Supply-Demand Matching Evaluation and Coupling Coordination of Cultural Ecosystem Services in Urban Park Green Spaces
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YU Yang, Ph.D., is a professor in the School of Architecture, Southwest Jiaotong University. His research focuses on theory of urban spatial planning and development, and planning of urban green infrastructure |
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YANG Xian is a Ph.D. candidate in the School of Architecture, Southwest Jiaotong University. Her research focuses on theory of urban spatial development, and planning of urban green infrastructure |
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LI Xiang is a master student in the School of Architecture, Southwest Jiaotong University. Her research focuses on valuation of urban ecosystem services |
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QIAN Liyuan, Ph.D., is an associate professor in the School of Architecture, Southwest Jiaotong University. Her research focuses on ecosystem evolution, and valuation of urban ecosystem services |
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ZHOU Sixiang, Master, is a deputy director of Infrastructure Planning and Campus Management Office, Southwest Jiaotong University. His research focuses on landscape heritage and traditional garden culture |
Received date: 2024-08-26
Revised date: 2024-12-29
Online published: 2025-12-12
Copyright
This research explores the spatial distribution characteristics, supply-demand matching patterns, relationships, and optimization strategies of cultural ecosystem services (CES) in urban park green spaces. These efforts aim to enhance the efficiency of ecosystem services, promote spatial equity, and provide new perspectives and methodologies for studying CES in urban park green spaces.
Using 222 park green spaces in the main urban area of Chengdu as research objects, the research divides the area into 500 m × 500 m grids for analysis. First, an evaluation indicator system and a supply-demand relationship model encompassing supply potential, supply opportunity, and resident demand dimensions are constructed to analyze the matching relationship and spatial distribution characteristics of CES. Second, the research applies a coupling coordination model to assess the coupling and coordination levels of CES supply and demand of urban park green spaces. Finally, based on the combined results of the supply-demand matching evaluation and the coupling coordination analysis, optimization strategies for CES in Chengdu’s park green spaces are proposed at the subarea level.
The comprehensive supply level of CES in Chengdu’s park green spaces exhibits a cluster distribution pattern that is “higher in the south, and lower in the north”, with high-value areas concentrated in the central and southwestern parts of the main urban area, and low-value areas mainly distributed in the northeastern part. Meanwhile, the comprehensive demand level for CES displays an aggregated cluster distribution pattern, where high-demand zones are located in the central and southern part of the main urban area with high population density, strong human activity, intensive urban development, and well-developed facilities, while low-demand zones are found in the less densely populated and developed northeastern part. The supply-demand matching patterns are predominantly high supply-high demand and low supply-low demand, reflecting a low-level equilibrium with significant supply gaps; zones characterized by high supply-high demand and high supply-low demand are mainly found in the central and southwestern parts of the main urban area, whereas whose with low supply and low demand are primarily located on the periphery of the main urban area. Additionally, the coupling coordination degree of supply and demand exhibits a decreasing trend from the city center to the periphery. Overall, the coupling coordination degree is suboptimal, with the zones featuring the highest coordination degree only reaching a barely coordinated level. Specifically, the barely coordinated zones are primarily concentrated in the central part of the main urban area. Overall, the spatial distribution of the supply-demand matching for CES of park green space in the main urban area of Chengdu exhibits a characteristic of being higher in the southwest and lower in the northeast. The distribution of mismatched zones is relatively scattered, and the coupling coordination is generally at a low level. The spatial differentiation of supply-demand coordination relationships is evident within the main urban area.
By overlaying the results of supply-demand matching types with coupling coordination levels, the research categorizes the service ranges of all park green spaces into three functional zones: efficient zones, transitional zones, potential zones, and proposes optimization strategies accordingly. Efficient zones, primarily located in the central and southern parts of Chengdu’s main urban area, are characterized by high supply and high demand with coupling coordination levels ranging from mild imbalance to barely coordinated. To enhance efficiency, it is recommended to construct a hierarchical and continuous green space network to improve connectivity and systematic integration, thus improving the supply efficiency to benefit surrounding under-supplied zones. Transitional zones, situated on the fringes of park green space service ranges, are dominated by low supply and high demand and low supply and low demand, with coupling coordination levels ranging from severe imbalance to moderate imbalance, for which the optimization strategies include increasing the supply of park green space through urban micro-renewal measures in densely populated areas and optimizing public service facilities in less developed peripheral areas to improve the efficiency of interaction with nearby parks. Potential zones, located mainly in the southern and northeastern parts of the main urban area, exhibit high supply-low demand characteristics with coupling coordination levels ranging from severe imbalance to moderate imbalance, for which the optimization strategies focus on expanding service coverage and enhancing supply spillover effects by developing these zones as ecological education hubs and improving accessibility through transportation infrastructure. These findings provide a basis for improving the efficiency of CES, advancing the planning and management of urban park green space, and ensuring environmental equity.
YU Yang , YANG Xian , LI Xiang , QIAN Liyuan , ZHOU Sixiang . Supply-Demand Matching Evaluation and Coupling Coordination of Cultural Ecosystem Services in Urban Park Green Spaces[J]. Landscape Architecture, 2025 , 32(3) : 90 -99 . DOI: 10.3724/j.fjyl.202408260483
图2 成都市主城区城市公园绿地分布Fig. 2 Distribution of urban park green spaces in the main urban area of Chengdu |
表1 成都市主城区城市公园绿地分类统计Table 1 Classified statistics of urban park green spaces in the main urban area of Chengdu |
| 类型 | 公园面积/hm2 | 建设形式 | 数量/个 | 总面积/hm2 | 服务半径/m |
| 小型公园 | 1~5 | 社区公园、运动公园、科技公园等主题公园 | 100 | 270.56 | 500 |
| 中型公园 | >5~50 | 动物园、植物园、历史园等专类公园 | 111 | 1 558.17 | 1 000 |
| 大型公园 | >50 | 综合性公园 | 11 | 1 145.21 | 1 500 |
表2 城市公园绿地CES供给潜力评价指标体系Table 2 Evaluation indicator system for CES supply potential of urban park green spaces |
| 准则 | 指标 | 指标解释 | 计算方式 | 数据来源 | 指标性质 | 权重 |
| 注:POI数据均从高德开放平台(lbs.amap.com)获取。 | ||||||
| 游憩 | 公园绿地面积 | 反映公园绿地开敞空间大小 | 用ArcMap 10.8进行面积计算 | NDVI数据 | 正向 | 0.098 5 |
| 运动设施数量 | 反映运动设施服务水平 | 求和计算运动设施兴趣点(point of interest, POI)数量 | POI数据 | 正向 | 0.076 2 | |
| 娱乐设施数量 | 反映娱乐设施服务水平 | 求和计算娱乐设施POI数量 | POI数据 | 正向 | 0.078 5 | |
| 旅游景点设施数量 | 反映旅游景点设施服务水平 | 求和计算旅游景点设施POI数量 | POI数据 | 正向 | 0.100 2 | |
| 周边服务功能多样性 | 反映多种服务功能供给水平 | ${H}_{1}=-\displaystyle\sum\nolimits_{i}^{m}{P}_{i}{\text{ln} }{P}_{i}$, | POI数据 | 正向 | 0.029 0 | |
| 审美 | NDVI | 反映植被覆盖程度 | 以500 m×500 m网格为单位提取遥感影像中近红外波段与红光波段,计算二者差与和之比 | NDVI数据 | 正向 | 0.017 4 |
| 800 m内可获得水域面积 | 反映步行适宜距离内的水域面积 | 用ArcMap进行面积计算 | NDVI数据、 OpenStreetMap(OSM)路网数据 | 正向 | 0.151 8 | |
| 地表覆盖丰富度 | 反映地表覆盖多样性水平 | $H=-\displaystyle\sum\nolimits_{i}^{m}{P}_{i}{\text{ln}}{P}_{i}$, | GlobeLand 30全球地表 | 正向 | 0.026 1 | |
| 文化 | 文化设施数量 | 反映文化设施(如博物馆)服务水平 | 求和计算文化设施POI数量 | POI数据 | 正向 | 0.133 4 |
| 文化设施传播阻力 | 反映文化设施(如博物馆)传播度 | $\mathrm{C}={f}_{\min}\displaystyle\sum\nolimits_{j=n}^{i=m}({D}_{ij}\times {R}_{i})$, | POI数据、OSM路网 | 负向 | 0.002 2 | |
表3 文化设施传播阻力系数Table 3 Resistance coefficient for cultural facility dissemination |
| 阻力因子 | 类型分级 | 阻力系数 |
| 土地覆盖类型 | 水域 | 1 |
| 草地 | 3 | |
| 林地 | 5 | |
| 耕地 | 7 | |
| 建设用地 | 9 | |
| 道路类型 | 一级城市道路、公路 | 1 |
| 二级城市道路 | 3 | |
| 三级城市道路 | 5 | |
| 四级城市道路 | 7 | |
| 无道路 | 9 |
表4 城市公园绿地CES供给机会评价指标体系Table 4 Evaluation indicator system for CES supply opportunities of urban park green spaces |
| 准则 | 指标 | 指标解释 | 计算方式 | 数据来源 | 指标性质 | 权重 |
| 注:POI数据均从高德开放平台(lbs.amap.com)获取。 | ||||||
| 便捷 | 公交车站数量 | 反映交通联系强度 | 求和计算公交站POI数量 | POI数据 | 正向 | 0.033 3 |
| 地铁站数量 | 反映交通联系强度 | 求和计算地铁站POI数量 | POI数据 | 正向 | 0.111 3 | |
| 慢行交通密度 | 反映慢行交通适宜程度 | 用城市支路、人行道及自行车道的道路长度占网格面积比计算 | OSM路网数据 | 正向 | 0.023 2 | |
| 可达性 | 反映从网格中心点到达最邻近公园绿地的空间距离 | 用ArcGIS的near工具计算 | OSM路网数据 | 负向 | 0.001 5 | |
| 舒适 | 基础设施数量 | 反映基础设施服务水平 | 求和计算停车场、服务区、加油站等基础设施POI数量 | POI数据 | 正向 | 0.054 1 |
| 生活服务设施数量 | 反映生活服务设施服务水平 | 求和计算餐厅、售货点、卫生间等生活服务设施POI数量 | POI数据 | 正向 | 0.063 3 | |
表5 城市公园绿地CES需求评价指标体系Table 5 Evaluation indicator system for CES demand of urban park green spaces |
| 准则 | 指标 | 指标解释 | 计算方式 | 数据来源 | 指标性质 | 权重 |
| 注:POI数据均由高德开放平台(lbs.amap.com)获取。 | ||||||
| 社会需求 | 总人口数量 | 反映网格单元内总人口数量 | 求和计算人口数量 | 第七次成都市人口普查数据、POI数据 | 正向 | 0.064 0 |
| 老年人口数量 | 反映网格单元内60岁以上人口数量 | 求和计算老年人口数量 | 第七次成都市人口普查数据、POI数据 | 正向 | 0.066 9 | |
| 儿童人口数量 | 反映网格单元内0~14岁人口数量 | 求和计算儿童人口数量 | 第七次成都市人口普查数据、POI数据 | 正向 | 0.064 9 | |
| 人群活动强度 | 反映人类活动开发程度以及人群活动需求大小 | $ {\rm{HAILS}}=\dfrac{\displaystyle\sum\nolimits_{i=1}^{n}{({\rm{SL}}}_{i}\times {{\rm{CL}}}_{i})}{S}\times 1 00{\text{%}}$, | 地表覆盖数据 | 正向 | 0.039 3 | |
| 物质需求 | 容积率 | 反映网格单元内开发强度 | 求和计算网格单元内的容积率 | 中国建筑轮廓数据 | 正向 | 0.044 9 |
| 建筑密度 | 反映网格单元内建设强度 | 求和计算网格单元内的建筑密度 | 中国建筑轮廓数据 | 正向 | 0.039 3 | |
| 商业服务设施数量 | 反映居民经济活动强度 | 求和计算商业服务设施类POI数量 | POI数据 | 正向 | 0.079 1 | |
| 中小学教育设施数量 | 反映教育需求高的群体对公园绿地CES的需求 | 求和计算中学、小学教育设施POI数量 | POI数据 | 正向 | 0.140 9 | |
| 文化设施数量 | 反映居民进行文化活动时对公园绿地CES的需求 | 求和计算文化设施(包括博物馆、档案馆、展览馆等)POI数量 | POI数据 | 正向 | 0.168 6 | |
| 体育设施数量 | 反映居民进行体育活动时对公园绿地CES的需求 | 求和计算体育设施(包括综合体育馆、户外健身中心、游泳馆等)POI数量 | POI数据 | 正向 | 0.091 1 | |
| 娱乐设施数量 | 反映居民进行娱乐活动时对公园绿地CES的需求 | 求和计算娱乐设施(包括游乐场、度假区、农家乐等)POI数量 | POI数据 | 正向 | 0.093 9 | |
| 医疗设施数量 | 反映居民前往医院或进行治疗时对公园绿地CES的需求 | 求和计算医疗设施(包括综合医院、专科医院)POI数量 | POI数据 | 正向 | 0.107 1 | |
表6 供给—需求耦合协调度等级Table 6 Supply-demand coupling coherence levels |
| 协调程度类型 | 耦合协调度等级 | 耦合协调度($ D $) |
| 失调衰败类 | 极度失调 | $ \left[0.0,\right.0.1) $ |
| 严重失调 | $ \left[0.1,\right.0.2) $ | |
| 中度失调 | $ \left[0.2,\right.0.3) $ | |
| 轻度失调 | $ \left[0.3,\right.0.4) $ | |
| 过渡类 | 濒临失调 | $ \left[0.4,\right.0.5) $ |
| 勉强协调 | $ \left[0.5,\right.0.6) $ | |
| 协调发展类 | 初级协调 | $ \left[0.6,\right.0.7) $ |
| 中级协调 | $ \left[0.7,\right.0.8) $ | |
| 良好协调 | $ \left[0.8,\right.0.9) $ | |
| 优质协调 | $ \left[0.9,1.0\right] $ |
图6 成都市主城区公园绿地CES供需功能区分布Fig. 6 Distribution of functional zoning of CES supply and demand in urban park green spaces in the main urban area of Chengdu |
表7 成都市主城区公园绿地CES供需功能区概况Table 7 Overview of CES supply and demand functional zoning of park green spaces in the main urban area of Chengdu |
| 供需功能区 | 覆盖的公园 | 公园数 | 公园数量 |
| 供需高效区 | 小型公园 | 75 | 149 |
| 中型公园 | 73 | ||
| 大型公园 | 1 | ||
| 供需过渡区 | 小型公园 | 13 | 25 |
| 中型公园 | 12 | ||
| 大型公园 | 0 | ||
| 供需潜力区 | 小型公园 | 12 | 48 |
| 中型公园 | 26 | ||
| 大型公园 | 10 |
文中图表均由作者绘制。
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