Research Progress and Reflection on Urban Informal Green Space in Foreign Countries
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YE Lin is an associate professor in the Faculty of Architecture and Urban Planning, Chongqing University, and a member of the Key Laboratory of New Technology for Construction of Cities in Mountain Area. His research focuses on urban and rural ecological planning, and theory and method for urban green space planning |
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XU Mengya is a master student in the Faculty of Architecture and Urban Planning Chongqing University. Her research focuses on theory and method for urban green space planning |
Received date: 2023-07-24
Revised date: 2024-04-01
Online published: 2025-12-12
Copyright
【Objective】In recent years, urban greening has attracted more and more attention from governments at all levels. The open space covered by vegetation can be called green space. The green space in the urban built environment includes both the “formal green space” featuring clear land ownership and active management and maintenance, and the “informal green space” featuring vague ownership and loose management. Under the background of urban stock development, urban formal green space plays a limited role in meeting the recreation, livelihood and welfare needs of residents, while facing the challenges of incremental land use constraints and decentralized construction land use rights. Therefore, the function and potential of informal green space (IGS) have attracted the attention of scholars. IGS is a more ecological, economic and resilient green space form, and transforming IGS into a public open space that is convenient for residents to use and has ecological service functions is one of the ways to improve the living environment of high-density urban areas under land constraints. This research aims to, by clarifying the connotation of the IGS concept and analyzing the research hotspots and research progress on IGS in foreign countries, provide experience for the planning, management and protection of urban IGS in China.【Methods】Based on the core database of Web of Science, this research selects the keywords of “informal (urban) green space(s)” or “informal (urban) greenspace”, the literature type of “article” and the language of “English” for retrieval, with a total of 47 English articles being retrieved as the basis of analysis. The number of citations is an important standard to measure the influence of papers, and the research hotspots of IGS can be obtained based on the analysis of highly cited papers. By analyzing the top 10 most frequently cited papers, it is concluded that relevant research of foreign scholars mainly focuses on four directions: Identification technology, recreation value, ecological value and renewal model. After that, the research progress on informal green space in foreign countries is systematically analyzed from these four directions.【Results】As for the practical geographic information analysis technology of IGS, scholars usually combine remote sensing technology and field survey to identify and count IGS. This survey method has high accuracy, but the labor and time costs are high and the survey scope is limited. Recently, some scholars have combined Google Street View with machine learning to identify and classify green areas in labeled streetscape photos. In addition, participatory geographic information systems are used to obtain IGS geographic information from the public. IGS has three unique recreational values: First, IGS can trigger diverse recreational perception of residents, and age stage and cultural background will affect residents’ perception of IGS ; second, IGS can meet the flexible and diverse needs of residents, providing residents with more flexible, natural and uncontrolled outdoor activities; third, IGS occupies a high proportion in urban space, which can greatly enhance the connectivity of urban green space network and improve the fairness of access to green space. The ecological value of IGS is mainly reflected in two aspects: Enriching urban biodiversity and improving urban ecosystem regulation services. First, IGS can reduce the negative impact of urbanization on biodiversity. Second, IGS has the same or even better ecological regulation functions as formal green space, such as alleviation of urban heat island effect, rainwater retention, biological carbon sequestration, and air purification. At the same time, foreign practices show that low-cost renewal methods can be used to enhance the support of IGS to social economy and urban culture. The renewal model of IGS can be summarized into three categories: Overall renewal of public policy formulation, top-down support for transformation by government decision-making, and bottom-up promotion of transformation by social forces.【Conclusion】Combined with the national conditions of China and the lessons drawn from foreign theories and practices, it is suggested to optimize the construction of IGS in domestic cities by using the three strategies of actively responding to the needs of residents, creating geographic information database and innovating planning management paradigm, so as to promote the construction of urban greening in a fair, ecological and economical way. First of all, the renewal and management of IGS should actively respond to residents’ renewal intention and co-construction intention, consider the preference of vulnerable groups for the use of community green space, and improve procedural fairness and participation fairness in urban renewal. Secondly, at present, the base map of IGS is still difficult to obtain, and it is urgent to establish IGS geographic information database incorporating natural environment and human society. Finally, in order to retain the unique recreational and ecological value of IGS, it is necessary to formulate targeted safeguard policies, pay attention to regional overall planning and flexible planning, establish coordination mechanisms and improve organizational mechanisms.
Lin YE , Mengya XU . Research Progress and Reflection on Urban Informal Green Space in Foreign Countries[J]. Landscape Architecture, 2024 , 31(6) : 82 -88 . DOI: 10.3724/j.fjyl.202307240334
表1 国外非正式绿色空间被引频次最高的前10篇文献[7, 9-10, 12-18]Tab. 1 Top 10 most frequently cited foreign papers on IGS[7, 9-10, 12-18] |
| 排名 | 作者 | 研究内容 | 年份 | 被引频次 |
| 1 | Hunter等[12] | 新建、更新及维护等干预措施对城市绿色空间的环境、健康、福祉、社会和公平效益的影响 | 2019 | 140 |
| 2 | Rupprecht等[7] | 城市居民对IGS感知、偏好和使用的研究综述 | 2014 | 127 |
| 3 | Rupprecht等[13] | 居民对IGS的感知和使用 | 2015 | 100 |
| 4 | Feltynowski等[14] | 公开绿色空间数据源的充分性和可靠性 | 2018 | 88 |
| 5 | Pietrzyk-Kaszynska等[9] | 正式与非正式绿色空间的非货币性估值与价值激发 | 2017 | 74 |
| 6 | Sikorska等[10] | IGS对提升儿童和老年人城市绿地获取公平性的作用 | 2020 | 74 |
| 7 | Rupprecht等[15] | IGS分类识别和定量评估方法,分析其空间分布、植被结构和可达性 | 2014 | 72 |
| 8 | Anderson等[16] | 修复空地以发挥其潜在生态和社会效益 | 2017 | 72 |
| 9 | Biernacka等[17] | 限制居民使用城市绿色空间的政策制度 | 2018 | 68 |
| 10 | Rupprecht等[18] | IGS对生物多样性的影响 | 2015 | 63 |
| 国家 | 政策/规划 | 目的 | 策略 | 用地/资金来源 | IGS类型 |
| 德国 | “东部都市重建计划”、《莱比锡综合城市概念规划》[42] | 提升收缩型城市空间质量、恢复城市活力 | 将废弃或未充分利用的建筑拆除,并将地块设置为临时性绿化和休憩空间 | 地方政府通过税务减免等优惠政策,与私有空地签约5年以上公共临时使用权 | 空置土地 |
| 美国 | “土地储备”“复绿工程”[42] | 控制可开发土地量以稳定失调的市场并激活衰败的社区 | 把城区荒弃的土地改造为社区花园、小型开放空间或绿地公园,作为储备土地等待城市后续开发 | 地方政府、房地产、土地信托、金融机构收储土地 | |
| 德国 | “鲁尔区工业森林”永久性项目[43] | 以低成本管理模式将“工业森林”(工业废弃地在自然入侵后形成的特殊后工业景观)转化为城市公共开敞空间 | 政府代管场地向公众开放;邀请艺术家在核心区进行艺术创作;区域规划“工业森林”休闲游憩网络 | 林业局和棕地所有者签订“林业局负责管理协议”(德语:Beförsterungsverträge),将该棕地纳入项目试验区 | 棕地 |
| 英国 | 《布里斯托公园和绿色空间战略》[44] | 提升公园和绿色空间的质量和供给公平性,鼓励社区参与改善和管理绿色空间 | 以数量大于8 m2/人、最大服务距离550 m为标准划定IGS,并制定更新策略:改善场地维护、解决反社会行为、升级缺乏绿地区域中的IGS | 在20年的战略期内,资金来自多种渠道,包括外部资金来源,出售绿地的资金,以及议会对该项目的预算 | 绿色廊道、社区中心空地和部分墓地 |
表3 转为城市公园的IGS更新实践Tab. 3 IGS renewal practice aiming to transform IGS into urban parks |
| 地点 | 公园名称 | 更新前的功能 | 策略 | 资金来源 | 开放时间 |
| 德国柏林 | Natur-Park Schöneberger Südgelände[45] | 废弃铁路站场 | 为保护场地稀有野生动物,设置自然保护区域,其中只设计了一条由废弃铁轨和木栈道组成的步行路径; 引入文化艺术展览、儿童自然教育等新业态 | 柏林政府、安联可持续发展基金会 | 2000年 |
| 波兰华沙 | EkoPark Ursus[11] | 废弃工业区 | 保留自然演替植被,降低养护频次; 利用渗水矿物小径和生物滞留设施构建雨水收集系统; 设置瓢虫和蝴蝶的巢箱和保护屋 | 华沙政府、欧盟基金 | 2019年 |
| 英国曼彻斯特 | Mayfield Park[11] | 废弃工业区 | 为维持生物多样性,保留野生植被和湿地景观,增设翠鸟桩、鸟箱等设施; 再利用场地的材料和构筑物 | 曼彻斯特政府 | 2021年 |
| 美国费城 | Graffiti Pier[11] | 废弃煤炭装卸码头 | 尊重现有涂鸦文化; 设计更清晰的公园入口并改善道路; 增添座椅、洗手间和垃圾桶等基础设施 | 联邦政府 | 2024年 (预计) |
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