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2025 , Vol. 32 >Issue 4: 89 - 96

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3724/j.fjyl.202409100527

Research

Research Progress in Urban Pollinator-Friendly Landscape Construction

  • LI Guiying ,
  • XIAO Hanwen ,
  • TIAN Runan , *
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  • College of Landscape Architecture, Nanjing Forestry University

LI Guiying is a master student in the College of Landscape Architecture, Nanjing Forestry University. Her research focuses on application of garden plants

XIAO Hanwen is a Ph.D. candidate in the College of Landscape Architecture, Nanjing Forestry University. His research focuses on application of garden plants

TIAN Runan, Ph.D., is a professor in the College of Landscape Architecture, Nanjing Forestry University. Her research focuses on application of garden plants

Received date: 2024-09-10

  Revised date: 2025-02-20

  Online published: 2025-12-14

Copyright

Copyright © 2025 Landscape Architecture. All rights reserved.
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Abstract

Objective In recent years, with the development of human society, many ecological problems have begun to emerge, and the number of pollinators is decreasing. In the whole ecosystem, pollinators, mainly insects, play an important role in maintaining the stability of plant communities and improving the yield and quality of crops. If the number and types of pollinators decrease sharply, the agricultural economy will decline, and the stability of the ecosystem will also be affected. The diversity of urban ecosystems as well as the heterogeneity of landscapes is now improving, with diverse green spaces such as large parks supporting the survival of pollinators, so urban green spaces have a significant potential to develop as pollinator habitat. Moreover, pollinator diversity is well related to urban ecology, and the conservation of urban pollinator communities contributes to the stability of urban ecology. In order to make full use of the protective effect of urban green spaces on pollinator communities, while improving the benefits of urban ecosystems, it is very significant to clarify a systematic approach for the construction of pollinator-friendly landscapes and to point out the future development direction of the field of pollinator-friendly landscapes in Chinese cities. Methods This research is based on VOS viewer software to visualize and analyze the effective literature in the field of pollinator-friendly landscapes filtered from Web of Science core database, Google Scholar and X-MOL academic platform. In this way, the research hopes to understand the research trends and hotspots in the field of pollinator-friendly landscapes, and at the same time, to sort out the methods for constructing urban pollinator-friendly landscapes and related cases. Results By analyzing the change in the number of articles over the years in each country based on the valid literature, it is found that the field of pollinator-friendly landscapes was in a slow development phase until 2007, with only a little research worldwide. Beginning in 2013, the number of articles in the field and their growth rate increased significantly, peaking in 2021 with over 200 articles. Although the amount of literature starts to decrease after 2021, it is still at a high level. All along, the United States, Germany and the United Kingdom have been at the forefront of research, and although China has also conducted relevant research, the amount of literature has been low. In addition, four major research clusters in the field of pollinator-friendly landscapes are obtained through keyword co-occurrence network analysis: 1) effects of habitat fragmentation on pollinator community diversity; 2) impacts of declining pollinator diversity on agricultural economy; 3) impacts of urbanization on pollinator (Hymenoptera) diversity; 4) flowering plant resources and pollinator diversity conservation. Research on the first three research clusters mainly focuses on the period up to 2020, after which scholars have begun to focus on the conservation of pollinators by flowering plant resources, further exploring specific measures for pollinator community conservation, namely how to construct pollinator-friendly landscapes in urban and agricultural landscapes. After 2020, research on urban pollinator-friendly landscape construction is receiving more and more attention from scholars, and the field is slowly developing into an important branch in the field of pollinator landscapes. In the future, urban pollinator-friendly landscape construction can be carried out in four aspects: 1) Building pollinator migration corridors; 2) prioritizing the application of plants with high attractiveness to pollinators through experiments or research; 3) creating diverse habitat conditions and diverse plant community structures; 4) carrying out differentiated ecological management. Conclusion Although there has been a large amount of related research based on urban pollinator-friendly landscapes, there are still areas entailing deeper research in some aspects, especially in the screening of pollinator-friendly plants, which has been weakly researched both at home and abroad. Currently, China is in the stage of rapid urbanization, and the construction of urban ecosystems has received focused attention. Pollinators play an important role in stabilizing urban ecology, the development of their communities is crucial for urban ecosystems. However, at present, China’s research in the field of pollinator-friendly landscapes mainly focuses on pollinator habitat construction. In terms of pollinator migration corridor construction, although the construction of stepped habitats and the design of migration corridors have been proposed in relevant literature, a systematic approach has not been formed, and the reference significance is small. Additional research on both pollinator-friendly plant selection and ecological management is needed. For the future development direction of pollinator-friendly landscapes in Chinese cities, the following aspects can be considered to continue in-depth: 1) Strengthening the connectivity between urban green spaces; 2) focusing on the role of non-flowering plants in pollinator conservation; 3) accelerating the publicity of pollinator conservation knowledge; 4) expediting the excavation of pollinator-friendly plant resources and their popularization; and 5) improving the requirements for the use of various types of pesticides, and speeding up the research and development process of low-toxicity pesticides. This research is helpful to accelerate the development of urban pollinator-friendly landscape construction, thus promoting the better development of cities as shelters for pollinator communities, while further improving the diversity of urban pollinators and the stability of urban ecology.

Key words： landscape architecture; urbanization; plant landscape; landscape construction; pollinator conservation; pollinator-friendly

Cite this article

LI Guiying , XIAO Hanwen , TIAN Runan . Research Progress in Urban Pollinator-Friendly Landscape Construction[J]. Landscape Architecture, 2025 , 32(4) : 89 -96 . DOI: 10.3724/j.fjyl.202409100527

近年来，随着人类社会的发展，许多生态环境问题开始涌现出来，传粉者数量在不断降低。如英国境内的传粉昆虫数量在1980—2013年减少了约30%，仅北方地区的数量就减少了55%[1]。全球约87.5%的开花植物依靠动物传粉[2]，而在这些传粉动物中，传粉昆虫是主体，数量占比约为传粉者总数的80%~85%[3]。在整个生态系统中，以昆虫为主的传粉者在维持植物群落的稳定以及提高农作物的产量和质量等方面发挥着重要作用[4-6]。传粉者数量及种类一旦大幅减少，农业经济效益会相应下滑，生态系统的稳定性也会受到影响。
随着城市化进程的加快，集约化农业面积扩大以及气候变化导致的栖息地温度、湿度改变，传粉者栖息的适宜生境在不断减少，它们不得不进行迁移，去寻找更加合适的栖息场所。目前，城市生态系统的多样性以及景观的异质性正在不断改善，多样化的绿地如大型公园为传粉者（特别是膜翅目Hymenoptera）的生存提供了保障[7-10]，尤其是开花植物丰富的绿地[11]。例如，综合公园和社区公园等绿地都存在着较高的传粉者丰富度[12-13]，而且在其中那些大型的景观异质性较高的绿地中，传粉者的丰富度更是与野外环境不相上下[14]。在一些开花植物丰富的郊野公园，某些传粉者的数量甚至超过自然栖息地的水平[15]。因此，城市绿地在发展成为传粉者的栖息地方面具有重大潜力。而且有研究表明，在传粉者多样性高的城市绿地中，地栖节肢动物的丰富度也比一般绿地的要高[6]。因此，传粉者多样性与城市生态关系密切，保护城市传粉者群体十分有助于城市生态的稳定。
为充分发挥城市绿地对传粉者群体的保护作用，同时提高城市生态系统的效益，未来应尽快将城市绿地纳入传粉者保护体系[16-17]。为此，笔者从国内外相关研究出发，分析目前传粉者友好型景观领域的研究趋势，概括城市传粉者友好型景观的营造方法，指出中国城市传粉者友好型景观领域的未来发展方向，旨在为该领域的未来发展提供一定的帮助。
基于予茜等[18]对传粉生物学上“报酬”的定义，以及Hopwood等[19]和Phillips等[20]对传粉者生长繁衍过程中对生境的要求，把能为传粉者提供报酬（花粉、花蜜等）或繁殖、筑巢场所（寄主植物等），具有生态服务功能的景观统称为传粉者友好型景观。目前自然界的传粉模式包括生物传粉和非生物传粉。生物传粉媒介指的是动物媒，包括哺乳动物媒、鸟媒和虫媒，其中虫媒主要包括蜂媒、蝶媒、蝇媒和蛾媒等，这些生物媒介都可以被称作传粉者[18]。而由于城市生态系统是一个以人类活动为主要活动形式的人工生态系统，其中传粉者群体主要为体型较小的虫媒和鸟媒（尤其是虫媒），体型较大的哺乳动物媒的数量相对较少。因此，本研究的传粉者友好型景观的营造方法也主要针对虫媒这一媒介。

1 文献收集及分析

传粉者友好型景观领域涉及多学科分支，是一个较大的研究范畴。首先，笔者在Web of Science核心数据库、谷歌学术、X-MOL学术平台，分别以“pollinators-friendly”（传粉者友好）、“pollinators landscape”（传粉者景观）、“pollinators garden”（传粉者花园）和“urban pollinators landscape”（城市传粉者景观）为检索词，设定文献发表日期为2001年1月1日—2024年3月24日，进行单个检索词的主题检索，共检索到相关文献4 106篇。通过阅读文献的题目、摘要和关键词等去掉重复文献以及研究对象与传粉者友好型景观无关的文献，共得到1 791篇有效文献。其次，在中国知网（CNKI）数据库，以“传粉者友好”“传粉景观”和“城市传粉”为检索词分别进行主题检索，共得到期刊论文和学位论文共206篇，同上方法筛选得到有效文献117篇。

1.1 传粉者友好型景观研究趋势

通过对有效文献进行各国历年文章数量变化分析，发现传粉者友好型景观领域在2007年之前一直处于缓慢发展阶段，全球范围内仅有少量研究。从2013年开始，该领域的文献数量及增长速度显著上升，2021年达到峰值，文献数量超过250篇。尽管2021年之后文献数量开始有所下降，但仍处于一个较高的水平（图1）。一直以来，美国、德国和英国的发文量居于前列，中国虽然也有相关研究，但文献的数量一直较少。从2010年开始，关于传粉者多样性下降的报道开始不断增多[21-22]，传粉者多样性下降导致的农业经济下滑和生态环境恶化使得学者开始注重关于传粉者友好型景观在生态保护方面的研究。这可能是2013年之后传粉者友好型景观领域文献数量显著增加的重要原因。而中国在传粉者友好型景观领域的研究比一些国家要少的原因可能有：中国是农业大国，早期关于传粉者的研究大多与农业经济相关，较少关注营造传粉者友好型景观对生态保护的长期价值；政策和资金的支持不足，因为目前中国对传粉者保护的专项政策仍较为缺乏，相关法规和标准尚未完善，而且因为传粉者友好型景观领域与多学科交叉，各关联学科之间的合作机制尚未成熟，展开相关科研所需要的资金也较高。
图1 历年发文量变化

Fig. 1 Change in the number of articles issued over the years

1.2 传粉者友好型景观研究热点

基于VOSviewer软件对有效文献进行可视化，得到了传粉者友好型景观领域的四大研究类群（图2）。前三大类群的研究主要集中于2020年前，第一类群的研究主要通过探明不同生境的生态网络演变与传粉者群体变化之间的关系来表达生境破碎化对传粉者群体多样性的影响；第二类群的研究主要聚焦传粉者的多样性下降对农业经济效益的影响。据估计，在2004年时，因授粉服务功能下降，全球消费支出已减少1 270亿~1 520亿美元（约合10 511亿~12 580亿元）[23]，且后续仍不断上升，为提高农作物的产量和质量，有学者建议可在农业景观周边设置吸引昆虫的野花，带来吸引更多的传粉者群体[24]。第三类群的研究主要通过分析城市化的不同特点对传粉者群体的影响来帮助城市传粉者群体发展。如有学者提出，城市中大面积的硬化铺装是影响传粉者生存繁衍的主要因素，尽可能减少传粉者栖息地的铺装面积可降低这一因素对传粉者的影响[25]。2020年后，研究开始聚焦于开花植物资源对传粉者的保护，进一步探索在城市和农业景观中对传粉者群体保护的具体措施，即如何营造传粉者友好型景观。可见在2020年后，有关城市传粉者友好型景观营造的研究越来越受到学者的重视，该领域也正在慢慢发展成为传粉者景观领域的重要分支。
图2 关键词共现网络

Fig. 2 Keyword co-occurrence network

2 城市传粉者友好型景观营造方法

目前，国内外对城市传粉者友好型景观营造方法的研究已较为丰富，也获得了一些实践成果（表1）。根据相关研究成果，传粉者友好型景观的营造方法具体体现在传粉者迁移廊道搭建、传粉者友好型植物选择、传粉者生境营造和传粉者生境管理4个方面。在营造传粉者友好型景观时，首先应确认适合营造的位置，其次通过实验或调研筛选出对传粉者吸引力大的植物，并将它们应用到传粉者生境中以优化传粉者的栖息条件，最后通过差异化的生态管理来帮助生境可持续发展。国外研究对这4个方面均有关注，而中国研究重点主要体现在传粉者生境营造方面，例如袁嘉和杜春兰[27]提出的传粉者友好型野花草甸营造方式，以及任一涵等[30]和魏兰君等[31]总结的蝶类生境营造方法等。
表1 传粉者友好型景观实践案例列举[26-29]

Tab. 1 Practical cases of pollinator-friendly landscapes[26-29]

案例 营建年份 迁移廊道 生境条件 植物选择 管理水平
美国得克萨斯女子大学传粉者花园（Pollinator Garden at Texas Woman’s University, USA）[26] 2015—2017 / 林生蝴蝶园和下沉式绿地 原生耐旱植物，如蜜蜂花属（Melissa）和丝兰属（Yucca）等 每年进行6次修整（整床、移栽、修剪和除草等）
重庆市合川区森楷路雨水花园野花草甸[27] 2017 实现传粉者在合川城区和郊野栖息地之间的移动 下沉式绿地和雨水花园等微地形空间，并在适宜位置构建小型多孔穴设施 30余种蜜源丰富的阔叶草本植物和部分寄主植物如紫花地丁
（Viola philippica）等		 /
德州探索花园
(Texas Discovery Gardens)[28]		 不详 / 池塘和原生蝴蝶栖息区等 多种寄主植物如西番莲（Passiflora caerulea）、紫罗兰（Matthiola incana）等 /
帝王蝶中转站计划
（Monarch Waystation Program）[29]		 不详 在帝王蝶的迁徙路径上规划一系列生境 浅水沟、林生庇护所和植草沟等 主要为马利筋属（Asclepias） /

2.1 传粉者迁移廊道搭建

城市绿地之间的分隔会对传粉者产生负面影响[32-34]，增强绿地之间的连通性能对传粉者群体实现更好的保护[35-37]。目前，国际上关于搭建传粉者迁移廊道的研究较多，如美国大巴灵顿城镇在2018年提出的大巴灵顿传粉者行动计划——连接栖息地与社区（Great Barrington Pollinator Action Plan: Connecting Habitat & Community），该计划以当地城镇作为案例，对如何搭建传粉者迁移廊道给出了方案[38]。虽然中国已有研究指出需要在分隔的绿地之间设计小型的植物群落，形成踏脚石生境以帮助传粉者迁移，但对于如何确定这些踏脚石生境的位置却没有明确说明[25]。综合来看，传粉者迁移廊道搭建的具体步骤包括：1）标记出目标地区现有的各个传粉者栖息地；2）确定传粉者的平均觅食距离（在传粉者群体中，数量较多的蜂类和食蚜蝇类的觅食范围通常为150 m左右[39]）；3）以传粉者的平均觅食距离为半径对现有的传粉者栖息地进行缓冲区划定；4）将现有的传粉者栖息地以外的其他各类城市绿地（如公园绿地、广场、游园和附属绿地等）叠加在这些缓冲区中；5）筛选出这些绿地与现有的传粉者栖息地相交的区域。这些相交的区域都可成为营造传粉者友好型景观的场所，通过在这些区域建立踏脚石生境，可逐步增强城市内各绿地之间的连通性，从而帮助传粉者群体实现在不同绿地之间的移动。虽然这些踏脚石生境的面积目前并没有明确的规定，但有研究指出，在一块撒播了12种以上一、二年生和多年生开花植物的4 m2区域中，停留或栖息的传粉者种类及数量要比未撒播的同等面积区域高，说明小面积的踏脚石生境同样也能为传粉者提供一定帮助[40]。

2.2 传粉者友好型植物选择

目前，国外已有一些网站对传粉者友好型植物进行了推荐，如英国皇家园艺学会（Royal Horticultural Society，www.rhs.org.uk/）和北美地区的传粉者伙伴关系（Pollinator Partnership，pollinator.org/guides）。但Garbuzov等[41]对不同国家的15份植物推荐列表（其中8份来自非专业作者，7份来自植物或传粉昆虫领域有权威的组织）进行分析时，发现仅有一份植物推荐列表具有对数据获取方式的详细说明，其他列表的数据科学性还有待进一步验证。通过实验或调研来判断植物对传粉者的吸引力大小，可帮助验证各类植物推荐列表的科学性。传粉者的访花行为受到多种因素（温度、湿度、风速、花色和花朵的暴露面积等）的影响。其中，随着温度的升高，蜜蜂的访花量明显增加，蝴蝶和果蝇的访花量则呈现下降趋势，但相较于果蝇，蝴蝶的下降趋势较小；此外，蜜蜂和蝴蝶的访花量随风速的增加而减少，而蝇类的访花量则保持稳定[11]。但对于大多数传粉者类群而言，花朵的暴露面积越大，它们的访问量也会越高[42]。一般情况下，大多数植物种类对传粉者的吸引力大小主要可以用这些植物在10 min内所吸引的访花者种类和数量来衡量[11]。访花者的数量和种类越高，植物对传粉者的吸引力越大。目前，经过实验筛选得到的传粉者友好型植物还较少，且相关研究主要集中于美国、英国和波兰，推荐的对传粉者吸引力大的植物种类大部分为菊科和忍冬科植物，如松果菊（Echinacea purpurea）、全缘金光菊（Rudbeckia fulgida）、百日草 ‘Double Zahara’（Zinnia elegans ‘Double Zahara’）、金银忍冬（Lonicera maacki）和新疆忍冬（L. tatarica）等[43-45]。
学者们一直在比较乡土植物和外来植物对传粉者的资源价值。有研究认为，乡土植物比外来植物更加友好，城市中的原生灌木林能支持更多样化的本土蜜蜂群落[46-47]。但也有研究指出，很多外来植物发挥着和乡土植物一样的作用[48-49]，只要能为传粉者提供报酬的开花植物都值得被应用[50]，与植物起源无关。而且乡土植物在稳定传粉者-植物网络结构中的作用可能取决于植物特性，与植物来源关系较小[51-52]。虽然外来植物缺乏与本地传粉者群体之间长久以来形成的相互作用模式，但它们身上的蜜粉资源在一定程度上也能为传粉者提供报酬。因此，根据植物本身对传粉者的吸引力大小来选择植物更具科学性[53]。

2.3 传粉者生境营造

2.3.1 创造多样的生境条件

生境条件的优劣对传粉者群体的发展而言至关重要，其光照、温度和水分等的变化都会对其中的生物产生影响。研究发现，阳光的照射能增强植物对传粉者的吸引力[33, 54]，因此在生境营造时，可优先考虑场地内光照条件较好的地方。此外，环境要素丰富的生境能为多种传粉者提供适宜的栖息场所[55-56]。例如，与水体结合的微地形区域能为食蚜蝇和蝶类等传粉者提供繁衍所必需的条件，而灌丛或开花植物覆盖度大的区域则可成为部分传粉者（如以土地为筑巢场所的蜜蜂）的筑巢场所[57-58]。因此，在生境设计时应多方面考虑光照、温度、地形和土壤等多种因素，构建不同的生境空间，如土丘、下沉式绿地、旱溪和小沟渠等，为不同传粉者的生存繁衍提供多样的环境资源[27]。巢穴是传粉者居住繁衍的场所，植物群落中的树桩、枝叶和修剪遗留的植物茎秆以及各类景观材料（如鹅卵石、砖块和塑料管等）都可成为传粉者营巢的材料或场所[59-60]。在生境营造时，保存植物群落中的树桩，减少枯枝败叶的清理，或在植物修剪时保留一定的茎秆，均可为传粉者提供庇护所或营巢空间。或者通过在生境中放置卵石堆或块石堆，利用废弃的管道或木材营造多孔空间等也可达到同样的目的。

2.3.2 多样化植物群落结构

植物群落是传粉者生境中的重要组成部分，其群落结构影响着传粉者群体的多样性。研究表明，植物群落结构中的蜜源植物多度、草本植物丰富度和灌木的覆盖度是影响传粉者群体多样性的主要因素[61]，多样化的植物种类应用有助于提高传粉者群体的多样性[46]。在进行植物群落营造时，可通过提高不同季节开花植物的应用比例，或通过种植多种覆盖度高的灌木种类来增加群落中不同生活型的植物种类，以此丰富群落在水平和垂直方向上的植物层次，满足多种传粉者的生存繁衍需求[62-64]。

2.4 传粉者生境管理

植物群落营造完成后的管理对于传粉者的影响尤为重要。为了发挥它们的最大作用，不同功能、大小的绿地应该实行差异化管理[65]。但落实到具体的管理措施时，共同点都是需要考虑如何降低管理强度，如减少各种植物（如灌丛）的修剪次数[66]、刈割频次[46]等，因为粗放的管理反而能提高多年生植物群落的物种丰富度[37, 67]。但粗放的管理方法并非适用于所有的城市绿地类型，如道路绿地会影响行车安全，需要定期修剪；而那些大型的、人为干扰程度较低的植物群落的绿地则可选择放松管理，使植物群落慢慢向自然群落发展。在草坪面积较大的绿地中，则考虑引进一些低矮的地被花卉（如白车轴草），为传粉者提供蜜粉资源，扩大其觅食范围[68-71]。针对那些需要定期管理的绿地，其修剪时间和频率也需因地制宜，如Brom等[72]建议在南非一些地中海气候城市中，若绿地中来年春季有3~10种开花植物，则应在当年秋季进行绿地管理时停止除草。

3 中国城市传粉者友好型景观发展思考

以上总结可以看出，虽然基于城市传粉者友好型景观的相关研究已不少，但在一些方面仍存在继续深入的地方。尤其是传粉者友好型植物的筛选方面，国内外的研究均较为薄弱。目前，中国正处于城市化快速发展的阶段，城市生态系统的建设也受到了重点关注。传粉者作为稳定城市生态的重要群体，传粉者群落的发展对城市生态系统而言至关重要。但目前中国在传粉者友好型景观领域的研究主要集中于传粉者生境营造方面。另外关于传粉者迁移廊道搭建、传粉者友好型植物选择和传粉者生境管理方面的研究还有待开展。针对中国城市传粉者友好型景观的未来发展方向，可考虑从以下几个方面继续深入。

3.1 加强城市绿地之间的连通性

一直以来，城市规划在增强生境斑块连通性和保护生物多样性方面的作用经常被低估[73]。不同于国外城市绿地体系中的大面积私家花园等绿地空间，中国城市的人口密度大且建筑较为集中，对传粉者起最大保护作用的主要是城市公共绿地。为加强城市绿地之间的连通性，可借鉴国外相关经验，探索适合中国国情的城市传粉者绿地保护体系。可通过完善相关城市规划政策，引导地方政府对城市现存的绿地体系进行重新梳理，规划出合适的绿地区域建立踏脚石生境，从而慢慢搭建起能更好地保护传粉者群体的绿地体系。

3.2 注重非开花植物对传粉者保护的作用

增加植物群落中开花植物的数量能增加传粉者多样性，同时也能改善城市化环境对传粉者群体的影响[74]，但除了开花植物，近年来也有研究者开始关注非开花植物对传粉者群体的作用。据估计，大约32%的蜜蜂类物种以非开花植物资源作为额外的营养来源和筑巢资源（如树脂、树叶碎片等）[75-76]。这些非开花植物的应用使得群落的生境条件更加完善，提高了生境的生态服务功能。因此，非开花植物对传粉者群体的保护作用不可忽视，未来可对传粉者友好型植物的类型进行细分，研究除开花植物外能对传粉者保护产生积极影响的植物类型，扩大可选择植物种类范畴。

3.3 加强传粉者保护知识的宣传

欧美等发达国家在传粉者保护知识的宣传方面一直走在前列[77]，他们自上而下制定了许多保护政策[19, 78-79]，而且这些政策已经渗透到地方的社区组织运营中。这些发达国家依赖捐赠者和志愿者把对传粉者的保护融入了当地人的生活，鼓励居民从自己的后花园开始设计、种植开花植物来吸引传粉者[80]，同时通过开展一系列科学项目和校园课程来提高公众对传粉者保护的兴趣及相关知识技能[81-84]。这些项目及课程的开展也使得公众对传粉者友好型植物的兴趣变得更加浓厚[85]，且十分愿意在日常植物购买时选择传粉者友好型植物来设计他们的花园[86]，为传粉者花园的建设付费[87]。而中国基于传粉者观测的公民科学项目（“发现身边的自然”之2023上海传粉昆虫公民科学项目）虽已启动，但仍缺乏相应的保护政策文件。未来可通过政策启动更多的公民项目，呼吁公众参与，潜移默化地把传粉者保护思想融入城市居民的日常生活中。除此之外，也可把传粉者保护知识融入校园的生态教育课程，或者鼓励相关课外自然教育机构的发展，制定机构发展的优惠政策，加快相关知识的传播。

3.4 加快传粉者友好型植物资源的挖掘及推广

在传粉者友好型植物的挖掘上，国外的研究开展较早，但截至目前，通过调研或实验来筛选传粉者友好型植物的研究还不多，且主要集中于美国、波兰和英国。未来应推进基于实验或调研的相关研究，筛选出更多可应用于城市的传粉者友好型植物，从而促进传粉者友好型植物景观的营造和相关植物推广应用。中国是园艺大国，近年来家庭园艺的发展尤为迅速，公众对植物的需求在不断增加，露台花园和庭院花园的建设也日渐受到公众的重视，推广传粉者友好型植物可先从园艺方面着手。随着传粉者保护知识宣传力度的加大，公众对于传粉者友好型植物的兴趣也会加深。当公众对传粉者友好型植物具备一定购买欲时，可从政策上鼓励园艺公司建立传粉者友好型植物销售板块，将传粉者友好型植物纳入消费者的选择范畴，从而使得它们尽快融入公众生活。除了园艺方面，城市绿地也是传粉者友好型植物应用的重要场所。可提高相关从业者的传粉者保护意识，使得他们在设计时能自发地应用传粉者友好型植物，而对那些由政府参与设计的项目，则可直接制定相关政策进行指导。

3.5 完善各类农药的使用要求，加快低毒性农药的研发进程

众所周知，各类农药都有可能对传粉者群体以及人类健康造成威胁，但目前国内外在各类绿地的管理上还无法避免使用。已有研究显示，城市中的传粉者群体正暴露于低浓度的农药环境中[88]。针对此现状，澳大利亚将新烟碱类杀虫剂的使用管理纳入了国家政策，明确了该物质的使用要求[89]。而且也有一些农业和绿地体系相对较小的西方国家，开始通过开展面向大众的生态环境教育来慢慢引导农业种植和绿地体系管理向无农药使用过渡[90]。
中国无论是农业体系还是城市绿地体系都与西方国家不同，且情况复杂，农药使用条例的改革所需的资金及人力更高。但也可先从政府入手，通过政策重新制定符合当下国情的各类农药的使用要求，慢慢限制各类农药的使用剂量，并加快低毒性农药的研发速度，逐步淘汰高毒性农药。已有研究表明，部分杀菌剂（如低毒性的波尔多液）的使用与某些传粉者群体（如熊蜂）的数量呈正相关，说明这些杀菌剂在推广应用上具有很大潜力[91]，但因为尚未明确这类低毒性农药是否对所有传粉群体都起到相似作用，所以缺乏普适性，未来还需继续深入。此外，Raine 等[92]研究发现，目前大部分关于农药对传粉者群体的影响的研究基本都以蜜蜂属（Apis）为研究对象，较少有研究探究农药使用对其他传粉者群体的影响，未来也应加强该领域的研究。只有明确各类农药对不同传粉者的影响，才能更好地制定保护措施，推进农药监管政策制定。

文中图表均由作者绘制。

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