Special: Riv-habitats

Strategies for Construction and Optimization of the Ecological Security Pattern for Human Settlements in the Wuding River Basin

  • WANG Xiaomeng , 1 ,
  • DANG Anrong , 2, * ,
  • TONG Biao , 3 ,
  • LIU Xinyi , 4
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WANG Xiaomeng (Mogol), Master, is an assistant engineer in the Institute of Urban and Rural Planning, China Academy of Building Research. Her Research focuses on urban planning pathways under the carbon peaking and carbon neutrality goals, and ecological planning of landscape architecture

DANG Anrong, Ph.D., is professor in the School of Architecture, Tsinghua University. His research focuses on science and technology in urban and rural planning, digital heritage preservation, and smart city planning

TONG Biao, Ph.D., is an associate professor in Liaoning Provincial College of Communications. His research focuses on urban and rural planning

LIU Xinyi, Master, in an assistant planner in the Institute of Culture and Tourism Planning, China Academy of Urban Planning & Design. Her Research focuses on landscape analysis of cultural ecological reserves

Received date: 2025-02-14

  Revised date: 2025-03-14

  Online published: 2025-12-14

Copyright

Copyright © 2025 Landscape Architecture. All rights reserved.

Abstract

Objective The Wuding River is a key tributary of the middle reaches of the Yellow River, and the Wuding River Basin has undergone rapid urban and township expansion since 1998, leading to increased fragmentation of its human settlement ecosystem. Over the past two decades, growing ecological concerns in the Yellow River Basin have driven extensive restoration efforts in the Wuding River Basin. While large-scale interventions have achieved notable results, sustaining these improvements remains a challenge. Given the basin’s fragile ecological environment, many existing projects fail to generate lasting cumulative effects, limiting their long-term impact. This research aims to develop an ecological security pattern for human settlements in the Wuding River Basin, while identifying critical ecological resources, corridors, and key restoration nodes essential for biodiversity conservation. To overcome the limitations of conventional restoration approaches, the research proposes a hierarchical and targeted ecological restoration strategy tailored to the basin’s unique environmental conditions. The goal is to balance urban development with ecological protection, thereby optimizing the security and resilience of human settlement ecosystems. Methods This research follows a structured approach based on the formulation of strategy for construction and optimization of ecological security pattern. The ecological security pattern is developed in three key steps. First, the research identifies ecological source areas through a comprehensive assessment of four core ecosystem functions — water conservation, soil and water retention, windbreak and sand fixation, and biodiversity maintenance. The Morphological Spatial Pattern Analysis (MSPA) model is adopted to refine ecological source selection by incorporating landscape connectivity and spatial distribution characteristics. Based on this, the research maps ecological corridors and barriers by establishing a resistance evaluation system with 11 resistance factors and applying circuit theory to identify key spatial elements such as corridors, pinch points, and barriers, based on which a three-tiered “source – corridor – node” ecological security pattern is formed. Last but not the least, the research proposes a hierarchical restoration strategy: Point-scale restoration for ecological nodes, focusing on localized interventions; linear connectivity enhancement to strengthen corridor linkages and improve landscape connectivity; regional regulation at the ecosystem level to reinforce ecological functionality across larger spatial scales. Results In the Wuding River Basin, 32 ecological source areas have been identified, covering 9,533 km2 and accounting for 31.50% of the total basin area. These ecological sources are predominantly concentrated in the southeastern region, where arboreal forests play a crucial role in maintaining ecological functions. In contrast, the southwestern region exhibits a more fragmented distribution of ecological sources, highlighting the need for targeted restoration efforts to improve connectivity. A total of 82 ecological corridors have been mapped, including 8 key corridors and 74 potential corridors, spanning approximately 1,044.8 km. These corridors serve to link ecological source areas, thereby creating a networked spatial structure that follows a distinct pattern: Denser in the north and sparser in the south. The research also identifies 31 ecological pinch points and 49 ecological barriers, which exhibit similar spatial distribution trends. These features are closely linked to corridor connectivity and are primarily concentrated in the northwestern region, especially in areas that bridge corridors and ecological source areas. Based on the established ecological security pattern for human settlements, a three-tiered “point – line – plane” ecological restoration framework is proposed. This framework extends westward and northward from the southeastern region of the basin, forming a hierarchical and interconnected ecological spatial structure that strengthens ecosystem stability and enhances service functions. The primary ecological restoration axis follows the mainstem of the Wuding River, acting as the backbone of the ecological corridor network. Additionally, there are also two secondary restoration axes extending westward and northward, each reinforcing the overall stability of ecosystem services. Finally, the research delineates three distinct ecological restoration zones within the basin: Key Restoration Zones, which require immediate intervention; Ecological Enhancement Zones, aimed at strengthening ecological connectivity; Controlled Protection Zones, designated for conservation with minimal disturbance. Each zone follows a structured hierarchy of implementation, ensuring that restoration and conservation efforts are precisely targeted. This zoning strategy serves as a guide for spatial management, providing a clear framework for future ecological restoration initiatives. Conclusion This research explores the ecological security pattern for human settlements in the Wuding River Basin by developing an ecological security pattern centered on ecological sources, corridors, pinch points and barrier points. This framework identifies key ecological restoration areas, and a three-tiered “point – line – plane” restoration model is introduced, forming a comprehensive ecological restoration system that spatially represents the ecological security pattern. These findings help overcome the limitations of traditional restoration approaches, promote the rational allocation of resources, and provide a scientific foundation for regional ecological protection and restoration. However, this research primarily focuses on the basin scale, establishing a mesoscale ecological security pattern for human settlements. While the three-tiered restoration framework offers general guidance, restoration strategies at the same hierarchical level must be tailored to local conditions. As a result, this research serves as a strategic guideline for overall ecological optimization within the basin, outlining key restoration and conservation priorities. Nevertheless, detailed ecological restoration strategies at the municipal, county, and village levels require further refinement, presenting a crucial direction for future research. Moreover, efforts should be made to further refine ecological restoration strategies across different spatial scales and regions to address the varied human settlement environments within the basin. At finer spatial scales — such as the municipal, county or village scale — it is essential to develop more precise and practical restoration measures in combination with local topography, land use characteristics, and socio-economic conditions. Future research should seek a more refined, dynamic, and coordinated approach to improve the scientific validity and practical implementation of the ecological security pattern in the Wuding River Basin.

Cite this article

WANG Xiaomeng , DANG Anrong , TONG Biao , LIU Xinyi . Strategies for Construction and Optimization of the Ecological Security Pattern for Human Settlements in the Wuding River Basin[J]. Landscape Architecture, 2025 , 32(4) : 31 -39 . DOI: 10.3724/j.fjyl.LA20250091

流域人居环境因其丰富的景观特色与独特的生态格局呈现出鲜明的地域特性与地方文化[1],其发展建设必须践行生态文明理念、遵循自然规律、保护生态环境、延续地域特色并合理利用地理资源[2]。生态安全格局构建的核心在于划定关键生态源地并分析不同景观过程,以识别多层次阻力面,进而提取生态廊道、生态夹点及生态障碍点,确保区域环境的结构完整性和功能稳定性[3]。自20世纪80年代以来,生态安全格局逐渐成为衡量区域可持续发展的重要指标之一[4]。如何以空间为抓手、生态安全为导向,构建适配于流域人居环境空间特征的整体性生态安全格局,对于承接主体功能区划、衔接多层级空间规划具有重要理论与实践价值[5-6]
自麦克哈格于《设计结合自然》中提出通过生态因子分层叠加分析土地适宜性优化土地利用格局的理念以来,景观生态学与系统性思维逐渐结合成为土地利用研究的主流方向[7],并形成“识别生态源地—构建生态阻力面—提取生态廊道—构建生态网络”的研究范式[8-9],其中源地的识别主要依据综合评估生态系统服务重要性等关键特征,并结合形态学空间格局分析(morphological spatial pattern analysis, MSPA)量化地理景观形态、结构与空间格局[10-12]。基于生态源地与生态阻力面分析,可利用最小累积阻力(minimum cumulative resistance, MCR)模型[13-15]、电路理论模型[16-18]、图论法[19-20]、综合指标评价法[21-22]、生态适宜性分析[23-24]和景观格局指数分析[25]等方法进一步识别生态源地之间的潜在连接路径,定量建立区域生态安全格局。其中,MCR模型充分考虑土地利用之间的水平联系,并有学者在MCR模型基础上借鉴电路理论模型提出创新方法,以系统性的角度分析并模拟电流在电阻表面上随机传播,以此反映物质流动的不确定性,是现今模拟生态廊道较为合理的方法[26-27]
与城市区域相比,流域的人居环境更加直观地反映人与自然之间相互依存的动态平衡。有学者从“自然地理、社会经济、城乡发展与遗产保护”等多维视角提出黄河流域人居环境的“地方性与适应性”理论框架,认为黄河流域的人居环境不仅兼具鲜明的自然属性与文化特征,而且在流域人居环境的生态与人文互动中形成了动态平衡机制[28-29]。无定河作为黄河中游的重要支流,是北方重要生态屏障,也是黄河流域生态脆弱性最为典型的代表之一[30-31]。自1998年以来,流域经历了快速城镇化与资源开发,这些活动显著改变地表覆盖特征并带来剧烈的生态环境变化[32-33]。近年来,黄河流域大规模实施退耕还林、还草工程以及水土保持工程,取得了一定成效。然而,由于流域气候干旱缺水,生态环境脆弱,现有工程没有发挥应有的集聚效应;退耕还林、还草政策使得农户对土地收益及国家补助的依赖性较强,难以形成良性循环。针对这些问题,中国自古有“顺木之天,以致其性”的思想,流域的生态修复应汲取这一理念,观察生态特性,因势利导,采取有重点的修复策略。本研究以识别无定河流域人居生态安全格局为基础,以构建流域人居生态修复策略为目标,旨在解决国土空间规划背景下流域人居生态空间如何整体优化的科学问题。

1 研究区概况

无定河流域地处陕北黄土高原与毛乌素沙地的交界地带,是黄河中游的一级支流(图1),具有显著的地理资源特征。流域北部位于毛乌素沙地南缘,南部则属于黄土高原的丘陵沟壑区,自北向南呈现从沙地到黄土高原的过渡性地貌特征(图2)。作为中国北方农牧交错带的重要组成部分,无定河流域兼具干旱与半干旱地区的地理特征,是国家北方生态安全屏障的关键区域。无定河全长491 km,流域总面积30 261 km2,地跨陕西省和内蒙古自治区,涵盖榆林市、米脂县、乌审旗等多个重要城镇[30]。其独特的地理特征和生态特性,使无定河流域在黄河流域以及中国北方生态保护与高质量发展中占据重要地位。然而,与黄河流域生态系统相似,无定河流域也相对脆弱,易受到自然环境变化与人类活动的影响,是中国北方生态保护的重点区域。
图1 研究区域区位

Fig. 1 Location of the research area

图2 研究区用地类型及地貌分区

Fig. 2 Land use types and geomorphological zoning in the research area

2 数据来源及研究方法

2.1 数据来源及处理

本研究采用的空间数据均为CGCS2000坐标系,统一为高斯克吕格投影,面积统计口径统一采用椭球面积,将栅格数据重采样至30 m分辨率,并使用ArcMap 10.2对基础数据进行整理与处理。1995—2015年风速、气温、相对湿度、太阳辐射等气象类数据均来源于中国国家级地面气象站数据网(data.cma.cn);Landset遥感影像数据、数字高程模型(digital elevation model, DEM)数据来源于空间地理数据云平台(www. gscloud. cn);行政区划、城镇建设用地区、道路、河流等数据来源于地理信息数据云2018年遥感数据;植被覆盖度数据来源于中国科学院地理所数据中心的《中国年度植被指数空间分布数据集》;土壤栅格数据(1∶1 000 000)来源于联合国粮食及农业组织和维也纳国际应用系统研究所构建的世界土壤数据库(HWSD)。

2.2 生态安全格局构建方法

本研究基于国土空间规划“双评价”要求,综合运用生态服务功能重要性评价、mspa、MCR模型和电路理论模型等方法,系统构建无定河流域人居生态安全格局。构建流程可分为4步。1)生态源地识别:以平均植被净初级生产力(net primary productivity, NPP)为基础数据,计算无定河流域的生态服务功能栅格,包括水源涵养、水土保持、防风固沙及生物多样性保护4类功能,并划分生态服务功能区,进而通过MSPA提取核心生态区域,叠加流域内河流水域与自然保护区数据进行修正,确定生态源地。2)阻力面构建:综合分析无定河流域的生态阻力因子与人文阻力因子,运用MCR模型,通过加权叠加各因子生成综合阻力面,用以描述生态系统内生物迁移和扩散的空间阻力特征。3)流域人居生态安全格局构建及优化:利用电路理论模型,识别生态廊道、生态夹点和生态障碍点3类关键生态空间要素,最终构建点、线、面多要素集成的流域人居生态安全格局,为流域生态保护与可持续发展提供理论支持与实践指导(图3)。
图3 研究路线

Fig. 3 Research route

2.2.1 源地识别

生态源地是生态系统中支持生物扩散与维持的关键“源点”,既能为系统提供基础生态服务,又能维持景观格局的完整性并保障区域生态安全。本研究根据《生态保护红线划定指南》(2017)及相关研究成果[27, 34-35],以30 m×30 m分辨率的NPP数据为基础,评估无定河流域的生态保护重要性。生态系统服务价值评价依据水源涵养、水土保持、防风固沙和生物多样性保护4项生态服务功能,分别构建定量模型[27, 34]
1)水源涵养服务功能作为生态系统关键服务功能之一,与区域水资源稳定供应密切相关,对维持水量平衡、调节水资源具有重要意义。以NPP为依据定量计算水源涵养服务功能,可直观呈现其重要性及空间分布,计算式
$ {S_{\mathrm{w}\mathrm{r}}=\text{NPP}}_{\text{mean}}\times {F}_{\mathrm{s}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{c}}\times {F}_{\mathrm{p}\mathrm{r}\mathrm{e}}\times (1-{F}_{\text{slo}}) 。 $
式中:Swr为水源涵养服务能力指数;NPPmean为多年植被平均净初级生产力,g C·m−2·a−1$ {F}_{\mathrm{s}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{c}} $为土壤渗流能力;$ {F}_{\mathrm{p}\mathrm{r}\mathrm{e}} $为多年平均降水因子;$ {F}_{\text{slo}} $为坡度因子。
2)水土保持服务功能对维持生态系统健康稳定起着重要作用,计算式
$ {{S}}_{\text{pro}}{={{\rm{NPP}}}}_{\text{mean}}\times (1-K)\times (1-{F}_{\text{slo}}) 。 $
式中:$ {{S}}_{\text{pro}} $为水土保持服务能力指数;NPPmean为多年植被平均净初级生产力,g C·m−2·a−1$ K $为土壤可蚀因子,通过土壤风蚀模型(Revised Wind Erosion Equation, RWEQ)方程计算得出;$ {F}_{\text{slo}} $为坡度因子。
3)防风固沙服务功能可表征不同土地利用类型预防土地沙化等危害的能力。结合生态系统中土壤质地、气候等因素,定量评估防风固沙服务功能,计算式
$ {{S}}_{\mathrm{w}\mathrm{s}}{={{\rm{NPP}}}}_{\text{mean}}\times K\times {F}_{q}\times D 。 $
式中:$ {{S}}_{\mathrm{w}\mathrm{s}} $为防风固沙服务能力指数;NPPmean 为多年植被平均净初级生产力,g C·m−2·a−1$ K $为土壤可蚀因子;$ {F}_{\mathrm{q}} $多年平均气候侵蚀力;$ D $为地表粗糙度因子,D=1/cos(ө),其中$\theta $为坡度,°。
4)结合NPP、坡度因子等因子定量评估生物多样性保护服务功能,计算式
$ {{S}}_{\mathrm{b}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{o}}{={{\rm{NPP}}}}_{\text{mean}}\times {F}_{\mathrm{p}\mathrm{r}\mathrm{e}}\times {F}_{\mathrm{t}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{m}}\times (1-{F}_{\mathrm{a}\mathrm{l}\mathrm{t}}) 。 $
式中:Sbio为生物多样性保护服务能力指数;NPPmean为多年植被平均净初级生产力,g C·m−2·a−1$ {F}_{\mathrm{p}\mathrm{r}\mathrm{e}} $为多年平均降水因子;$ {F}_{\mathrm{t}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{m}} $为多年平均气温参数;$ {F}_{\mathrm{a}\mathrm{l}\mathrm{t}} $为海拔参数。
采用层次分析法确定水源涵养、水土保持、防风固沙和生物多样性保护各因子权重,分别为0.30、0.30、0.20和0.20[27],加权得出生态重要性评价结果。在ArcMap 10.2中,运用自然间断点法将生态重要性评价结果划分为生态极重要区、生态重要区和生态一般重要区,其中生态极重要区赋值为1,其余区域赋值为0。在此基础上,运用MSPA分析,设置边缘宽度为2[36],去除生态极重要区中斑块面积小于10 km2的图斑,将剩余斑块作为基础生态源地。鉴于无定河流域内河流水域和自然保护区具有显著的生态服务功能,因此将这些区域也纳入本研究生态源地范围,以确保源地识别的全面性与科学性[33, 35]

2.2.2 生态阻力面构建

生态阻力面构建基于电路理论中电导面的概念。无定河流域位于黄土高原地区的农牧交错带,地形地貌以草原、旱地、山地为主,包含长城等重要文化元素及其他特定地理特征(林地、湿地等自然地貌,矿区等人工地貌)。为体现流域特性并确保流域人居生态安全格局的科学性,研究结合已有成果,从生态阻力和生态威胁2个维度共筛选11项阻力因子[1,16, 24, 37-42],通过层次分析法确定各因子权重(表1)。通过加权各阻力因子,生成无定河流域综合阻力面,为生态安全格局构建提供依据,计算式
表1 生态阻力面影响因子赋值标准

Tab. 1 Standard for assigning influence factors of ecological resistance surfaces

 影响因子(权重) 赋值标准
9 7 5 3 1
生态阻力 土地利用类型(0.19) 城镇建设用地/农村居民点/其他建设用地 沙地/盐碱地/裸岩石质地 低覆盖度草地/旱地/裸土地 灌木林/疏林地/中覆盖度草地/沼泽地/水田/滩地 林地/有林地/疏林地/其他林地/高覆盖度草地/天然牧草地/河渠/湖泊/水库坑塘
归一化植被指数(0.12) >0.7 >0.6~0.7 >0.5~0.6 >0.3~0.5 0~0.3
坡度/°(0.09) >20.1 >13.8~20.1 >8.5~13.8 >3.5~8.5 0~3.5
地形起伏度/°(0.09) >31 >21~31 >13~21 >5~13 0~5
高程/m(0.03) >1 438 >1 267~1 438 >1 155~1 267 >1 014~1 155 580~1 014
距水系距离/m(0.1) >1 600 >1 200~1 600 >800~1 200 >400~800 0~400
生态威胁 距建设用地距离/m(0.11) 0~5 000 >5 000~10 000 >10 000~15 000 >15 000~20 000 >20 000
矿点密度(0.12) >0.122 >0.059~0.122 >0.026~0.059 >0.008~0.026 0~0.008
距公路距离/m(0.09) 0~500 >500~1 000 >1 000~1 500 >1 500~2 000 >2 000
距长城距离/m(0.03) 0~1 000 >1 000~2 000 >2 000~3 000 >3 000~4 000 >4 000
距非遗点距离/m(0.03) 0~1 000 >1 000~2 000 >2 000~3 000 >3 000~4 000 >4 000
$ {\rm{MCR}}=f_{\mathrm{m}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{n}}\times \sum _{j=n}^{i=m}({D}_{ij}\times {R}_{i})。 $
式中:${\rm{MCR}}$为最小累积阻力值;$f_{\mathrm{m}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{n}}$为最小累积阻力与生态过程的正相关函数值;$ {D}_{ij} $为物质从目标源地j至栅格i的实际距离;$ {R}_{i} $为栅格i对物质迁徙的阻力系数。

2.2.3 生态廊道、生态夹点以及生态障碍点提取

基于电路理论模型,结合已识别的生态源地和构建的阻力面数据,本研究使用ArcScene 10.2中的开源程序Circuitscape和Linkage Mapper插件的成对模式提取生态廊道、夹点及障碍点。
生态廊道作为连接生态源地的重要线性空间,不仅可以保证区域景观的完整性,还能够显著增强区域生态效益,是保障区域生态安全的关键环节。利用Linkage Mapper的Build Network and Map Linkages工具进行模拟,并在流域边界设置3 km缓冲区,以降低人为边界对电流传播模拟的干扰。
生态夹点是指廊道中电流密度较高的区域,通常是物种迁移与交流的必经之地。本研究采用Linkage Mapper工具箱中的Pinchpoint Mapper模块,通过“All to one”模式进行分析。设置5 km加权距离后,根据电流密度值,使用自然断点法将密度值分为3个等级,并提取最高等级区作为生态夹点。
生态障碍点则指廊道中对源地连通性构成较大阻碍的区域,本研究通过Linkage Mapper中的Barrier Mapper模块识别生态障碍点。根据景观特征,设置最小搜索半径300 m、最大搜索半径600 m,步长100 m,反复试验后提取廊道中累计电流恢复值的高值区。随后采用自然断点法将障碍点划分为3个等级,最终选取最高等级区作为生态障碍点。

3 无定河流域人居生态安全格局

3.1 生态源地识别结果

研究结果(图4)显示,水源涵养功能区面积为4 370.53 km2,占全流域面积的14.44%;水土保持功能区面积为7 301.46 km2,占比24.13%;防风固沙功能区面积为3 804.61 km2,占全流域面积的12.57%;生物多样性保护功能区面积为3 823.84 km2,占比12.64%。在此基础上,通过对上述功能的重要性进行加权,生成流域生态系统服务重要性评价栅格图用于识别生态源地,最终得到复合生态功能区面积为13 266.71 km2,占全流域面积43.8%(图5)。
图4 生态服务功能重要性评价结果

Fig. 4 Evaluation results of the importance of ecosystem service value

图5 无定河流域生态服务功能区

Fig. 5 Wuding River Basin ecosystem services functional zone

通过MSPA法对生态服务功能评价结果进行深入分析,提取核心区,最终确定无定河流域内生态源地数量32个(图6)。总体而言,无定河流域生态源地的主要土地利用类型为林地与草地,空间分布主要集中于流域南部和东部,并向西北部乌审旗方向呈现延展趋势;其中,乌审旗内部毛乌素沙地的生态源地相对孤立,未与其他源地间形成有效连接。源地分布趋势与无定河水系分布特征相耦合,覆盖流域内具有重要生态价值的自然资源空间布局,且与已有无定河流域生态研究中提出的生态修复框架不谋而合[32],能够较好地反映无定河流域人居生态网络现状。
图6 无定河流域生态源地

Fig. 6 Ecological source areas in the Wuding River Basin

3.2 生态廊道提取结果

在生态源地与综合阻力面(图7)的基础上,共识别出连接32个生态源地的82条生态廊道,其中包括8条关键廊道和74条潜在生态廊道(图8),主要分布在流域西部和北部的乌审旗区域,整体呈现出“西北密、东南疏”的空间分布特征。根据重分类结果,北部生态廊道的连通性最差,西部次之,东南部相对较好。流域东南部的廊道网络以林地和草地为主要用地类型,生态服务功能强,网络连通性和结构完整性较高,是维持流域生态稳定的重要区域。而流域北部的廊道则主要由旱地和草地构成,生态脆弱性较为显著,是防风固沙和水土保持的重点区域。
图7 无定河流域综合阻力面

Fig. 7 Integrated resistance surface of the Wuding River Basin

图8 无定河流域生态廊道分级分布

Fig. 8 Graded distribution of ecological corridors in the Wuding River Basin

3.3 生态夹点及障碍点识别结果

在流域人居生态保护与修复中,生态夹点以及生态障碍点的保护至关重要。通过强化生态廊道的关键夹点,优化障碍点,能够显著提升整个生态网络的连通性和系统稳定性,为流域生态系统的可持续发展提供坚实保障。无定河流域共识别出31处生态夹点和49个生态障碍点。生态夹点主要分布于筛选出的生态廊道上,且多位于廊道与生态源地的连接处或廊道中段。夹点大多面积较小、呈散点状分布于流域西北部。夹点处的主要土地利用类型包括林地、草地与旱地。这些区域在维护景观连通性方面具有重要作用,未来生态环境恶化将可能导致生态网络的连通性和稳定性显著下降。障碍点的空间分布趋势与夹点高度一致,通常相邻或部分重叠,多位于生态源地的边缘或连接区域(图9)。这一趋势表明二者在生态保护与生态阻力克服方面存在显著关联性,尤其高风险区域对生态网络的连通性和流域生态功能的完整性影响显著。
图9 无定河流域生态夹点及生态障碍点分布

Fig. 9 Distribution of ecological pinch points and ecological barrier points in the Wuding River Basin

4 无定河流域人居生态安全格局优化策略

生态环境部于2025年发表了《黄河生态保护治理攻坚战行动方案》,以提升流域生态系统质量和稳定性为首要目标,推进山水林田湖草沙一体化保护修复,协同推动生态保护与环境治理。笔者基于无定河流域人居生态安全格局构建,提出对流域内生态问题进行整体性、协调性、精细化的修复思路。结合无定河流域人居生态安全格局、自然本底条件、生态保护与发展需求,以及国土空间规划“三区三线”管控要求,构建“点-线-面”的三级修复体系,从多个维度实现关键节点修复、生态廊道连通、功能分区治理:第一层级聚焦生态修复节点精准治理;第二层级强化生态廊道的空间连通,形成“一主二副”生态修复轴线体系;第三层级实施3个生态修复分区的系统调控,最终形成“以点固基、以线串脉、以面织网”的三层级修复格局(图10)。修复策略分别从多类型、多层次、多领域出发,全面识别并优化关键生态廊道,针对生态薄弱区域和敏感区域,科学布局关键治理点,形成精细化、分层次的人居生态修复体系。立足于无定河流域生态系统整体性,分区分类推进保护与治理措施[43]
图10 无定河流域人居生态修复策略

Fig. 10 Ecological restoration strategies for human settlements in the Wuding River Basin

4.1 点——生态节点修复

无定河流域人居生态安全格局中,点层面的生态修复主要聚焦于那些具有关键调控功能且生态脆弱的局部节点区域,这些区域通常位于生态廊道的连接关键点或受人为干扰较严重的位置。例如,陕西省榆林市上烂泥湾村和下烂泥湾村因不合理的农业经营,水土流失加剧、植被覆盖率下降。针对这一情况,应优先实施退耕还林、还草工程,大规模种植适合本地生态条件的原生树种和草本植物,以恢复自然植被、增强土壤固着能力、改善局部微气候,并逐步提升生态功能与生物多样性。对于榆林市靖边县海则滩湿地,为恢复其萎缩的湿地功能,修复措施包括:通过生态补水与透水坝调控维持湿地水文平衡;补植芦苇、香蒲等原生湿地植物,重建水生植被群落;建立湿地生态监测体系,以动态评估修复成效。类似方法在无定河湿地保护区已取得阶段性成果。在风沙区,生态节点因流动沙丘扩张与沙化问题更为突出,脆弱性显著。对此,修复策略包括:布设草方格沙障以固定表层沙粒,并同步扦插沙柳、沙蒿等耐旱灌木,构建灌草结合的固沙体系;沿主导风向营造樟子松防风林带,形成梯度防风屏障;推广节水灌溉技术、种植适生牧草,以促进生态修复与畜牧业的协调发展。这些措施在陕西榆林风沙区已有成功实践。此外,各节点区域还应建立常态化的生态监测与反馈机制,定期监测水质、土壤含水量、生物多样性及植被生长状况,及时评估修复效果,并根据实际数据调整治理措施,确保修复工程长期稳定发挥效益。通过以点为突破口的精细化管理,改善局部生态环境,为全流域生态安全格局的构建提供坚实基础和示范效应。

4.2 线——生态轴线修复

无定河流域线层级有一主二副共3条轴线,修复策略以恢复和增强生态廊道的自然连通性及生态功能为核心目标,通过构建贯穿流域的生态廊道网络以促进水、物质和生物要素的自然循环。人居生态修复的主轴线沿无定河干流展开。上游黄土高原沟壑段针对水土流失与面源污染问题,应主要采用阶梯式生态护岸并配套人工湿地群拦截泥沙;下游河源段则要注重恢复水源涵养功能,建设透水坝来调控地下水位,同时沿岸补植耐旱灌木形成植被缓冲带,增强水土保持能力;中游风沙段则应以降低水土流失以及风蚀影响为主要目标,工程上应用沙柳扦插固岸技术结合草方格来稳定沙质河岸。
次轴线大理河—芦河段的治理重点在于恢复黄土高原沟壑区的水土保持与生态连通性。其中大理河段宜结合县村农田,沿河布设梯田并配套植物篱,以减少径流冲刷;芦河段则需注重修复断裂生态廊道,拆除废弃拦河坝,建设仿自然鱼道,实施沟头防护与坡面植被恢复协同治理。次轴线榆溪河段针对风沙区与黄土高原沟壑区过渡带特性,宜在中游防风段布设樟子松防风林带,配套草方格固沙,形成梯度防风体系;在下游风沙区段建设生态隔离带,种植沙棘与柽柳混交灌木林,拦截城市及沙地的面源污染。

4.3 面——生态分区修复

将无定河流域人居生态安全格局划分为生态提升区、重点修复区和控制保护区三大功能区,以分区目标为导向,因地制宜地制定人居生态修复措施。1)生态提升区大部分位于流域东南部黄土高原沟壑区,生态本底尚好,但未来可能因人居范围扩张、土地利用变化等问题,导致生态服务功能被削弱。因此针对该区域,首先需明确国土空间“三区三线”划分,通过规划优化和功能提升措施改善区域生态环境质量。2)重点修复区主要位于流域西北部风沙区,本身生态环境相对脆弱的同时还面临风蚀沙化与生态廊道断裂的威胁。因此,该区域应以固沙固水为主要目标,可结合布设草方格沙障、扦插耐旱植物等工程的实施重建植被群落。同时宜选择适生树种,采用“灌草先行、乔木渐进”的模式构建防风固沙,进一步巩固土壤稳定性。3)控制保护区涵盖无定河湿地和萨拉乌苏国家湿地公园等自然保护地,生态功能较完整,修复策略以保护为主。应严格实施生态保护红线管控,推进退耕还湿、还草工程,维护生境完整性;恢复原生植被群落,建设生态岛链,维护生物多样性。通过分区划分与分类治理,实现优化无定河流域人居生态空间结构的同时提升流域生态服务功能,为流域人居生态安全与可持续发展提供坚实保障。

5 结论

本研究聚焦无定河流域的人居生态安全问题,继承“生态源地—生态阻力面—生态廊道”的传统生态安全格局构建框架核心思路,构建了以生态源地、生态廊道和生态夹点障碍点为核心的流域人居生态安全格局,识别出流域内关键生态修复区域,提出了“点-线-面”三层级生态修复模式,形成较为完整的修复体系的同时实现了空间化表达。本研究弥补了以往无定河流域人居生态提升靶向性不足的缺陷,提高了资源配置合理性,为人居生态保护与恢复提供空间依据。然而需要指出的是,本研究主要聚焦中观尺度的人居生态安全格局构建,尽管提出了三层级修复框架,但仍需进一步因地制宜地考虑小尺度生态修复策略。未来研究可进一步细化不同层级、不同区域的修复保护策略,以适应流域内部不同类型的人居环境需求,特别是在县乡等小尺度人居空间上,结合地形地貌、土地利用特征及社会经济发展状况,探索更加精细化和可操作性的生态修复措施。未来研究应在更精细化、更动态化、更协同化的方向上深化探索,以进一步提升无定河流域人居生态安全格局的科学性和可实施性。
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