Characterizing Mountain Landscape Complexity: Comparison of Landscape Character Assessment in the National Parks of the United Kingdom
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Yeng Xuan Tan is a master student in the School of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University. Her research focuses on landscape planning and design |
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LI Zheng, Ph.D., is an associate professor in the School of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, and a young editorial board member of this journal. His research focuses on urban mountain landscape preservation and development |
Received date: 2023-09-04
Revised date: 2023-11-17
Online published: 2025-12-11
Copyright
[Objective] Landscape characterisation aims at categorizing and describing areas with similar patterns of element combination, simplifying infinite landscape complexity into manageable spatial units. Existing relevant literature tends to explore concepts and frameworks applicable to all landscapes, focusing on how to enhance process transparency and incorporating historical complexity within universal technical routes, and has yet to be differentiated according to different landform types. This paper seeks to clarify whether mountain landscape characterisation different from that of lowlands and identify ways of interpreting the complexity of cultural landscapes in mountainous areas. The findings will contribute to a deeper understanding of the complex relationships between natural and cultural elements in mountain cultural landscapes, as well as to a more targeted approach to future management. [Methods] This study focuses on collecting documents related to landscape characterization of 15 national parks, including 20 landscape character assessments (LCA), 10 historic landscape characterisations (HLC), and 2 historic land-use assessments (HLA). For the LCA documents, this study adopts a content analysis method to categorizing and analyzing recurring the type and frequency based on NVivo software. Two coding approaches are adopted and integrated. This study also analyzes the treatment of historical complexity in the LCA documents of the national parks with reference to the relevant HLC and HLA documents, but without coding due to the lack of a consistent assessment methodology across U.K. in this aspect. [Results] In terms of landscape change, a total of 41 factors were identified in the relevant LCAs, which can be grouped into 3 broad categories, including natural influence, cultural influence, and force for change. A total of 21 mapping attribute related factors were identified and grouped into 3 categories, including natural attribute, cultural attribute, and perceptual and aesthetic attribute. The compound names of landscape character types are broken down into a series of words, which are grouped into 24 factors that fall into 3 categories, including as natural character, cultural character, and perceptual and aesthetic character. As far as the treatment of historical complexity is concerned, although all U.K. National Parks LCAs describe landscape changes according to historical phasing, they mainly use natural attributes, current land use and field morphology as the criteria for landscape character categorization, and they seldom include temporal information in the naming of landscape character types. Only a few LCAs incorporate historical information into landscape character classification, such as the Wales LCAs. To compensate for the disadvantage of over-simplifying the temporal depth of LCA, many national parks in England and Scotland create separate HLCs or HLAs, led by archaeologists and historians. [Conclusion] This study reveals variations between mountain and lowland national parks. The approach to historical complexity in different national parks is primarily influenced by the administrative system of the region in which they are located, rather than the type of park. Natural topographic conditions can have a significant impact on landscape character assessment, even though similar research frameworks and technical routes may be used for landscape character assessment in mountains and lowlands. [Conclusion] The findings enhance understanding of UK National Park assessment models, they also offer insights for characterizing cultural landscapes in mountainous national parks globally. The study provides a foundation for future research to comprehensively interpret the landscape characterisation models in UK national parks and guide similar regions with mountainous landscapes.
Key words: cultural landscape; characterisation; mountain; complexity; national park
Xuan Tan Yeng , Zheng LI . Characterizing Mountain Landscape Complexity: Comparison of Landscape Character Assessment in the National Parks of the United Kingdom[J]. Landscape Architecture, 2024 , 31(1) : 39 -55 . DOI: 10.3724/j.fjyl.202309040392
表1 本研究使用的英国国家公园LCA、HLC、HLA文件Tab. 1 The LCA, HLC, and HLA documents of the U.K. national parks used by this study |
| 地区 | 国家公园 | 文件 | 年份 | 作者 |
| 英格兰 | 诺森伯兰国家公园 | 《诺森伯兰国家公园LCA更新》 | 2019 | 诺森伯兰国家公园管理局、Alison Farmer事务所 |
| 《诺森伯兰HLC》 | 2008 | 诺森伯兰郡议会、诺森伯兰国家公园、英国遗产 | ||
| 湖区国家公园 | 《湖区国家公园LCA和指南》 | 2021 | 湖区国家公园管理局、湖区之友、自然英格兰、自然信托基金 | |
| 《坎布里亚HLC:湖区国家公园》 | 2007 | 湖区国家公园管理局、坎布里亚郡议会、英格兰遗产 | ||
| 北约克沼泽国家公园 | 《北约克沼泽地LCA》 | 2003 | 北约克沼泽国家公园管理局、White Young Green事务所 | |
| 《北约克沼泽国家公园LCA更新》 | 2021 | 北约克沼泽国家公园管理局、Fiona Fyfe事务所 | ||
| 《北约克郡和下蒂斯河谷HLC》 | 2010 | 北约克郡议会、英国遗产 | ||
| 约克郡谷地国家公园 | 《LCA:约克郡山谷国家公园》 | 2020 | 约克郡山谷国家公园管理局、剑桥工作室 | |
| 《北约克郡和Lower Tees河谷HLC》 | 2010 | 北约克郡议会、英国遗产 | ||
| 峰区国家公园 | 《峰区景观战略和行动计划》 | 2009 | 峰区国家公园管理局、谢菲尔德大学、自然英格兰、德比郡议会和山顶区之友组织 | |
| 《峰区国家公园景观的历史特征》 | 2003 | 峰区国家公园考古处 | ||
| 布罗兹湿地国家公园 | 《布罗兹“治愈灵魂的呼吸空间”》 | 2016 | 诺维奇市议会、布罗兹管理局 | |
| 埃克斯穆尔国家公园 | 《埃克斯穆尔LCA》 | 2018 | 埃克斯穆尔国家公园管理局、Fiona Fyfe事务所、乡村景观、Alison Farmer事务所、Julie Martin事务所 | |
| 《萨默塞特和埃克斯穆尔HLC》 | 2018 | 萨默塞特郡议会、英国遗产 | ||
| 南唐斯国家公园 | 《南唐斯LCA》 | 2020 | 南唐斯国家公园管理局、土地使用顾问 | |
| 《HLC报告(汉普郡):南唐斯国家公园》 | 2017 | 汉普郡议会 | ||
| 《苏塞克斯HLC》 | 2010 | 苏塞克斯郡议会、Brighton & Hove统一管理局、英国遗产局 | ||
| 达特穆尔国家公园 | 《达特穆尔国家公园LCA》 | 2017 | 达特穆尔国家公园管理局、土地使用顾问 | |
| 《达特穆尔伙伴关系计划2021—2026:达特穆尔国家公园管理计划》 | 2021 | 达特穆尔国家公园管理局 | ||
| 《德文郡HLC》 | 2004 | 德文郡议会、英格兰遗产、达特穆尔国家公园管理局 | ||
| 新森林国家公园 | 《新森林LCA》 | 2015 | 新森林国家公园管理局 | |
| 《汉普郡HLA》 | 1999 | 汉普郡议会、英国遗产 | ||
| 苏格兰 | 凯恩戈姆国家公园 | 《凯恩戈姆国家公园LCA》 | 2009 | 凯恩戈姆国家公园管理局、英国地质调查局 |
| 《苏格兰自然遗产国家LCA》 | 2019 | 自然苏格兰 | ||
| 《LCA回顾:凯恩戈姆的景观演变和影响因素》 | 2019 | 自然苏格兰 | ||
| 《凯恩戈姆的历史景观》 | 2001 | 历史悠久的苏格兰、苏格兰古迹和历史遗迹皇家委员会 | ||
| 洛蒙德和特罗萨克斯国家公园 | 《洛蒙德和特罗萨克斯LCA》 | 2005 | 苏格兰自然遗产 | |
| 《洛蒙德和特罗萨克斯的历史景观》 | 2000 | 历史悠久的苏格兰、苏格兰古迹和历史遗迹皇家委员会 | ||
| 威尔士 | 斯诺登尼亚国家公园 | 《补充规划指南:埃里的景观和海景》 | 2014 | 斯诺登尼亚国家公园管理局 |
| 《国家景观特征06:斯诺登尼亚》 | 2014 | 威尔士自然资源部 | ||
| 彭布罗克郡海岸国家公园 | 《彭布罗克郡海岸国家公园:景观特色补充规划指南》 | 2020 | 彭布罗克郡海岸、国家公园管理局、社区服务部 | |
| 布雷肯比肯斯国家公园 | 《布雷肯比肯斯国家公园LCA》 | 2012 | 布雷肯比肯斯国家公园管理局、 Fiona Fyfe事务所 |
表2 英国15个国家公园LCA中列出的景观变化因子Tab. 2 Factors of landscape change listed in the LCAs of 15 U.K. national parks |
| 类别 | 山地国家公园 | 低地国家公园 | ||||
| 因子 | 频率 | 因子 | 频率 | |||
| 自然影响 | 地质 | 19 | 地质 | 3 | ||
| 地貌 | 12 | 水文 | 1 | |||
| 水文 | 11 | 空气与气候 | 1 | |||
| 土壤 | 6 | |||||
| 空气与气候 | 3 | |||||
| 文化影响 | 文化要素 | 土地覆盖 | 12 | 聚落 | 14 | |
| 聚落 | 8 | 水利工程 | 14 | |||
| 农业 | 6 | 农业 | 12 | |||
| 交通 | 4 | 交通 | 4 | |||
| 地标 | 1 | |||||
| 文化联系 | 艺术 | 14 | 娱乐 | 3 | ||
| 娱乐 | 11 | |||||
| 经济 | 3 | |||||
| 变化驱动力 | 旅游 | 12 | 气候变化 | 3 | ||
| 农业 | 11 | 发展 | 2 | |||
| 发展 | 8 | 保护 | 2 | |||
| 气候变化 | 8 | 疾病 | 1 | |||
| 林业 | 6 | 旅游 | 1 | |||
| 交通 | 6 | 传统土地管理 | 1 | |||
| 人口 | 4 | 地方独特性 | 1 | |||
| 疾病 | 3 | |||||
| 保护 | 2 | |||||
| 态度 | 1 | |||||
| 全球化 | 1 | |||||
| 所有权 | 1 | |||||
| 政策 | 1 | |||||
表3 英国15个国家公园LCA中列出的制图属性Tab. 3 Mapping attributes listed in the LCAs of 15 U.K. national parks |
| 类别 | 山地国家公园 | 低地国家公园 | |||
| 因子 | 频率 | 因子 | 频率 | ||
| 自然属性 | 地貌 | 10 | 地貌 | 2 | |
| 地质 | 9 | 水文 | 2 | ||
| 土壤 | 5 | 地质 | 1 | ||
| 栖息地 | 3 | 栖息地 | 1 | ||
| 水文 | 2 | ||||
| 文化属性 | 土地覆盖 | 15 | 土地覆盖 | 2 | |
| 聚落 | 12 | 土地利用 | 2 | ||
| 土地利用 | 6 | 聚落 | 1 | ||
| 时间深度 | 4 | ||||
| 交通 | 3 | ||||
| 感知与审美属性 | 品质 | 6 | 形式 | 3 | |
| 形式 | 5 | 品质 | 1 | ||
表4 英国15个国家公园LCA中列出的景观特征类型名称用词Tab. 4 Words in the names of the landscape character types listed in the LCAs of the 15 U.K. national parks |
| 类别 | 山地国家公园 | 低地国家公园 | |||||
| 因子 | 频率 | 高频词 | 因子 | 频率 | 高频词 | ||
| 自然特征 | 地貌 | 127 | 山谷、山脉、丘陵 | 地貌 | 14 | 山谷、高地、沙丘 | |
| 地质 | 62 | 高地、山谷、峭壁 | 栖息地 | 12 | 耕地、沼泽 | ||
| 水文 | 16 | 盆地、湖泊、河流 | 水文 | 8 | 河流、洪泛区、洪泛区 | ||
| 栖息地 | 7 | 草地、沼泽、绿色 | 地质 | 2 | 白垩 | ||
| 土壤 | 3 | 冲积层、黏土 | 土壤 | 1 | 泥炭 | ||
| 文化特征 | 土地覆盖 | 45 | 森林、林地、荒地 | 聚落 | 20 | 边缘、地产、城市 | |
| 农业 | 33 | 农田、公地、种植园 | 工业 | 9 | 矿物、砾石开采 | ||
| 聚落 | 32 | 庄园、城市、边缘 | 农业 | 7 | 农田、种植园 | ||
| 工业 | 1 | 工业 | 时间深度 | 3 | 古代、历史 | ||
| 感知与审美特征 | 形式 | 51 | 弧形、起伏、平行 | 形式 | 10 | 上、小、大 | |
| 开放度 | 9 | 开放 | 开放度 | 1 | 开放 | ||
| 纹理 | 7 | 光滑、镶嵌、峭壁 | |||||
| 尺度 | 2 | 升高 | |||||
文中图表均由作者绘制。其中图1高程数据来源于Edinburgh DataShare网站(datashare.ed.ac.uk),英格兰国家公园边界来源于自然英格兰(www.data.gov.uk),苏格兰国家公园边界来源于苏格兰政府地理信息科学与分析团队(hub.arcgis.com),威尔士国家公园边界来源于威尔士自然资源局(datamap.gov.wales);
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