Research Progress, System Construction and Prospect of Urban Recreational Green Space Layout in Response to Human-Oriented Demands in China
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YU Zhentao is a master student in the School of Architecture and Urban Planning, Kunming University of Science and Technology. His research focuses on landscape planning and design, and planning and management of urban park green spaces and open spaces |
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TAO Nan, Ph.D., is an associate professor in the School of Architecture and Urban Planning, Kunming University of Science and Technology. Her research focuses on adaptability of local landscapes, and public green space services and regeneration |
Received date: 2025-01-14
Revised date: 2025-08-28
Online published: 2025-12-10
Copyright
[Objective] China’s urbanization has entered a new phase of connotative development. The concept of “People’s City” is driving the transformation of urban recreational green space (URGS) planning towards “human-oriented demands”. In the post-pandemic era, residents’ leisure behaviors have shown characteristics such as proximity, healthiness, and diversity. AI technology has further given rise to differentiated recreational demands. The current URGS layout is confronted with shortcomings such as emphasizing indicators over demand response in planning, insufficient functional integration, structural imbalance in services, and low system integration. This research, through systematic review and theoretical prospect, innovatively constructs a “theoretical framework for URGS planning that responds to human-oriented demands”, breaking through the limitations of traditional static adaptation, promoting the dynamic coupling of URGS with people’s lifestyle, and supporting the modern governance goals of precision, refinement, depth, intelligence, and excellence. This research may provide theoretical support for resolving the structural mismatch contradiction between URGS layout and diversified demands.
[Methods] The China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) and Web of Science Core Collection are taken as data sources, journal article is determined as literature type, and the retrieval time is set from January 1st 2000 to December 31th 2024 based on the characteristics of the publication period. The advanced search formula for the subject terms of Chinese AND English literature is TS=(“recreation*” OR “leisure” OR “tour*” OR “entertain*”) AND (“green space*” OR “park*”) AND (“layout” OR “planning” OR “design*”). After eliminating the items irrelevant to the research topic, 687 Chinese and 345 English literature articles are ultimately selected as the research object. CiteSpace 6.2.R6 is utilized to conduct visual analysis of the selected articles, supplemented by traditional literature review methods and inductive comparative analysis. This approach systematically examines the evolutionary stages, research hotspots, and trend characteristics of URGS layout research, aiming to advance a forward-looking layout framework.
[Results] 1) Evolutionary stages: Research on URGS layout in China has progressed from planning control to spatial governance. From 2000 to 2009, it was the period of rough demand identification – initial exploration, with more attention paid to the configuration of recreational functions and scale estimation around the supply side. From 2010 to 2016, it was the period of coarse demand response – fluctuating growth, promoting the transformation of China’s URGS layout towards “social equity – demand response”. From 2017 to 2024, it was the period of refined and rapid development in demand, catering to diverse recreational demands. 2) Research hotspots: Common dimensions encompass human-oriented planning and governance, demand-differentiated green space provision, and recreational experience – health co-benefits. However, Chinese literature research prioritizes macro-level planning and supply-side refinement, while English literature emphasizes meso & micro-scale empirical studies and demand-side drivers. 3) Development trends: While both Chinese and English research converge on green space layout based on socio-spatial and spatiotemporal behavioral differentiation for demand identification, their divergences persist in primary research focus, depth of interdisciplinary integration, and intensity of policy-coupling. 4) Theoretical system: A “theoretical system framework for URGS layout that responds to human-oriented demands” has been constructed, covering a multi-dimensional hierarchical classification system based on the “time – space – demand” principle; based on the principle of “differential justice”, the traditional classification of green spaces has been broken and a “recreational circle” layout system adapting to urban functional spaces has been constructed; an evaluation-optimization system employing digital intelligence technologies for supply-demand matching has been constructed to advance optimally regulated connotative development.
[Conclusion] This research aims to address systemic issues — including extensive URGS system development, insufficient functional integration, low supply – demand matching efficiency, and inadequate open sharing mechanisms — by proposing holistic solutions with reference value for future urban recreational space planning, policy-making, and research. 1) Spatial planning dimension: Promote the statutory institutionalization and systematization of URGS-specific planning, clarify its position within the territorial spatial planning framework, strengthen horizontal coordination and vertical implementation, and guide high-quality development of diversified recreational green spaces. 2) Policy orientation dimension: Focus on diverse public needs to deepen the connotation of “human-oriented demands”. Establish a precision-tailored methodological framework for supply – demand matching, creating a synergistic governance model combining “top-down guidance” and “bottom-up participation” to operationalize differential justice in spatial allocation. 3) Academic research dimension: Construct a three-dimensional theoretical framework integrating recreational systems with resource distribution patterns, spatial ring characteristics and urban functional layouts. This research significantly enhances the precision and depth of population demand identification, considers behavioral traits and visitation preferences, and develops a demand-driven URGS layout adaptation model responsive to distinct urban functional spatial requirements. The accuracy and depth of crowd demand identification have been enhanced, taking into account behavioral characteristics and access preferences. Furthermore, an URGS layout adaptation mode driven by the demands of different urban functional spaces is proposed. This research responds to the people’s demand for a better life and is of great significance for promoting the transformation of URGS layout to a refined supply that responds to the differences in group demands, resolving the structural mismatch contradiction between URGS layout and diverse recreational demands, and ultimately achieving the dual goals of a sense of gain and happiness in green well-being.
Zhentao YU , Nan TAO . Research Progress, System Construction and Prospect of Urban Recreational Green Space Layout in Response to Human-Oriented Demands in China[J]. Landscape Architecture, 2025 , 32(11) : 79 -89 . DOI: 10.3724/j.fjyl.LA20250031
表1 URGS布局研究各发展阶段的相关政策法规Table 1 URGS layout research at various development stages and related policies and regulations |
| URGS布局研究发展阶段 | 出台的政策法规 |
| 起步探索期 (2000—2009年) | 《创建国家园林城市实施方案》、《国家园林城市标准》、《关于加强城市绿化建设的通知》、《城市绿线管理办法》、《城市绿地系统规划编制纲要(试行)》、CJJ/T 85—2002《城市绿地分类标准》、GB 50420—2007《城市绿地设计规范》等 |
| 波动增长期 (2010—2016年) | GB/T 50563—2010《城市园林绿化评价标准》、GB 50137—2011《城市用地分类与规划建设用地标准》、《关于促进城市园林绿化事业健康发展的指导意见》、《关于进一步加强公园建设管理的意见的通知》、《关于加快推进生态文明建设的意见》、《关于进一步加强城市规划建设管理工作的若干意见》、《关于实施旅游休闲重大工程的通知》、GB 50420—2007《城市绿地设计规范(2016年版)》、GB 51192—2016《公园设计规范》、《国家园林城市系列标准》等 |
| 高速发展期 (2017—2024年) | CJJ/T 85—2017《城市绿地分类标准》、GB/T 51346—2019《城市绿地规划标准》、《稳步推进城市绿道建设推动形成绿色发展方式和生活方式》、《美丽中国建设评估指标体系及实施方案》、《城市绿化规划建设指标的规定》、《关于命名2019年国家生态园林城市、园林城市(县城、城镇)的通知》、《关于开展城市公园绿地开放共享试点工作的通知》、《关于全面推进美丽中国建设的意见》等 |
图2 URGS布局研究发文量变化趋势Fig. 2 The trend of changes in the number of publications on URGS layout research |
表2 不同城市功能空间板块中的URGS布局Table 2 Layout of URGS in different urban functional space sections |
| 城市功能 空间板块 | 城市功能空间 板块类型 | 示意 | 主要游憩 需求类型 | 主要服务 人群结构 | URGS 布局特征 | URGS布局模式与 服务体系 |
| 中心城区 | 高强度需求居住单元 | ① | 综合型 | 儿童、老年、 中青年群体 | 均布型-短半径 | 点-线-面的多核 网络服务体系 |
| 中强度需求居住单元 | ② | 品质型 | 点-线-面的服务体系 | |||
| 低强度需求居住单元 | ③ | 完善型 | 分散型-长半径 | 点-线-面的扁平 服务体系 | ||
| 新城片区 | 中央商务中心 | ④ | 品质型 | 集中型-长半径 | ||
| 居住单元 | ⑤ | 综合型 | 中青年外来人口、老漂族、儿童群体 | 均布型-短半径 | 点-线-面的服务体系 | |
| 产业园区 | 一般产业单元 | ⑥ | 基础型 | 就业、外来 人口群体 | 共享型-长半径 | 点状分散的服务体系 |
| 产城融合单元 | ⑦ | 必备型 | 分散型-短半径 | 点、线、面状分散分布的服务体系 |
| 匹配维度 | 代表方法名称 | 评价方法/内容 | 主要评价目的 |
| 数量绩效 | 洛伦茨曲线和基尼系数 | 通过洛伦茨曲线计算基尼系数,量化分布不均衡程度。基尼系数取值范围[0,1],越接近0表示分布越均衡 | 衡量URGS服务在不同人群或区域中的公平正义程度 |
| 标准分数模型 | 对URGS供给和需求水平的数值进行标准化处理,并划分象限分析其供需匹配类型 | 识别URGS服务过剩或不足的区域,评估供需匹配程度 | |
| 比率法 | 计算URGS实际服务人口数和可承载人口数的比率,将供需关系划分为不同等级 | 评价URGS供需的总体均衡程度与承载能力 | |
| 双变量局部空间自相关 | 通过空间统计,识别供给变量(S)与需求变量(D)的空间叠合,得到供给等于需求(S=D)、供给大于需求(S>D)、供给小于需求(S<D)等关系的空间聚集区域 | 反映供给与需求在空间上的相互关系与匹配或错配格局 | |
| 空间绩效 | 区位熵 | 测算子区域URGS服务水平相对于总区域水平的集中程度(比值>1,表示该子区域服务集聚程度高) | 体现URGS布局的集聚与分散程度,间接评估服务覆盖的公平性 |
| 全局空间自相关(莫兰指数) | 通过莫兰指数(Moran’s I)判断整个研究区域内某一属性在整个研究区域内的空间聚集性(取值范围[−1,1],值>0,表示该属性与空间正相关;值<0,表示与空间负相关;值=0,表示该属性在空间上随机分布) | 检验URGS服务在整个研究区域内是否存在显著的空间聚集效应 | |
| 局部空间自相关(local indicators of spatial association, LISA) | 通过空间统计,揭示供给变量(S)与需求变量(D)在局部空间上的关联性与聚集模式。得到高供给-高需求、高供给-低需求、低供给-高需求、低供给-低需求4种空间聚类结果 | 识别URGS供给与需求在空间上的具体匹配或错配格局 | |
| U值检验(Mann-Whitney U test) | 用于比较两组独立样本(如不同社会群体)在获取URGS服务上是否存在公平正义性问题 | 评估URGS服务在不同人群或区域间分配的公正性 | |
| GIS叠加分析 | 将代表URGS供给与需求的空间图层进行叠加运算,生成综合性的空间关系图谱 | 揭示URGS供给与需求的空间分布关系,直观展示供需匹配或错配的空间位置 | |
| 耦合协调度 | 计算耦合度(coupling degree)与协调度(coordination degree),值越趋近1,表示URGS供需系统的协同发展水平越高 | 评估URGS供给与需求两大系统间的整体协同效应与协调发展水平 | |
| 效度绩效 | 重要性-满意度(importance-performance analysis, IPA)匹配 | 采集使用者对URGS各项属性的重要性和满意度(即绩效)评价,将结果投射于四象限矩阵中进行可视化分析,判断URGS服务功能的优势区、维持区、改进区和盲区 | 精准定位需优先改进的领域,以提升资源利用效率与使用者体验 |
| 条件价值法 (contingent valuation method, CVM) | 通过构建假想市场,采用问卷调查引导受访者表达对URGS服务改善或品质提升的支付意愿(willingness to pay, WTP) | 量化URGS服务的非市场价值,为政策制定与资源可持续管理提供经济学依据 |
表4 URGS服务绩效评价维度及指标Table 4 Evaluation dimensions and relevant indicators for URGS service performance |
| 评价维度 | 评价指标 |
| 游憩服务功能 | 设施完备度、功能多样性、空间复合利用率、服务覆盖程度、环境舒适度、环境安全度等 |
| 游憩服务吸引力 | 区位条件、景观美感度、体验满意度、管理服务品质、访问频次、平均游憩时长等 |
| 游憩服务层级性 | 游憩型绿地分级与分类(服务范围、游憩时间、主题类型等) |
表5 URGS行为特征分析维度及指标Table 5 Analysis dimensions of URGS behavioral characteristics and related indicators |
| 分析维度 | 指标 |
| 游憩行为 | 不同群体的活动类型、单位时间内单位面积的空间活动量、不同时段活跃度差异、访问强度、场地访问密度等 |
| 出行行为 | 可以接受的出行距离、各交通方式出行占比、限制因素、群体类型差异等 |
| 访问偏好 | 访问动机、消费偏好、游憩时长、群体类型差异等 |
| 签到数据 | 手机信令,位置服务(location based services, LBS),兴趣点(point of interest, POI),腾讯易出行、高德、百度地图APP数据等 |
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