Identification of Characters of Cultural Landscape in Wuyishan National Park from the Perspective of Stratification
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TU Yuqian gained her master degree in Huazhong Agricultural University, and is a staff member of the Longyan Garden Greening Center. Her research focuses on landscape planning and design |
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ZHANG Jingya, Ph.D., is s an associate professor in the College of Horticulture & Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, and a member of the Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture in Central China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs. Her research focuses on landscape planning and design |
Received date: 2023-08-28
Revised date: 2023-12-10
Online published: 2025-12-11
Copyright
[Objective] China’s protected areas have dual attributes of nature and humanity. Cultural landscape, as a synthesis of humanistic material elements and their combination forms in the natural environment, reflects the relationship between man and nature at typical historical nodes. Foreign research on the cultural value of protected areas involves a number of fields. To effectively identify the cultural value of protected areas, it is necessary to combine the two methods of landscape character assessment (LCA) and historic landscape characterization (HLC), which can not only take full advantage of digital and spatial information technology, but also identify the types and characters of local historical landscape in a fully covered manner from the bottom up, thus providing a scientific basis for the identification of cultural value of protected areas. In China, the research on the cultural value of protected areas is mainly concentrated in the fields of scenic spots, traditional mountains and heritage sites, with the evaluation of spot scenic resources being the main research method for identification, while the analysis of the dynamic evolution characteristics of cultural landscape is lacking. The key to the spatial planning and the overall management and protection of natural protected areas in China is to identify the characters of cultural landscape systematically, objectively and visually, and to realize the regional and visual analysis. [Methods] Taking Wuyishan National Park as an example, this research, based on the dynamic and stratified characters of cultural landscape, adopts the methods of LCA and HLC in the landscape character identification stage to identify the characters of cultural landscape in multiple typical historical periods, interprets the stratified evolution process of cultural landscape in Wuyishan National Park in terms of time series structure, and defines the high-stratification cultural area, namely the area with the most significant cultural stratification characteristics. At the same time, considering that most domestic and foreign researches select identification elements from the two aspects of nature and culture, while paying less attention to scientificity and objectivity, this research introduces the technology of GeoDetector to screen character identification elements to provide a reference for the quantitative identification of cultural resources in China’s national parks and the scientific judgment of landscape representation. [Results] The results show that: From the static historical node, Wuyishan National Park presents 6 categories, 17 categories, 14 categories, 21 categories, 24 categories and 36 categories of cultural landscape characters in Tang, Song, Yuan, Ming and Qing dynasties and contemporary times respectively. From the perspective of long-term evolution law, the number of cultural landscape shows a rising trend from Tang Dynasty to contemporary times. The number of cultural landscape increased significantly in Song, Ming and Qing dynasties, with the Taoist and neo-Confucianism cultural landscapes occupying a dominant position in all the aforesaid dynasties. In terms of space, the spatial structure of cultural landscape is becoming more and more perfect. The contemporary Wuyishan National Park has formed a “T-shaped” structure of nine curved streams and a “sheeted” cluster in the north of the mountain. In terms of form, the cultural landscape as a whole presents the evolution law of “single fixed – multiple coexistence – alternating change”. It is identified that the high-stratification area of cultural landscape in the Mount Wuyi is located in the central and eastern parts of the Jiuqu River (from the first to the seventh curved section of the river) as well as the north and south banks of the river, including 243 cultural landscape source points, 19 faceted mountain caves and 9 linear rivers. The high-stratification area of cultural landscape reflects the core landscape value of the Mount Wuyi and is an important area representing the landscape in the national park. The reasons for the stratification differences of the cultural landscape in Wuyishan National Park include nature and humanity. Specifically, river system and topographic conditions are the main natural factors, and political belief, economic development, cultural integration and personal communication are the main human factors that produce the stratification differences of the cultural landscape in Wuyishan National Park. [Conclusion] Compared with previous researches, this research provides a new research idea for identification of the representation of cultural landscape in national parks in three aspects: identification elements, identification process and application of results from the perspective of stratification evolution. In terms of identification elements, the analysis of the correlation between cultural landscape distribution and natural environment elements is taken as a prerequisite, and character identification elements are selected by GeoDetector, which increases the natural – cultural integrity and scientificity of relevant indicators. In the process of identification, the research starts from the six typical historical nodes of Wuyishan National Park, broadens the historical time dimension, constructs a grading standard for the time hierarchy of cultural landscape, and identifies the high-stratification area of cultural landscape in the national park. In terms of result application, the research provides a scientific quantitative and spatial means to clarify the regional cultural value, which is helpful for the classification and control of cultural resources in national parks, and provides a reference basis for the scientific identification of stratification research and landscape representation.
Yuqian TU , Jingya ZHANG . Identification of Characters of Cultural Landscape in Wuyishan National Park from the Perspective of Stratification[J]. Landscape Architecture, 2024 , 31(1) : 71 -79 . DOI: 10.3724/j.fjyl.202308280386
表1 研究区域文化景观特征识别数据Tab. 1 Data on character identification of cultural landscape in research area |
| 名称 | 形式 | 数据来源 |
| 高程 | 栅格(精度30 m) | 地理空间数据云(www.gscloud.cn) |
| 坡度 | ||
| 地形起伏度 | ||
| 地质岩性 | 《武夷山丹霞地貌》 | |
| 河流水系分布 | Bigemap官网(www.bigemap.com) | |
| 土地利用类型 | 地理遥感生态官网 | |
| 文化山水格局 | 矢量 | 《武夷山志》《武夷山名胜图绘》《南平县志》《武夷山市志》等古籍,《武夷山名胜图绘》《中国古代地图集》等舆图,以及当代文献,并结合田野调查获取 |
| 文化景观点 | ||
| 感知意向 | 文本 | 田野调查、网络文本爬取 |
表2 国内外景观特征识别指标Tab. 2 Indicators of landscape character identification at home and abroad |
| 项目 | 类型 | 特征指标 |
| LCA导则 | 自然要素 | 动物和植物、地质、水温、地形、土壤、空气和气候 |
| 文化社会要素 | 土地利用、聚落、土地所有、圈地、时间深度 | |
| 文化关联要素 | 艺术、文学、信仰、宗教、媒体 | |
| ELCAI实践 | 自然要素 | 地质、地形、气候、水文、土壤、植被 |
| 文化社会要素 | 土地覆盖、建筑、生物多样性、土地利用、土地管理、空间形态、土地动态、时间深度 | |
| 文化关联要素 | 场所感、完整性、审美偏好 | |
| 国内相关文献 | 地形地貌 | 高程、起伏度、山水格局、地质 |
| 自然气候 | 水文、降雨、温度 | |
| 社会经济 | 农业/林业产业、三产类型、社会(人口、人群、宗教等)、设施(交通、水电等)、聚落、建筑民居、地名、遗址遗迹、文化民俗、视觉感知 |
表3 因子探测器分析结果Tab. 3 Analysis results of the Factor Detector |
| 自变量 X | q值 | p值 |
| 地质岩性 | 0.09 | 0.00 |
| 高程 | 0.05 | 0.00 |
| 坡度 | 0.12 | 0.00 |
| 地形起伏度 | 0.01 | 0.00 |
| 河流关系 | 0.16 | 0.00 |
表4 研究区域文化景观特征识别指标Tab. 4 Character identification indicators of cultural landscape in research area |
| 类型 | 指标 | 分类内容 | 应用 |
| 自然类 | 山水地貌 | 丹霞地貌缓坡低山、丹霞地貌缓坡丘陵、丹霞地貌陡坡丘陵、丹霞地貌斜坡山地、丹霞地貌陡坡山地等 | 历代及当代文化景观特征识别 |
| 河流关系 | 邻水型、近水型、远水型 | ||
| 文化类 | 景观结构 | 沿线规则平地式宋清茶园、组团式明清佛寺、组团式宋代理学祠堂及石刻、组团式宋代茶文化遗址及纪念建筑、沿线式清代佛寺及石刻、规则阶梯式当代茶园、沿线式宋明道教古闽越遗址等 | |
| 土地利用 | 耕地、园地、草地、水域、灌木林、林地、聚落民居、商业街区、其他建设用地、荒地 | 当代文化景观特征识别 | |
| 感知意向 | 视觉、嗅觉、听觉、情感意向等 | 当代文化景观特征命名与描述 |
表6 研究区域文化景观高层积区域空间格局Tab. 6 Spatial pattern of high-stratification area of cultural landscape in research area |
| 类型 | 文化景观 |
| 面状山体 | 大王峰、接笋峰、隐屏峰、苍屏峰、仙掌峰、玉华峰、白云岩、虎啸岩、凌霄峰、幔亭峰、玉女峰、大小藏峰、天游峰、晚对峰、丹霞嶂等19处 |
| 线状河流 | 橘树涧、松鼠涧、流香涧、倒水坑、悟源涧、章堂涧等9条 |
| 点状遗迹 | 武夷宫、万春园、小桃源、开源道观、武夷精舍、止止庵、三贤祠、摩崖石刻、架壑船棺、水云寮、幼溪草庐、御茶园、大红袍等243个 |
文中图表均由作者绘制,其中
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