Research on the Influence Mechanism of Rural Public Space Characteristics on the Place Attachment of the Left-Behind Elderly and the Optimization of Rural Public Space
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MENG Shiyu is a Ph.D. candidate in the School of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University. His research focuses on landscape planning and design |
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ZHANG Shuying is a master student in the School of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University. Her research focuses on landscape planning and design |
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ZHANG Leqi is a master student in the School of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University. His research focuses on landscape planning and design |
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LIU Chenhui is a master student in the School of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University. Her research focuses on landscape planning and design |
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ZHANG Yunlu, Ph.D., is a professor and doctoral supervisor in the School of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, director of the Office of the Secretariat of the National Master of Landscape Architecture Education Steering Committee, and a member of Beijing Laboratory of Urban and Rural Ecological Environment. His research focuses on theory and practice of landscape planning and design, and urban and rural green space system planning |
Received date: 2025-05-09
Revised date: 2025-09-20
Online published: 2025-12-10
Copyright
[Objective] As an important part of the rural human settlement environment, public space is a place for the daily social activities of the elderly left behind in the countryside, and it also provides emotional support for these elderly people. In the process of long-term human − land interaction, the less mobile left-behind elderly have formed a stronger attachment to these spaces and environments. However, under the influence of rapid urbanization and tourism, the countryside has experienced rapid transformation and restructuring, facing the double crisis of the demise of the physical environment and the weakening of cultural connotations. Besides, the problems of homogenization and modeling of rural public space are prominent, making the left-behind elderly unable to retrieve their original sense of belonging and identity, and the relationship between people and place is very tense and acute. Therefore, it is of great significance to explore the relationship between rural public space and place attachment and its influence mechanism to cope with aging scientifically and enhance the happiness of the left-behind elderly.
[Methods] Taking four villages in Beijing as the research object, this research evaluates the characteristics of rural public space based on deep learning, MATLAB software, social network analysis, questionnaire survey, etc., carries out spatial visualization analysis of the place attachment of the left-behind elderly in the villages through the public participation geographic information system (PPGIS), and finally explores the influence mechanism of the characteristics of rural public space on the place attachment of the left-behind elderly through the construction of a multiple linear regression analysis model.
[Results] The results indicate that the top three sites with the highest average place attachment scores in Nanjiao Village are the Goddess Temple Square (4.32), the Village Committee Square (4.18), and the Xuandi Temple (3.83). In Heilongguan Village, the highest scores are recorded for the Dayue Platform (4.19), the Open Space in Front of Houses (3.98), and the Dragon God Temple Square (3.87). In Shuiyu Village, the top sites include the Goddess Temple Square (4.23), the Ancient Sophora Tree (4.12), the Grand Stage (3.78), and the East Street Gate Tower (3.78). Finally, in Liulinshui Village, the highest scores are associated with the Area Around the Vegetable Plots (4.13), the Big Millstone Alley (3.93), and the Opera Stage (3.91). In terms of the spatial distribution characteristics of the strength of local attachment, the local attachment of the left-behind elderly shows the “multi-center” distribution characteristics of strong intermittency and high local concentration, and the high value areas of local attachment are mainly concentrated in the spiritual and cultural spaces with rich connotation and daily life spaces that are convenient and easy to reach. Regarding the influence mechanism of rural public space characteristics on the place attachment of the left-behind elderly, on the whole, the cultural and spatial characteristics of rural public space constitute the core dimensions of place dependence and place identity, followed by the influence of artificial characteristics, while the influence of natural characteristics on the place attachment of the left-behind elderly is relatively limited, and only the greening coverage positively contributes to the place dependence by enhancing the ecological comfort of public space, but has no direct influence on the place identity. In terms of specific characteristic indicators, a total of 10 public space characteristic factors significantly affect the place dependence of the left-behind elderly, among which accessibility, activity participation, vegetation coverage and building density are the key factors positively affecting the place dependence of the left-behind elderly, while the negative interference index and the degree of spatial enclosure are the key factors negatively affecting the place dependence of the left-behind elderly. There are eight influencing factors of place identity, among which the degree of neighborhood affinity, the degree of preservation of historical relics, the degree of participation in activities and building density have a greater positive influence on place identity, and the degree of colorfulness has a significant negative influence on place identity.
[Conclusion] Based on the influence mechanism of rural public space characteristics on place attachment, this research proposes four optimization strategies for rural public spaces. 1) Construct an elderly-friendly spatial network to promote neighborhood social interaction. Specifically, we should create a barrier-free rural public space network integrated with “memory anchor points” to encourage left-behind elderly residents to spontaneously organize traditional festival activities and demonstrations of traditional skills. This approach transforms public spaces into dual carriers of neighborhood collaboration and cultural activities, enhances the participation of the left-behind elderly in activities, and thereby strengthens their sense of place dependence. 2) Safeguard carriers of local memory to reinforce historical identity and emotional connection. Specifically, we should restore and revitalize traditional spiritual and cultural spaces by converting historical memories into perceptible cultural narratives through methods such as displaying old photographs, exhibiting agricultural tools, and screening videos, and at the same time establish rural color management guidelines to preserve the authenticity of the rural human settlement environment. 3) Rationalize control of building density to reduce interference from modern elements. Specifically, we should optimize the architectural layout around public spaces to form a hierarchical transition between “architecture − space − nature”, and appropriately regulate the placement and quantity of modern facilities such as billboards and signages to ensure their style harmonizes with the surrounding environment, thereby minimizing the impact of modern elements on the daily lives and production activities of left-behind elderly residents. 4) Enhance ecological comfort to strengthen the foundation for human − landscape interaction. Specifically, we should focus on increasing green coverage rates to improve the microclimate environment in rural areas and enhance the ecological comfort of public spaces. In addition, we should create diversified elderly-friendly scenarios incorporating natural elements such as water systems and vegetable gardens to foster continuous interaction between left-behind elderly residents and the natural environment. The results of the research can provide scientific guidelines and case studies for building an age-friendly rural human settlement environment.
MENG Shiyu , ZHANG Shuying , ZHANG Leqi , LIU Chenhui , ZHANG Yunlu . Research on the Influence Mechanism of Rural Public Space Characteristics on the Place Attachment of the Left-Behind Elderly and the Optimization of Rural Public Space[J]. Landscape Architecture, 2025 , 32(11) : 51 -60 . DOI: 10.3724/j.fjyl.LA20250279
表1 地方依恋量表Table 1 Place attachment measurement scale |
| 地方依赖题项 | 地方认同题项 |
| 这里是我活动的最佳场所 | 这里非常有代表性 |
| 这里的活动是其他地方不能取代的 | 这里在我的生活中扮演重要的角色 |
| 这里是最让我感到满足的地方 | 这里对我来说意义重大 |
| 相对别的休闲场所,我对这里的环境更加满意 | 这里让我感到认同,很有亲切感 |
| 这里是我空闲时间最喜欢去的休闲场所 | 我舍不得离开这里 |
表2 传统村落公共空间特征指标体系Table 2 Indicator system for characteristics of public space in traditional villages |
| 环境特征 | 指标 | 内涵 | 量化方法 |
| 自然特征 | 绿视率A1 | 图像中绿色景观像素的比例 | 语义分割 |
| 绿化覆盖率A2 | 绿化面积与总面积之比 | 现场测量 | |
| 植被丰富度A3 | 空间内植物的种类 | 现场测量 | |
| 人工特征 | 建筑密度A4 | 图像中建筑像素的比例 | 语义分割 |
| 地面平整度A5 | 空间内地面的平整程度 | 问卷调查 | |
| 路面铺装比A6 | 图像中路面像素的比例 | 语义分割 | |
| 负面干扰指数A7 | 图像中车、电线杆等像素的比例 | 语义分割 | |
| 空间特征 | 视觉熵A8 | 图像的熵值 | MATLAB软件 |
| 色彩丰富度A9 | 肉眼感受得出的色彩丰富程度 | MATLAB软件 | |
| 空间围合度A10 | 建筑、植物、路面像素的比例 | 语义分割 | |
| 天空开阔度A11 | 图像中天空像素的比例 | 语义分割 | |
| 可达性A12 | 到达场地的便捷程度 | 社会网络分析 | |
| 文化特征 | 空间地域特色性A13 | 空间的地域特色程度 | 问卷调查 |
| 历史遗迹保留度A14 | 空间内历史遗迹的保留程度 | 问卷调查 | |
| 活动参与度A15 | 公共活动的参与程度 | 问卷调查 | |
| 邻里亲和度A16 | 邻里之间的亲和程度 | 问卷调查 |
表3 基于深度学习的乡村公共空间特征评价指标量化方法Table 3 Quantitative method of evaluation indicators for rural public space characteristics based on deep learning |
| 评价指标 | 视觉要素 | 计算式 | 式注 |
| 绿视率(I gv) | 绿植、山体 | $ {I}_{\mathrm{g}\mathrm{v}}=\dfrac{{A}_{g\_i}+{A}_{m\_i}}{{A}_{t\_i}} $ | $ {A}_{t\_i} $为图像i中的像素总数,$ {A}_{g\_i} $为图像i中绿植像素的数量, $ {A}_{m\_i} $为图像i中山体像素的数量,$ {A}_{b\_i} $为图像i中建筑像素的数量,$ {A}_{r\_i} $为图像i中道路像素的数量,$ {A}_{c\_i} $为图像i中车、电线杆、指示牌像素的数量,$ {A}_{s\_i} $是图像i中天空像素的数量 |
| 建筑密度(D b) | 建筑 | $ {D}_{\mathrm{b}}=\dfrac{{A}_{b\_i}}{{A}_{t\_i}} $ | |
| 路面铺装比(I rw) | 路面 | $ {I}_{\mathrm{r}\mathrm{w}}=\dfrac{{A}_{r\_i}}{{A}_{t\_i}} $ | |
| 负面干扰指数(I ni) | 车、电线杆、指示牌 | $ {I}_{\mathrm{n}\mathrm{i}}=\dfrac{{A}_{c\_i}}{{A}_{t\_i}} $ | |
| 空间围合度(D se) | 绿植、建筑、道路 | $ {D}_{\rm{se}}=\dfrac{{A}_{g\_i}+{A}_{b\_i}}{{A}_{r\_i}} $ | |
| 天空开阔度(I so) | 天空 | $ {I}_{\mathrm{s}\mathrm{o}}=\dfrac{{A}_{s\_i}}{{A}_{t\_i}} $ |
表4 乡村公共空间特征与留守老人地方依赖的多元线性回归分析结果Table 4 Results of multiple linear regression analysis of rural public space characteristics and place dependence of the left-behind elderly |
| 公共空间特征指标 | 非标准化系数B | 标准化系数Beta | 显著性 | 共线性统计 | |
| 容差 | VIF | ||||
| 绿化覆盖率 | 1.729 | 0.243 | 0.000 | 0.497 | 2.011 |
| 植被丰富度 | 0.006 | 0.017 | 0.000 | 0.549 | 1.821 |
| 建筑密度 | 0.606 | 0.222 | 0.001 | 0.313 | 3.199 |
| 地面平整度 | 0.122 | 0.156 | 0.000 | 0.512 | 1.952 |
| 负面干扰指数 | −0.218 | −0.557 | 0.012 | 0.568 | 1.76 |
| 色彩丰富度 | −0.044 | −0.100 | 0.000 | 0.458 | 2.181 |
| 空间围合度 | −0.025 | −0.392 | 0.023 | 0.593 | 1.687 |
| 可达性 | 0.106 | 0.563 | 0.008 | 0.643 | 1.555 |
| 历史遗迹保留度 | 0.049 | 0.113 | 0.000 | 0.701 | 1.426 |
| 活动参与度 | 0.551 | 0.310 | 0.000 | 0.551 | 1.816 |
表5 乡村公共空间特征与留守老人地方认同的多元线性回归分析结果Table 5 Results of multiple linear regression analysis of rural public space characteristics and local identity of the left-behind elderly |
| 公共空间特征指标 | 非标准化系数B | 标准化系数Beta | 显著性 | 共线性统计 | |
| 容差 | VIF | ||||
| 建筑密度 | 0.305 | 0.320 | 0.000 | 0.331 | 3.02 |
| 负面干扰指数 | -0.133 | −0.111 | 0.000 | 0.508 | 1.967 |
| 天空开阔度 | 0.227 | 0.236 | 0.000 | 0.551 | 1.814 |
| 色彩丰富度 | −0.544 | −0.379 | 0.000 | 0.626 | 1.597 |
| 可达性 | 0.222 | 0.177 | 0.001 | 0.707 | 1.415 |
| 历史遗迹保留度 | 0.400 | 0.464 | 0.008 | 0.459 | 2.18 |
| 活动参与度 | 0.304 | 0.330 | 0.001 | 0.587 | 1.703 |
| 邻里亲和度 | 0.443 | 0.483 | 0.000 | 0.369 | 2.707 |
文中图表均由作者绘制,其中
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