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2024 , Vol. 31 >Issue 2: 87 - 94

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3724/j.fjyl.202303010107

Review and Prospect of Research on Residential Balcony Environment from the Perspective of Healing

  • Tianming SONG ,
  • Leiqing XU , *
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  • College of Architecture and Urban Planning (CAUP), Tongji University

SONG Tianming (Manchu) is a Ph.D. candidate in the College of Architecture and Urban Planning (CAUP), Tongji University. His research focuses on healing environment, environment-behavior studies, and environmental psychology

XU Leiqing, Ph.D., is a professor and doctoral supervisor in the College of Architecture and Urban Planning (CAUP), Tongji University, director of the Urban Renewal Center, National Modernization Institute, and deputy director of Committee of Environment-Behavior of the Architectural Society of China. His research focuses on urban renewal, urban design, environment-behavior studies, environmental psychology, human engineering, and community empowerment

Received date: 2023-03-01

  Revised date: 2023-12-20

  Online published: 2025-12-11

Copyright

Copyright © 2024 Landscape Architecture. All rights reserved.
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Abstract

[Objective] Residential balcony, as an important healing space in family life, is gradually becoming a new topic of research in the field of habitat environment. Residential balcony plays an important role in improving environmental quality, promoting physical and mental health, and achieving physical and mental recovery. Clarifying the progress and development trend of the research on balcony environment and forming a systematic understanding of the healing benefits of balcony environment are of great theoretical and practical significance to enhance the quality of living environment, promote health and well-being, and accelerate physical and mental recovery. [Methods] From the perspective of the research on healing benefits of balcony environment, this research screens a total of 211 English literature and 35 Chinese literature from the Web of Science core collection database and the China Knowledge Network (CNKI) database as data sources for research analysis. The research is based on a review of relevant research hotspots, contents and methods at home and abroad, and a review of the current status, trends, limitations and shortcomings of current research. [Results] The researches on healing benefits of balcony environment can be divided into three areas. From the “environment − perception” perspective, the research explores the healing effects of balcony environment perception in promoting positive emotions, enhancing cognitive abilities, restoring attention, and relieving stress. From the “environment − activity” perspective, the research explores the physical and mental healing effects of gardening and the physical and social activities sustained by balcony in strengthening immunity, reducing psychological burden, maintaining stable social relationships, and building social capital. From the “environment − ecology” perspective, the research explores the healing effects of the combination of the physical environment and greening of balcony, finding that the physical environment of balcony can help strengthen natural ventilation and thermal comfort, while balcony greening can help adsorb harmful substances and maintain carbon and oxygen balance, thus improving the quality of living environment, and promoting physiological indicators of recovery and other functional health aspects. The research on healing benefits of balcony environment has realized the transition from unitary physical environment to perceptual experience and then to multiple integration and unification of physical participation, mainly seeking the in-depth analysis of the relationship between environment and physical and mental health. In recent years, the focus of research has also shifted from the health promotion role of physical environment to the physical and mental healing benefits of balcony environment. Accordingly, research perspective has also undergone a shift from subjective perception to humanistic perspective of physical and mental engagement. The promotion and development of emerging technologies are driving a transformation in research methods toward technical precision, which is expected to provide more precise methods and possibilities for evidence-based research on the healing benefits of balcony environment. Based on the analysis of current research status and practical needs, future research on healing benefits of balcony environment should focus on the following aspects: 1) Pay attention to the healing benefits and causality of the interaction between people and balcony environment. Combining with new human factor technology, high-quality physiological and psychological data can be obtained to identify and describe the behavioral reactions and physical and mental conditions of different people interacting with the balcony environment, and objectively demonstrate the causal relationship of balcony healing benefits. 2) Pay attention to the healing elements and influencing mechanism of balcony environment. The main contents include defining the influencing factors, weights and action mechanisms that affect the healing benefits, obtaining the key influencing factors, and realizing the fine measurement of the influence weights of spatial factors. 3) Pay attention to the configuration and comprehensive utilization of balcony space. It mainly includes understanding residents’ utilization status, utilization frequency and space demand of balcony. The space allocation required by ideal healing balcony environment should be further discussed in combination with the conclusion of empirical research, so as to improve the living quality, boost the diversified and comprehensive utilization of balcony and promote the health and well-being of residents. [Conclusion] As a potential health resource in high-density urban living environment, residential balcony is an important part of evaluating urban living quality and realizing healthy life. However, the main problem faced by the current research on the healing benefits of balcony environment is the lack of research combing and discrimination, and the failure to form a systematic and valuable research conclusion. At present, it is difficult to effectively guide balcony design in practice and give full play to the healing value of balcony. Therefore, it is necessary to clarify the current progress and development trend of balcony healing research, analyze the existing problems and shortcomings in the current research, and determine future research direction. The theoretical significance of this research is to promote the deepening and refinement of the research on the healing benefits of residential balcony environment, and to expand and enrich the theoretical framework for the research on healing built environment. The practical significance lies in summarizing the existing research conclusions, promoting the practical transformation of theoretical achievements, and providing guidance for the optimization and design of balcony space.

Key words： healing environment; residential health; physical and mental health; healing benefit; balcony environment; residential balcony

Cite this article

Tianming SONG , Leiqing XU . Review and Prospect of Research on Residential Balcony Environment from the Perspective of Healing[J]. Landscape Architecture, 2024 , 31(2) : 87 -94 . DOI: 10.3724/j.fjyl.202303010107

良好的居住环境关联着现代人的福祉，家庭生活中的自然光、视野、新鲜空气、开放或半开放空间对居民的身心健康尤为重要[1-2]。健康建筑环境营造已经成为上至国家战略，下至社会和个体普遍关切的问题[3-4]。然而，随着中国城市化进程的推进，高密度居住环境和生活方式的变化所导致的人口激增、过度拥挤、居住环境恶化、缺乏锻炼、缺少绿色活动空间等问题已经成为影响居住健康的主要原因[5]。不良的建筑环境容易引发一系列生理疾病，缺乏与外界接触的“原子化”生活方式容易引起个体孤独和抑郁等一系列心理健康问题[6-7]。
阳台作为现代住宅的基本空间和潜在的卫生资源[8]，代表着自然、开放、自由、解放和疗愈[9-10]，是评估城市居住生活质量、实现居住健康的重要组成部分[11]。已有研究证实住宅阳台环境能够改善室内环境质量、促进身体健康、恢复身体机能[12-13]，通过联系外部社会，建立信任、理解和认同以获得稳定的社会关系和社会支持，进而降低心理成本，产生积极情绪，实现身心复愈等价值[14-17]。然而现实情况是，由于缺乏对现有阳台疗愈环境研究的梳理和辨析，未能形成系统的、有价值的研究结论，无法在实践层面有效指导阳台设计，难以充分发挥阳台的疗愈价值[11]。
本研究团队于2022年5月在上海新冠病毒疫情期间进行的健康社区与居住环境网络调研结果显示，良好的阳台环境有助于改善身心状态，提高居住满意度。休闲、园艺、健身等是阳台的主要活动类型，居民对阳台的需求包括采光通风、良好视野、园艺活动、私密性等（图1），阳台或露台等亲自然性空间不足成为搬迁意愿产生的主要原因之一（图2）。由此可见，阳台作为现代住宅的基本空间和潜在的卫生资源，面临着空间不足、供需不匹配等现实问题。人们对阳台环境的需求正在从单一向多元转变，迫切需要科学、系统的研究成果作为阳台环境设计与优化的指导和依据。
图1 阳台空间需求

Fig. 1 Demand for balcony space

图2 影响房屋置换的因素

Fig. 2 Factors affecting of house replacement

开展阳台疗愈环境研究，既有理论基础与现实需求，也面临着挑战。因此亟待总结现有研究成果，了解研究范式的变化，以形成对阳台环境疗愈效益的系统性认识，推动研究的深入和实践转化。基于此，本研究围绕3个问题展开：1）从整体上把握当前住宅阳台疗愈环境的研究现状，总结研究成果；2）归纳主要研究脉络、研究方法和研究结论；3）分析研究趋势、不足和局限性，从问题出发展望未来，为提升以居住健康为目标的阳台环境设计提供依据。

1 研究方法与分析

1.1 概念界定

住宅阳台指探出住宅楼房间，具有一定宽度的、带顶的外部平台（区别于不带顶的露台），能够提供眺望、活动空间，接受阳光和新鲜空气，调节气候、遮阳等功能的永久性装置[18]。疗愈是指身体（body）、心灵（mind）、精神（spirit）的修复和恢复，是对健康概念的进一步深化。对于心理、精神健康的追求也使疗愈与健康相比，成为更深层次和更为迫切的人居需求。疗愈环境即指那些能够对身体健康和情感福祉进行支持并起到疗愈作用的物理环境，可通过自然环境、城市环境和建筑环境实现[19]。作为疗愈建筑环境的重要组成部分，本研究的对象聚焦于集合住宅中的生活阳台，即与客厅、卧室或其他主要室内空间直接相连的，具有良好朝向和视野，提供休闲、观赏、活动等功能的空间[20-21]。

1.2 数据获取

为了解阳台疗愈研究现状，从疗愈效益及机制研究文献中寻找研究脉络。以Web of Science 英文核心合集数据库为主要数据来源，以中国知网文献数据库作为补充进行讨论。以主题词的形式进行文献检索，语言分别为英语和汉语，选取标准为经同行评议后公开发表的文献，类型限定为article（文章）、reviews（综述）、proceeding paper（会议），检索时间为2023年1月，时间跨度为1975—2022年。英文检索以balcony和residential balcony为主题词，TS=balcony/residential balcony AND （healing OR health OR greenery OR planting OR ecology OR design OR life），学科范围限定为Architecture（建筑）、Environmental Science（环境科学）、Behavioral Sciences（行为科学）、Psychology（心理学）、Medicine（医学）等相关领域。剔除文学、戏剧等不相关文献后，对标题、摘要进行人工筛选，共计获得211篇英文文献。中文文献检索主题词为“住宅阳台”OR“阳台”AND“疗愈”OR“健康”OR“绿化”OR“生态”OR“设计”等，辅以“疗愈/健康建筑环境”“健康设计”等与主题相关的关键词进行交叉检索。相较于国外的研究，国内以疗愈视角对阳台进行的主题性研究数量较少，多数有价值的研究均为局部讨论，故对中文文献采取下载后全文阅读的方式进行筛选，标准为与阳台疗愈环境相关的有价值的实证研究或综述类研究，最终获得文献35篇。

1.3 文献趋势分析

以英文文献发表的年限与数量分析（图3），1975—2002年为研究的起步期，这一时期发文量较少，主要关注阳台的物理特征对于居住环境的调节作用。2003年至今为上升期，并在2010年起呈逐年增长的趋势，城市环境的变化及人们对居住健康的重视使得阳台环境的疗愈价值逐渐受到关注。其中2020—2022年是文献发表的高峰期，这与2019年底暴发的新冠病毒疫情不无关联。这一时期的研究主要聚焦于阳台在身心疗愈方面的促进作用，居家隔离政策迫使人们改变既有生活方式，利用阳台与外部接触，调节身心健康。
图3 英文文献累计发表量与变化趋势

Fig. 3 Cumulative number of English literature published and change trend thereof

1.4 研究脉络分析

当前疗愈环境研究可以概括为基于人对环境的感知与行为活动的交互过程，通过主客观测量方法考察环境对居民身心健康产生的影响。此外，身体层面的疗愈发生在与物理环境的交互中，良好的阳台物理环境和阳台绿化有助于改善环境质量，提升环境舒适度和满意度，间接促进居住者保持健康的身体状态。个体健康状态的增强有助于建立对环境的认可和信任，进一步影响心理层面的疗愈水平[19, 22]。基于此，本研究将阳台疗愈研究分类为“环境—感知”“环境—行为”“环境—生态”（人及其所依附的物理环境之间的互惠关系）3个主要方面，以形成对阳台疗愈环境研究的系统性认知（图4）。
图4 住宅阳台环境疗愈效益主要内容

Fig. 4 Key research content on the healing benefits of residential balcony environment

2 “环境—感知”视角的阳台疗愈环境研究

环境感知指人对周边环境的觉察、感觉、注意和知觉的一系列过程，是人与环境交互的基础[23-24]。人对环境的感知过程是基于多感官体验的，其中视觉感知是获得信息的主要途径。良好的环境（尤其是自然环境）的感知有助于恢复注意力、增加积极情绪，提升满意度[25-26]。阳台提供的外部视野和可进入的内部环境建立了室内外生活的积极联系[27]，有助于缓解压力和疲劳，恢复注意力[28-30]，恢复或重建个体在满足各种适应性需求中不断下降的身心状况和社会能力[31]，促进健康获益[32]。

2.1 增加绿色补偿，提高居住满意度

研究者通过在线调研、基于实验室场景的随机交叉实验、基于虚拟现实技术的组间实验证实，在阳台或窗口外部视线无遮挡、能够看到天空和自然环境的情况下，被试较少产生抑郁和焦虑情绪，认知和记忆能力更高[33-36]。拥有绿色植物的阳台能够增加日常生活中亲近自然的机会，减少人们到达绿色空间的成本，缓解高密度空间的拥挤感[37]，提高环境满意度和舒适度[38-39]，能够带来积极情绪，增进居住健康和福祉[33, 40-41]。Kley[6]分析了德国2个城市的1 886份调研数据，采用双方程模型考察住宅阳台与居住满意度的关系，证明包含绿化阳台的居住环境具有更大的恢复作用，而没有阳台或阳台中没有绿色植物的环境将导致生活满意度下降。

2.2 丰富建筑立面语言，缓解压力

阳台绿化作为垂直绿化的重要组成部分，有助于增加街道的吸引力，丰富建筑立面语言，被证明在提升积极情绪和恢复注意力方面具有较好的效果[42]。Lotfi等[43]设计虚拟感知实验，比较分析2组参与者在特定背景下接触与未接触垂直花园的恢复性量表测试数据、心率和血压的平均值，结果显示前者的血压和心率比后者分别降低4.62%和2.35%，感知恢复率增加了36.2%，表明暴露在垂直花园的参与者具有较高的恢复效果和较低的压力水平。Chan等[44]利用虚拟体验的方式证明了垂直花园对压力源具有缓冲效应，并能够阻止积极情绪的减少。此外，Davis等[45]研究证实垂直花园系统可以吸收噪声，改善室内和城市广场的声环境。

3 “环境—行为”视角的阳台疗愈环境研究

阳台提供舒适的半户外活动环境，鼓励居民在阳台进行园艺、休闲娱乐、健身、社交等有益身心的活动[17, 46]，促进个人健康[32, 47]。

3.1 园艺活动调节身体机能，恢复身心

园艺活动具有转移注意力、增加控制感、促进身心愉悦、降低抑郁指数、增加生活满意度等益处。住宅阳台权属清晰，已经成为当代住宅的标配，其空间功能灵活，自然条件好，成为开展园艺活动的理想场所。Mladenović等[48]对82名不同年龄受访者的问卷调查结果显示，仅需10 min的阳台园艺活动就可以减轻压力，恢复正能量。De Bell等[8]利用一份英国全年的横断面综合人口调查数据分析证明，通过园艺活动放松的受访者比那些没有进行园艺活动的人表现得更健康和更具幸福感。阳台园艺活动还有助于培育对生活和生命的热爱，建立家庭生活的桥梁和纽带[49]。新冠病毒疫情期间，阳台园艺活动能够有效调节封锁和隔离带来的心理困扰，缓解隔离压力，转化恐惧和担忧，促进家庭韧性；还可以作为一种辅助治疗的手段，缓解特殊群体如精神疾病、难民和无家可归者的抑郁程度，打断消极沉思，建立发展的信心[50-52]，是一种低成本且积极的干预措施。

3.2 运动增加健身概率，提高免疫力

住宅阳台作为进行户外活动的替代性空间，能够作为瑜伽、跳操、跑步、拉伸等一系列适合在小空间进行的健身活动场所，补偿人们因时间、空间或行动限制而导致的运动量不足，缓解久坐对身体的伤害，培养健康的生活方式，通过增强性的身体活动保持健康的状态。研究证明进入具有自然属性的私人空间（如阳台）更有可能增加锻炼活动的发生概率，从而表现出更好的健康状况[8, 53]。此外，阳台健身活动不受季节和天气的影响，在特殊时期可以防止外出锻炼带来的病毒传染风险[54]。如何结合阳台空间与居家健身需求，优化阳台空间布局，鼓励更多阳台健身活动的发生，有待进一步探讨。

3.3 提供社会服务，建立社会资本

阳台作为介于私人与公共领域的过渡空间和替代性的社会空间，在日常生活及突发性公共卫生事件下发挥了重要的社会服务功能[55]，成为更广泛、多层次的开放空间基础设施的一部分[56-57]；在日常生活中，通过交流、信息分享等社交活动增加邻里之间的互动和社会参与[58-59]，维持稳定的社会关系网络，建立普遍的信任感[60]、归属感和依恋感[61]；作为街道的眼睛，形成非正式的社会控制和社会服务[11, 62]，为社区和街道带来安全感[63]。2020年3—6月新冠病毒疫情暴发期间，阳台成为人们进行社会活动的“仪式”空间。Antchak等[14]基于标准抽样方法，对意大利城镇居民进行了8次深度访谈。结果表明，疫情封锁期间人们利用阳台进行“表演”，与他人联系，以缓解在社会隔离期间体验到的不安全感和孤独感。阳台成为疫情期间人们表达情绪（感激、赞扬、批评和不满）的窗口和展现积极生活态度的舞台[62, 64]。意大利、西班牙等国家举行的“阳台派对”“阳台音乐”等社交活动，以新兴社交媒体的形式促进了集体赋权，成为疫情期间缓解消极情绪、减小隔离心理成本的有效手段[65]。中韩两国学者分别开展了“Garden on the Balcony”（GOB）与“Iplant”家庭阳台种植服务活动，通过社交媒体建立线下和线上社区组织，培育健康绿色的生活理念，增强个体韧性、家庭凝聚力和归属感[55, 66]。目前，以阳台作为载体开展的社会服务活动仍属起步阶段，未在社会层面上形成影响，因此有必要拓展阳台的社会服务功能，从政策、规划、组织层面提出可行的行动方案。

4 “环境—生态”视角的阳台疗愈环境研究

阳台作为住宅疗愈环境的重要组成部分，能够通过物理环境和绿色植物的结合促进身体的健康和生理指标恢复，间接影响疗愈水平[19]。阳台物理环境能够增加自然通风、为室内带来清新的空气，提升热舒适度。阳台绿化能够吸附空气中的有害物质、改善空气质量、隔离噪声，提升居住品质。

4.1 物理环境增加自然通风，提高热舒适度

自然通风是提高室内热舒适度，提升环境满意度和体验，促进身体健康的重要方式之一。不良的建筑通风和各种挥发性污染源是产生病态建筑综合征的主要原因[67-69]。开放式阳台可以作为集风斗，将空气吸入建筑物，作为过渡空间控制和诱导室外气流进入室内，增加自然空气流动，通过对气流的疏导循环带动热量的转移[70-73]，发挥重要的“呼吸作用”[12]。Xue等[74]的一项问卷调查研究表明，带玻璃或铁艺栏杆的开放式阳台能够减少眩光和过热问题，间接影响居民的热舒适度；Bhikhoo等[75]进行的一项模拟实验显示，拆除阳台后住宅内部的过热天数相对于拆除前增加了19.94%；Izadyar等[76]研究发现，较小的阳台开门尺度可产生更好的热舒适性，而较小的深度尺寸（<2 m）会导致相邻客厅的平均室内风速不均匀且不稳定。阳台环境质量的改善除了与自身的属性相关外，开口方向、位置、数量等因素也会影响空间效应的发挥，后续研究可将上述变量纳入考量的范畴，综合分析后提供合理的方案以实现空间效应的协同增益。

4.2 阳台绿化改善环境质量，促进生理指标恢复

阳台绿化约占室内绿化面积50%以上，绿色阳台作为立体绿化的类型之一，被称为城市园林的第三维度[48, 57, 77]。具有亲自然性和美感的阳台环境能够提升热舒适度[78]，配置阳台绿化的室内空间可以降低噪声[79]、保持温度[80]、减少温室气体排放[81]、维持碳氧平衡[82]。阳台绿化可以有效净化空气，吸收粉尘和二氧化碳，降低空气中PM2.5的浓度，以及吸咐室内家具、装饰装修过程中释放的有害物质，减少呼吸道疾病、哮喘和肺癌的发病概率[83-86]。陈秋瑜等[87]通过实测与实验相结合的方法证明了植物活墙在消除空气污染物和总挥发性有机化合物方面的作用；王珂[88]通过封闭测试舱实验证实活墙对PM2.5的去除率达到80%～90%，可令室内温度降低3～5℃、湿度提高10%～20%。值得注意的是，阳台植物对环境的改善作用受阳台大小、种植品种及密度等特征约束，如何在保证阳台功能的前提下增加绿化的比例，对阳台绿化效益的发挥至关重要。

5 研究评述

5.1 物理、感知、身体的统一

住宅阳台疗愈环境的研究经历了由物理环境效应到感知恢复再到身心疗愈的统一过程。研究初期主要探讨阳台物理环境在产生自然通风，提高热舒适度方面的作用，阳台结合绿色种植吸附空气中的有害物质和污染物，提升环境质量，降低生理疾病风险，保持健康的身体状态和积极的生活体验。随着环境偏好理论、注意力恢复理论、减压理论、亲自然设计理论的发展，阳台疗愈环境研究转向感知恢复的维度，探讨阳台亲自然环境在缓解生活压力、减少焦虑和抑郁、提升认知能力等方面的疗愈效益。城镇化进程中的社会问题、公共卫生事件、个体孤独、都市人“原子化”的生活状态导致的心理问题频繁发生，对心理、精神健康的追求成为当代人的迫切需求。在具身认知、人因工程、神经都市主义、虚拟现实等理论与技术的推动之下，通过研究人与环境的互动实现身心复愈，逐渐显现出“人-环境-技术”多元融合的理论与实践价值。至此，阳台环境疗愈的研究实现了由一元的物理环境到感知体验，再到身体参与的多元融合与统一，寻求环境与身心复愈关系的深度解析。

5.2 重心、视角、方法的转变

阳台在新冠病毒疫情期间发挥的重要作用，引起了人们对其疗愈价值的广泛关注，研究的重心也由早期关注物理环境对生理指标的促进作用转向阳台环境对身体、心灵、精神的疗愈性探索[39]。除特殊时期的作用之外，阳台环境在日常性居住状态下的身心健康价值也逐渐受到关注。随着“环境—健康”研究议题的不断深入，当代人居环境健康正在经历由主观感知到身心参与的人本视角转变[89]，即基于阳台环境，分析使用者偏好、心理需求与环境提供对于行为规律的影响，解释行为与阳台环境交互的身心促进机制。新兴技术的发展不断打破既有研究范式，为阳台疗愈环境议题研究提供更多可能性：利用虚拟现实技术模拟现实场景，有利于打破场地限制，更好地控制干扰变量；生物传感技术能够精准记录被试者的生理反应数据，并可实现身体反应、心理感受、大脑认知的即时呈现，增加分析的精确性，实现被试者信息的实时采集，规避延时反馈造成的数据偏差[90]；便携式移动监测设备使日常环境下被试者的长期身心数据采集成为可能，打破了以往以实验室为主的“短期健康获益”研究，以及以现状调查为主的“横断面”研究的局限性，为未来进行长期的纵向研究奠定基础。

6 讨论与展望

6.1 人与环境交互的疗愈效益与因果关系

目前阳台环境疗愈效益的研究主要采用问卷法，一方面受限于高质量数据获取和混杂变量干扰，影响研究结果的精确性；另一方面基于使用者主观报告的数据缺乏客观性，研究结论往往讨论使用者主观报告与疗愈效益之间的相关关系，而非客观反映人的身心状况与疗愈效益之间的因果关系。环境心理学基于“自然—健康”议题的相关研究证实了绿地、街道等空间具有的健康促进作用，但是阳台作为远离地面的半开放空间，能够代替哪些开放空间的功能，代替到什么程度，以及产生什么样的疗愈效益和疗愈水平，有待依托先进的科学技术进行实证研究。结合新型人因技术手段的自然实验法可以准确、长时间地获取被试者对阳台环境感知的高质量生理数据[42, 44]，识别阳台的使用情况和频率，描述和分析日常生活中不同人群与阳台环境交互过程中的行为反应、空间需求和身心状况；控制变量的场景实验法作为经典的循证设计研究方法，能够有效控制被试者的应激水平、社会人口学背景、经济状况等外部干扰因素，提高实验数据的准确性。融合认知科学、神经科学、人因科学的研究方法进行实验及综合分析[90-91]，客观论证阳台环境的疗愈特征及其与健康获益之间的因果关系。

6.2 环境疗愈要素与影响机制

阳台环境疗愈效益的发挥依赖于环境要素的共同作用，难点是如何将其合理分类为可以量化的子系统，厘清空间容量、类型、要素、材料等要素之间的交互影响。有必要明确影响阳台疗愈环境效益发挥的主要因子、关键因素和影响权重，分析中介因子在何种情况下通过何种方式影响人们的感知和心理变化。虽然目前部分研究证实了阳台环境在居住健康方面的促进作用，但是缺乏影响机制的探讨，削弱了理论研究的深度。另外，现有研究多针对某个具体的环境要素展开，单一状态下的研究结果无法描述耦合后的健康影响，导致研究结论缺乏实践意义。例如有多项研究证明了垂直绿化对与压力恢复和积极情绪的促进作用，但其实验是在控制环境变量的前提下进行的，与实际环境存在差距。未来研究应结合现实环境或虚拟现实技术还原真实场景进行实证研究，识别和量化影响健康效益的关键要素和权重，重构住宅阳台疗愈要素体系和影响模型，分析阳台空间多要素耦合的作用机制和相互影响的动态规律，同时结合被试活动、行为偏好与环境感知的交互作用结果，对比分析不同环境模式的差异性，以形成对阳台疗愈机制的深度理解。

6.3 空间配置与综合利用

科学的空间配置是阳台产生疗愈效益、指导实践和提升居住品质的前提。目前的问题在于理论研究与实践之间的脱节，导致阳台设计实践缺乏理论指导。除了依赖良好的环境属性和空间配置之外，开发空间潜能、促进阳台的多样化利用也十分关键，然而目前研究缺乏对阳台的多功能开发以及多样化利用的探讨。未来研究有必要丰富阳台的利用方式，探讨科学合理的空间配置方案以满足不同活动的空间需求。以实证研究的理论成果为依据，从阳台空间多功能利用及效益最大化的原则出发，探讨理想阳台空间配置所需要的空间容量、类型、绿化比例以及材料选择等内容；进行相关影响参数的组合设计，论证要素间不同配置方案对疗愈效益的影响；分辨要素强度，预测更好的水平组合；提出合理的空间配置方案与条件控制参数，结合不同阳台环境，提出针对性的配置方案和设计策略，作为指导阳台空间设计实践的理论依据；更新阳台在家庭生活中的疗愈价值，挖掘空间利用潜质，从功能模式开发和技术支持2个方面探讨住宅阳台综合利用系统的建构，将传统低效的生活空间转变为结合生活、生产、生态的高效集约的复合型疗愈空间。

7 结论

本研究以疗愈为视角梳理了国内外阳台疗愈环境前沿研究，分析了当前阳台疗愈环境研究的趋势和脉络以及相关研究结论。阳台疗愈环境效益主要聚焦在感知、行为和生态3个方面。研究趋势由早期关注环境效应，关注感知恢复到健康导向下寻求阳台环境对身体、心理和精神疗愈的深度解析。住宅阳台作为高密度城市居住环境中的潜在的卫生资源，面临的主要问题在于缺乏对阳台疗愈效益的系统性认知和具有现实意义的实践转化。明确当前阳台疗愈研究的进展和发展趋势，有利于发现问题和不足，推动研究的深化和细化，为提升居住品质和健康福祉提供理论依据与实践指导。

致谢(Acknowledgments)：

感谢孟丹诚博士提供的网络调研数据；感谢王义老师、张扬博士、赵倩博士在文章写作过程中提出的宝贵意见。

文中图片均由作者绘制。

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