suspended river frequently overflows and changes its course, causing damage and flooding to any ancient city flowing through it; 3) the basin terrain makes it difficult to eliminate waterlogging within the city, further exacerbating the difficulty of flood control. Secondly, the structural system of the City – Lake Landscape has three characteristics: 1) It is composed of five types of elements: city wall, city embankment, surrounding lake, pond and ditch; 2) the elements, based on the practical needs of flood control and the feudal etiquette system, jointly form a specific spatial structure of being round outside but square inside and the urban basin; 3) in addition, in terms of functional structure, the City – Lake Landscape not only has the hydraulic functions of flood control, sand blocking, water volume regulating and storing, and waterlogging diversion, but also has other functions such as agricultural and fishery production, and tourism, which can effectively alleviate the Yellow River flood disaster and support the sustainable development of the city. Thirdly, there are five construction methods for the City – Lake Landscape. 1) Follow the principle of being close to water with high altitude in city siting, which can not only avoid floods but also facilitate water intake. 2) Build city walls and embankments in line with water trend. The construction of city wall mainly adopts brick and stone cladding to improve flood resistance, reserves lateral door opening to avoid floods, blocks the city gate directly towards the flow direction of floods to prevent crevasse, and sets up water gate culverts to quickly drain floods. The construction methods of city embankment include building embankments in line with water trend to disperse flood impact, connecting city embankments into a ring to provide comprehensive flood control, building double embankments at areas vulnerable to erosion to improve local flood resistance, and further strengthening the earth embankment by planting trees. 3) Integrate the excavation of surrounding lakes and city ponds with the construction of city walls and embankments, dredge surrounding lakes and ponds for flood storage and drainage, and use the resulting earthwork to construct city walls and embankments for flood control and avoidance, assisted by culverts and ditches to timely divert and discharge waterlogging and thus reduce storage pressure. 4) Local residents prefer buildings near water, forming a landscape layout mode of front street and back lake. Besides, local landscape planning also relies heavily on water conservancy elements such as surrounding lakes, ponds, city embankments and earth terraces. Typical landscape patterns include: Lake – embankment – bridge – boat – lotus and willow, river – embankment – willow – fog and rain, lake – earth terrace – sunset – fog and rain, etc. 5) If it is difficult for the City – Lake Landscape in a city to withstand the extreme Yellow River flood disaster, the city will be relocated to a new highland outside the embankment, and the original city site will be submerged by floods, ultimately forming a landscape pattern featuring the interdependency between the old underwater city and the new city.
[Conclusion] This research summarizes the structural system characteristics and construction method of the ancient City – Lake Landscape in the Yellow River Floodplain through the mining of local chronicles and the analysis method of geospatial information technology. The research points out that City – Lake Landscape is a regional adaptive landscape formed by the joint action of the Yellow River flood disaster and manual intervention. Only by fully understanding the structural system and construction method of the City – Lake Landscape can the contemporary value thereof be reoriented and such landscape be better protected and developed.

Cite this article

QIU Yuanxun , WANG Ruiqi , LI Xiong . Structural System and Construction Method of the Existing “City − Lake Landscape” of 14 Ancient Cities in Yellow River Floodplain[J]. Landscape Architecture, 2024 , 31(4) : 118 -124 . DOI: 10.3724/j.fjyl.202306050259

在中国黄河下游的黄泛平原地区,普遍存在城市被湖面环绕的城-湖风景现象。这些城-湖风景呈现出与其他地区的湖城相依、城牵离湖、湖嵌城中等类型明显不同的、较为规整的形态特征。它们由哪些要素构成,具有怎样的结构关系,又是如何营造形成的,成为当下亟待思考的问题。
以往城-湖风景的研究,大多聚焦于东南丘陵、长江中下游平原地区的湖城相依、湖嵌城中类型,如杭州、绍兴、宁波、福州、惠州、潮州、桂林、扬州、苏州等城市的湖山风景营造、城与湖关系;或是关注黄河中下游地区的城牵离湖类型,如北京、洛阳、长安等地的风景营造[1-9]
相对而言,对于黄泛平原古城城-湖风景研究的关注度较低。相关研究如历史地理领域史念海、吴宏岐等很早就指出黄河对下游城市的淤填,并注意到城湖和护城堤2个特征要素[10-12];又如水利和景观方面的专家吴庆洲、俞孔坚等对黄泛平原古城的水患成因和防洪问题进行了全面梳理,并总结出居高、筑护城堤和城墙、挖蓄水坑塘等洪涝适应性经验[13-16];再如城市规划领域许继清等将黄泛平原古城定义为“水域古城”,系统剖析了城墙、城湖和护城堤的形成及作用,归纳出了内坑塘型、环城湖型和旧城湖型3种类型,并揭示出古城在黄河洪涝灾害作用下的生成机制和演变规律[17-18]。总之,已有研究主要基于历史地理、城市水利、城市规划视角,注重以湖为主体的防洪水利要素的演变和功能,而对湖与城的整体结构关系及营造方法缺少关注。
笔者基于上述研究成果,拟从风景园林学科的区域视角出发,以黄泛平原内的商丘、夏邑、虞城、睢县、聊城、曹县、成武等14座古城的城-湖风景为研究对象,针对其结构体系、营造方法进行系统研究。

1 城-湖风景的形成背景

1.1 黄泛平原的洪涝灾害特征

黄泛平原是指位于淮、海两河之间的黄河冲积平原,范围包括豫东、鲁西南及皖、苏北部地区,是中国历史上著名的洪涝灾害重灾区。据黄河水利委员会统计,1949年以前的3 000多年间,黄河下游决口泛滥约1 500次,较大改道有26次,特别是黄河南流的元明清时期(1128—1855年)属于决口高发期,平均每年发生2次[19],而豫东、鲁西南地区可谓首当其冲。河患几乎波及黄泛平原内的每一座城市,如豫东古都开封,境内黄河决溢就多达83次,城市屡遭水淹、屡建不迁,这才形成了先后7座城池叠置的“城摞城”现象;又如鲁西南的古城曹县,明正统以来波及境内的黄河决溢也有38次,造成“环城四隅皆为汪洋积水”[20]且延续至今;再如商丘、虞城、睢县、聊城、菏泽、成武等古城,历史上也都屡遭洪水围困,其中睢县为躲避洪涝灾害,曾先后三迁城址[21]
黄泛平原洪涝灾害之根源在于黄河善淤、善决、善徒的水文特性,灾害特征又突出表现在三方面:1)黄河含沙量高,造成流经古城的城外河床、土地逐年淤高,形成“地上悬河”和“城市盆地”的特殊地形;2)悬河频繁决溢、改道,毁坏甚至淹没古城,长此以往导致古城被迫迁移;3)盆地地形造成城内积涝难以排出,进一步加剧了防洪治涝难度[18]

1.2 应对洪涝灾害的城-湖风景

面对以上洪涝灾害,当地先民通过居高、筑堤、造湖等途径,人工干预区域水系统并持续融注人文内涵,由此造就了黄泛平原古城的城-湖风景普遍现象。
借助卫星地图识别,在黄泛平原至少有14座古城明显存在着城市被大面积湖面环绕的城-湖风景现象(现存,历史上数量远不止这些),包括豫东地区的开封、商丘(归德)、夏邑、虞城、宁陵、淮阳、睢县、柘城,鲁西南地区的聊城、菏泽、曹县、成武、单县,以及皖、苏北部地区的砀山等。这些城-湖风景,皆与千百年来黄河的水文变迁密切相关,展示了在当时特定的黄河洪涝灾害与技术条件制约下的城市和风景营造理念,具有系统研究价值(图12)。
图1 黄泛平原的黄河变迁与城-湖风景分布

Fig. 1 Changes of the Yellow River and distribution of City – Lake Landscape in the Yellow River Floodplain

图2 黄泛平原现存14古城城-湖风景

Fig. 2 Existing City − Lake Landscape of 14 ancient cities in the Yellow River Floodplain

2 城-湖风景的结构体系

针对黄泛平原的这类城-湖风景,从构成要素、空间格局、功能内涵3个层面出发,分析、归纳其结构体系特征,即:1)墙、堤、湖、塘、沟的构成要素;2)外圆内方、城市盆地的空间格局;3)防阻蓄导、兼具产游的功能内涵。

2.1 墙、堤、湖、塘、沟的构成要素

对14个古城的航拍图中的要素进行提取,发现城-湖风景的构成要素均包括城墙、护城堤、环城湖、坑塘、沟渠5类。1)城墙是城市的方形实体边界,它将城内的建筑群与城外的环城湖分隔开,兼具军防、防洪功能。2)护城堤是在城墙以外增设的一道月牙形或闭环形的堤坝,起到防洪、阻沙的作用。3)环城湖是环绕城市的大型湖泊。由于护城堤外泥沙淤积、堤内人工挖土筑城,长此以往造成城墙和护城堤之间的护城河一带低洼、积涝、水域面积逐渐扩大,最终演变形成环城湖。环城湖能有效调蓄洪涝灾害,是城-湖风景的重要组成。4)坑塘是位于城内4个角落的小型池塘,其形成、功能与环城湖类似。5)沟渠则是沟通城市内外湖塘、河流的人工排水设施,能有效导流、防止积涝(图3)。
图3 城-湖风景的构成要素

Fig. 3 Constituent elements of City − Lake Landscape

2.2 外圆内方、城市盆地的空间格局

以上各类城-湖风景要素依据防洪治涝的实用性需要,组织形成特定的外圆内方、城市盆地的空间格局。外圆内方,指城-湖风景的平面结构。外围近似圆形的护城堤和内部方形的城墙构成基本的空间骨架,两者之间是平阔的环城湖,坑塘位于城墙内部四角,而沟渠则以暗沟(结合路网布置)和明渠(环绕护城堤布置)的形式向外延伸、与自然水系连通。城市盆地指城-湖风景的竖向结构。黄河洪水携带的泥沙被阻挡于护城堤外或城墙外,导致外部地势逐年淤高,长年累月便形成了“城内之地下于城外,城外之地又下于堤外”[22]的城市盆地结构。这使得城内地势愈加低洼,向外排涝也难上加难(图4)。
图4 城-湖风景的空间格局

Fig. 4 Spatial structure of City − Lake Landscape

2.3 防阻蓄导、兼具产游的功能内涵

从功能支撑关系来看,城-湖风景不仅能发挥防洪、阻沙、调蓄、输导的水利功效,还兼具生产、游赏等功能,能有效缓解黄河洪涝灾害、支撑城市的可持续发展。防阻蓄导,是城-湖风景的主要职能,由防洪阻沙的城墙和护城堤、蓄水容洪的环城湖和坑塘、导流涝水的沟渠共同承载。另外,城-湖风景在演进过程中还衍生出军事防御、临时避难、农业灌溉、渔产养殖、调节热岛等辅助功能;同时,其外圆内方的空间格局、平湖柳堤的景源条件,与中国传统的象天法地、山水审美思想契合,因而也常成为当地古人游赏、寄情的重要载体(图5)。
图5 城-湖风景的功能内涵

Fig. 5 Functional connotation of City − Lake Landscape

3 城-湖风景的营造方法

本研究进一步聚焦城-湖风景的营造方法,将之归纳为5个序列:1)居高傍水,选址定城;2)顺应水势,围墙筑堤;3)湖塘渐成,沟渠疏导;4)逐水而居,四围览胜;5)湮城为湖,虚实相生。这5个序列呈现出时间上的交叉递进关系,其中居高傍水选址是前提,湮城为湖是结果,而墙、堤、湖、塘、沟要素营造和居住、游赏体系构建,在具体实践中存在交叉的情况,但客观的营造序列还是有规律可循的。

3.1 居高傍水,选址定城

居高傍水,既可躲避洪水,亦可便利取水,一直以来都是古代营城追求的选址法则,反映出了古人对城、水关系的辩证认知与灵活应用。
黄泛平原自古就有居高傍水的择址聚居传统。据考古挖掘,今豫东、鲁西南一带广泛分布着新石器晚期至商周时期的聚落遗址,这些遗址均坐落在古河道两岸的岗丘之上,由于黄河洪水的不断侵袭,现多数已埋没于泥沙之下,只有个别仍可见于地表,典型如淮阳古城东南的平粮台古城遗址,南临河流且高出地面3~5 m[13];又如成武古城北部近郊的文台、斗鸡台、大台(今寿峰)、小台4座古聚落遗址,文台位于湖中,其余三台皆位于北部河道两岸。
到了水利技术相对发达的宋元明清时期,居高仍不失为择址上策。一些古城为躲避黄河洪涝灾害,曾多次迁址于城外地势高爽的岗丘,如睢县古城历史上就三迁城址,最终择址旧城南面的凤凰岭另建新城,旧城则被洪水淹没形成湖泊[21]。另一些古城则直接利用黄河泥沙淤积形成的高地来营建新城,如商丘[23]、夏邑[24]、柘城[25]等,都有旧城毁于洪水、迁居堤外高地的记载。此外,一些重要的建筑群也常通过居高、垫高来躲避洪水,如睢县旧城的衙署就建于金锁岭前[26];再如曹县古城的城隍庙,旧址低洼,曾多次垫基重建,历经数次河患仍能幸存至今[20]

3.2 顺应水势,围墙筑堤

黄泛平原古城的城墙、护城堤不仅能作为军事防御,同时还承载着防洪的功能[13],它们在形制、构造上均有别于其他地区,形成了独特的营造方法(图6)。
图6 商丘(6-1)、虞城(6-2)的城墙、护城堤体系

Fig. 6 City wall and embankment system of Shangqiu (6-1) and Yucheng (6-2)

城墙方面,主要采用了包、防、堵、排四法。其中,“包”即通过砖石包砌,大大提高城墙的抗冲击能力,这在当地非常普遍;“防”即通过在城门外增设瓮城、侧向开门,来提升城墙的防洪能力,如商丘、虞城、菏泽、曹县、成武等古城的城墙均设有瓮城;“堵”是指正对洪水的方向不设置城门,如清代睢县就闭塞了临近黄河故道的西北门,以此来杜绝决口之患[27];而“排”则是通过在城墙巧设水门、涵洞,沟通内外湖塘、沟渠,尽快排出涝水,以避免内涝。
护城堤方面,亦有顺、连、防、固四法。其中,“顺”即护堤修筑顺应水势,通过黄土围筑平面形态呈弧形的堤坝,来有效分散洪水的冲击力;“连”指根据防洪形势,将护城堤逐步相连、形成环城护堤,以提升防洪能力,如开封古城的环城护堤就是逐步完善的结果,原有护堤只有城北一段,后因黄河决溢改道、波及城南,才逐步加筑西、东、南3个方向的护堤,最终相连形成全长约40 km的环城护堤[28];“防”即在洪水易冲决之处加筑不连续的月堤、重堤,来加强护城堤局部的抗洪效果,如商丘古城“筑月堤扞水,水不得入城[23]”,再如虞城古城亦有“于旧堤南筑月堤一千余丈[22]”的记载;另外,“固”是指通过种植柳、榆、桑等树木来加固土堤的方法,历史上夏邑[24]、睢县[26]、菏泽[29]、曹县[20]等古城皆有官员组织植柳固堤的相关记载。

3.3 湖塘渐成,沟渠疏导

以大面积的环城湖、坑塘为主体,同时辅以沟渠疏导来调蓄雨洪、排出内涝,是黄泛平原古城城-湖风景营造的普遍方法(图7)。
图7 夏邑(7-1)、聊城(7-2)的湖塘、沟渠体系

Fig. 7 Lake and ditch system of Xiayi (7-1) and Liaocheng (7-2)

黄泛平原古城环城湖、坑塘的形成,是黄河泥沙淤围、雨洪积涝和人工挖土筑城共同作用、动态演进的结果。一方面,由于黄河洪水携带的泥沙常年被阻挡、淤积在护城堤和城墙之外,造成护城堤外日渐淤高、形成外高内低的盆地地形,堤内雨洪、积涝难以排出,一旦遭遇洪水,在城堤与城墙之间以及城内四角的低洼地带就易形成湖塘,例如曹县古城就因此而“环城四隅皆为汪洋积水”[20],再如商丘[23]、宁陵[30]、菏泽[29]等古城亦有类似的记载;另一方面,当地古人普遍将湖塘的开浚与城墙、护城堤的修筑结合进行,通过疏浚护城河、开凿城内坑塘来蓄洪、排涝,同时将所得的土方用于构筑城墙和护城堤、民宅垫基或者建设避水台来防洪、避洪,长此以往,原有的护城河不断扩大加深,直至护城堤根部,这便形成了环城湖。如夏邑[24]、虞城[22]、聊城[31]等古城皆有浚湖筑墙的记载;宁陵古城有取土垫基“就濠取土,修垫房基……使城中之水,尽泄于濠”[30]的记载;睢县古城有掘池筑台“累土为台,掘地为池,池可以潴,台可以升”[26]的记载。
环城湖、坑塘虽能蓄水容洪,但毕竟能力有限,因此还需要设置涵洞、沟渠来及时疏导和排出内涝,以减轻调蓄压力。城内往往借助中间高、四周低的龟背地形,以道路为排水通道,将涝水迅速导流至城墙四角的坑塘;当城内坑塘中涝水丰盈、难以调蓄时,则通过城墙的涵洞(一般位于城南),向外排入环城湖;最后则通过沟渠将环城湖中的水向下游排泄至护城堤外的自然河流中,一些古城若内涝严重,还会开挖多条支渠、引河来辅助排水,如虞城古城“设置涵洞,以通水道……挖引河一道,以导其流”[22],商丘[23]、夏邑[24]等古城也有类似的记载。

3.4 逐水而居,四围览胜

环城湖、坑塘不仅能调蓄洪涝、保障城市水安全,同时还能提供生活生产用水和游憩服务,因而环湖一带也成为当地古人建设民宅、聚会赏景的理想之地(图8)。
图8 淮阳(8-1)、成武(8-2)的居住、游赏体系

Fig. 8 Residential system of Huaiyang (8-1) and recreation system of Chengwu (8-2)

黄泛平原古城的民宅建筑,追求临水而建。城内民宅选址以临近坑塘为佳,多数宅院开门面向街巷,后院则直接坐落于水边,形成“前街后湖”的空间格局。一些古城由于经济发展的需要,还会突破城墙、加建关城,这些关城大多位于城墙与护城堤之间的道路两侧、临近环城湖,由于这里是进出城的必经之路,同时湖面水波荡漾、景色怡人,一般会发展为当地商业贸易最为活跃的区域[17],商丘、虞城、淮阳、聊城、曹县等古城就是如此。
当地八景规划亦多依托于古城四围的湖塘、护城堤、黄河故道和岗台遗址(表1)。典型的八景组景方式有3种。1)环城湖、坑塘—堤、桥、舟—荷、柳—烟雨、明月,如成武六景中的“映湖晨烟”“西浦荷华”“雁池秋月”三景就包含了以上所有组景要素,“映湖晨烟”描绘了清晨时分,湖中薄雾缭绕,湖畔炊烟四起,渔人开网行舟,童子嬉戏采莲的渔家生活景象;“西浦荷华”描绘了环城湖春来荷发、千亩连园的景象;而“雁池秋月”则表达了秋夜临湖赏月的相思之情。2)河流—护城堤—柳—烟雨,如汴京八景中的“隋堤烟柳”、睢县八景中的“汴柳堤色”以及曹县八景中的“金堤烟柳”等皆是如此,由于当地夯土堤坝不耐水涝、易被冲决,因此植柳固堤成为常用方法,加之堤坝渡口也常常是亲友送别之地,而堤、水、柳、雨等要素刚好契合相思离别之情,因而常常组合成景。3)环城湖—岗台遗址—夕阳、烟雨,如睢县八景中的“襄台夕照”、成武六景中的“云山夕照”等,都注意到了环城湖的镜面倒影效果,而岗台遗址恰恰是极佳的观景点,因此夕登高台,赏天水一色,缅先贤精神,成为当地普遍的游赏活动。
表1 黄泛平原古城八景统计

Tab. 1 Statistics of eight scenic spots of ancient cities in the Yellow River Floodplain

八景名称 景源条件
环城湖、坑塘 护城堤、城墙 黄河、运河 岗台遗址
汴京八景 金池夜雨、州桥明月 隋堤烟柳 汴水秋声 繁台春色
夏邑八景 龙湖秋韵、拱桥卧波 运河夕照
淮阳八景 蔡池秋月、柳湖渔唱 望台烟雨
睢县八景 泮水澄波 汴柳堤色 襄台夕照
曹县八景 龙潭月色、玉带横桥 金堤烟柳
成武六景 映湖晨烟、西浦荷华
雁池秋月
寿峰朝曛
云山夕照
砀山八景 秋池邀月 春堤引风 星海洪涛 层台鼓韵

3.5 湮城为湖,虚实相生

伴随黄河泥沙的持续淤积,城市盆地地形越加明显,相应的,其抵御洪涝灾害的能力也越来越弱,最终演变的结果就是黄河决堤、淹没古城,旧城彻底沦为湖泊,而新城则迁移至护城堤外的高地另建,形成湖城相依、虚实相生的景观格局。如商丘(归德)古城,西汉睢阳故城就沦为了明代归德新城的南城湖[23];又如睢县古城先后三迁城址,其战国故城、秦代故城位于今天睢县新城的西北部,皆沦为湖泊,而后又演变为农田,而宋代故城则沦为新城的北城湖[21];再如柘城的秦代故城也演变为北城湖[25]图9)。
图9 睢县城址变迁

Fig. 9 Changes of city site of Sui County

4 结论

黄泛平原的城-湖风景反映了古代人工干预水文过程,应对黄河洪涝灾害,进而重塑区域风景,推动城市可持续发展的历史经验,这些经验在今天仍然具有参考价值。
本研究通过对方志信息的挖掘,结合地理空间信息技术的分析方法,总结出了黄泛平原古城城-湖风景的结构体系特征和营造方法,认为城-湖风景是黄河洪涝灾害与人工营城理水干预共同作用下形成的地域适应性景观,并指出只有充分了解黄泛平原城-湖风景的结构体系和营造方法,才能重新定位当代价值,使之得到更好的保护和发展。
当代黄泛平原的城市建设,应该重视对城-湖风景的保护,加快构建形成“墙堤湖塘沟五位一体”“外圆内方空间格局”的风景遗产识别和保护机制。同时,更应该加强对城-湖风景价值内涵、技术方法的传承运用:1)坚持城市与洪水共生的发展理念,通过湖塘水利设施的合理规划,保持容量、调蓄洪涝,变洪水、涝水为资源;2)注重整体性规划,如空间层面的“河-湖-城协同”、功能层面的“防阻蓄导产游复合”、建管层面的“多学科交叉融合”等;3)倡导生态设计,如居高、顺应水势、生态护堤、滞留湖塘、下沉绿地和透水铺装等低技术、低成本方法,真正将城-湖风景的保护纳入城市战略层面,以城-湖风景作为协调城、水关系的重要手段。

文中图表均由作者绘制和拍摄,其中图1的历代黄河改道泛滥范围依据参考文献[19]绘制,城-湖风景点位依据参考文献[11][14][16]~[18]绘制,图26~8的城墙、护城堤、湖塘、沟渠、关城、风景点依据历史记载和当代卫星地图校核而成,图9的城址变迁依据参考文献[16]绘制,另外图1~26~9的底图均截取自谷歌地图(2021年)。

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Outlines

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