Perceptual Evaluation of Olfactory Landscape in Jiuzhaigou World Natural Heritage Site
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XU Xiaoqing, Ph.D., is an associate professor and doctoral supervisor in the College of Architecture and Urban Planning (CAUP), Tongji University, deputy director of the CAUP Built Environment Technology Center of Tongji University, and co-director of the Sub-center of the Key Laboratory of Spatial Intelligent Planning Technology, Ministry of Natural Resources of the People’s Republic of China. Her research focuses on soundscape ecology, planning and management of national parks and protected areas, and the relationship between soundscapes and health |
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ZOU Ning is a Ph.D. candidate in the College of Architecture and Urban Planning (CAUP), Tongji University. Her research focuses on soundscape ecology, planning and management of national parks and protected areas, and the relationship between soundscapes and health |
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YU Chumeng is a master student in the College of Architecture and Urban Planning (CAUP), Tongji University. Her research focuses on soundscape ecology, planning and management of national parks and protected areas, and the relationship between soundscapes and health |
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JIN Hexian, Ph.D., is a professor and doctoral supervisor in the College of Landscape Architecture, Zhejiang A&F University, and an editorial board of this journal. Her research focuses on history and theory of landscape architecture and heritage conservation, therapeutic gardens, and ecological restoration |
Received date: 2025-02-27
Revised date: 2025-09-21
Online published: 2025-12-10
Copyright
[Objective] The sense of smell is of vital importance to humans. Olfactory landscapes have a remarkable influence on human physiology, behaviors, and emotions. Nature reserves boast relatively unique types of scents, with their characteristic mechanisms differing from those of urban olfactory landscapes. However, current research on olfactory landscapes mainly centers around cities and gardens. The aim of this research is to clarify the elements of olfactory landscapes in the built environment of nature reserves and their influence mechanisms on human perception, so as to: 1) construct a classification system for the olfactory landscapes in the Jiuzhaigou World Natural Heritage Site; 2) explore the action paths of the characteristics of different types of olfactory landscapes on tourists’ perception; 3) provide new evidence for the knowledge system through the evidence of olfactory landscape walks.
[Methods] This research investigates olfactory landscapes in the Jiuzhaigou World Natural Heritage Site, focusing on how odors affect visitors’ perceptions of the environment. The reserve, recognized for its rich biodiversity and natural beauty, is studied through an olfactory walking survey, where eight key olfactory areas are identified. Data is collected from 100 healthy participants via interviews and questionnaires conducted between July 27–29, 2022. The participants, aged from under 18 to over 60, are asked to identify odors and rate their perceptions of the environment based on 12 sensory indicators such as familiarity, sweetness, and naturalness. Interviews help categorize odors into various types, such as human-driven, facility-driven, water-driven, plant-driven, and soil-driven odors. Statistical analysis, conducted in Excel and SPSS, focuses on the frequency of odor categories, the mean sensory ratings, and the correlations between olfactory characteristics and perceptions. The research adopts Spearman partial correlation to analyze relationships while adjusting for other factors. The goal is to explore how different elements of olfactory landscapes influence visitors’ experiences, in hope of providing valuable insights into the role of smell in enhancing natural tourism and environmental design.
[Results] Respondents identify odors at eight sampling sites, which are categorized into four types of olfactory landscapes based on the dominant smells. 1) Human-dominated landscape: Site 7 has a 50.00% probability of odor manifestation (POM), dominated by incense from Tibetan Buddhist prayers. 2) Facility-dominated landscape: Site 3, with a POM of 47.06%, has wood smells from pavilions and boardwalks. 3) Water & air-dominated landscape: At sites 2 and 5, the odor is influenced by damp and cool characteristics of waterfalls, with POMs of 50.00% and 35.90%, respectively. 4) Plant-dominated landscape: Sites 1, 4, 6, and 8 have vegetation-based odors. Site 1 is dominated by grass with a POM of 36.84%, while the others have tree-dominant smells, with POMs ranging from 20.00% to 57.15%. The mean scores for perceptual evaluations and odor characteristics reveal the following: 1) Human-dominated and water & air-dominated landscapes score the highest in liking, relaxation, and satisfaction, ranking first and second, respectively; 2) plant-dominated landscapes rank lowest in satisfaction; 3) facility-dominated landscapes score lowest in liking and relaxation. In terms of odor characteristics: 1) Human-dominated landscapes excel in familiarity, compatibility, sweetness, intensity, and uniqueness; 2) water & air-dominated landscapes score highest in naturalness, freshness, diffusion, exposure frequency, and persistence; 3) plant-dominated landscapes score highest in recognition and mixing; 4) facility-dominated landscapes rank lowest in compatibility, freshness, uniqueness, and diffusion. Further analysis is conducted to explore how the characteristics of the olfactory landscapes influence perceptual evaluations: 1) Human-dominated landscapes: Familiarity is strongly positively correlated with relaxation (p < 0.01), with no significant correlations found for other indicators; 2) Facility-dominated landscapes: Compatibility and naturalness are positively correlated with liking (p < 0.05) and relaxation (p < 0.01), and sweetness, naturalness, and mixing are positively correlated with liking; 3) water & air-dominated landscapes: Duration is positively correlated with liking, while familiarity and duration are negatively correlated with satisfaction; 4) plant-dominated odor: Compatibility, uniqueness, and exposure frequency are positively correlated with liking, while compatibility, naturalness, uniqueness, diffusion, and persistence are correlated with relaxation.
[Conclusion] Understanding and revealing the current situation of olfactory landscapes in World Natural Heritage Sites is of great theoretical and practical significance for improving environmental quality and tourism experience. Based on on-site investigations and tourist perception evaluations, this research establishes a classification framework system for the scent landscapes in Jiuzhaigou and analyzes in detail the differences in elemental characteristics and perception evaluations of four types of olfactory landscapes. The research finds that: 1) For human-dominated olfactory landscapes, there is only a highly significant positive correlation between familiarity and relaxation, and there is no significant correlation among the three perception evaluation indicators; 2) facility-dominated olfactory landscapes are below the average level in all perception evaluation indicators and receive the most negative ratings; 3) water & air-dominated olfactory landscapes usually receive high perception ratings, and exceed the average level in all evaluation indicators; 4) plant-dominated olfactory landscapes stand out in relaxation ratings, with relaxation being related to its degree of matching, naturalness, uniqueness, diffusivity, exposure frequency, persistence, and degree of mixing. The same elemental characteristics have significant differences in the degree of influence and priority order on perception evaluations in different types of olfactory landscapes. The research results further emphasize the unique role of aroma in creating spiritual value and the significant influence of plant scents on relaxation experience.
XU Xiaoqing , ZOU Ning , YU Chumeng , JIN Hexian . Perceptual Evaluation of Olfactory Landscape in Jiuzhaigou World Natural Heritage Site[J]. Landscape Architecture, 2025 , 32(11) : 110 -119 . DOI: 10.3724/j.fjyl.LA20250124
图1 九寨沟世界自然遗产地8个嗅觉景观区域采样地点Fig. 1 Eight olfactory landscape areas selected as sampling sites in Jiuzhaigou World Natural Heritage Site |
表1 九寨沟 8个嗅觉景观区域采样地点环境现状Table 1 Current environmental conditions in the eight olfactory landscape areas as sampling sites in Jiuzhaigou |
| 地点(景点 名称) | 实景 | 植被 | 水域 | 设施 | 空间 |
| 地点1(原始森林) | ![]() | 乔木:√ 灌木:√ 草坪:√ 上层植被量:☆☆☆☆☆ 下层植被量:☆☆☆ | 瀑布:× 溪流:× 湖泊:× 水面大小:无 水流速度:无 | 木质凳子:√ 木质厕所:√ 木质平台:× 亭子:√ 设施利用率:☆☆☆ | 封闭空间:√ 半封闭空间:× 开敞空间:× 空间开放度:☆ |
| 地点2(箭竹海瀑布) | ![]() | 乔木:√ 灌木:√ 草坪:√ 上层植被量:☆☆☆ 下层植被量:☆☆ | 瀑布:√ 溪流:√ 湖泊:× 水面大小:☆☆☆☆ 水流速度:☆☆☆☆ | 木质凳子:√ 木质厕所:× 木质平台:× 亭子:× 设施利用率:☆☆ | 封闭空间:× 半封闭空间:√ 开敞空间:× 空间开放度:☆☆☆ |
| 地点3(五花海亭子) | ![]() | 乔木:√ 灌木:× 草坪:√ 上层植被量:☆☆ 下层植被量:☆ | 瀑布:× 溪流:× 湖泊:√ 水面大小:☆☆☆☆ 水流速度:☆ | 木质凳子:√ 木质厕所:√ 木质平台:√ 亭子:√ 设施利用率:☆☆☆☆☆ | 封闭空间:× 半封闭空间:× 开敞空间:√ 空间开放度:☆☆☆☆☆ |
| 地点4(五花海珍珠滩栈道) | ![]() | 乔木:√ 灌木:× 草坪:√ 上层植被量:☆☆☆☆ 下层植被量:☆☆ | 瀑布:× 溪流:√ 湖泊:× 水面大小:☆☆☆ 水流速度:☆☆☆☆ | 木质凳子:√ 木质厕所:× 木质平台:× 亭子:× 设施利用率:☆☆ | 封闭空间:× 半封闭空间:√ 开敞空间:× 空间开放度:☆☆☆ |
| 地点5(珍珠滩瀑布) | ![]() | 乔木:√ 灌木:√ 草坪:√ 上层植被量:☆☆☆ 下层植被量:☆☆ | 瀑布:√ 溪流:× 湖泊:× 水面大小:☆☆☆☆☆ 水流速度:☆☆☆☆☆ | 木质凳子:√ 木质厕所:√ 木质平台:√ 亭子:√ 设施利用率:☆☆☆☆☆ | 封闭空间:× 半封闭空间:√ 开敞空间:× 空间开放度:☆☆☆☆ |
| 地点6(长海) | ![]() | 乔木:√ 灌木:√ 草坪:√ 上层植被量:☆☆☆ 下层植被量:☆☆ | 瀑布:× 溪流:× 湖泊:√ 水面大小:☆☆☆☆☆ 水流速度:☆ | 木质凳子:√ 木质厕所:× 木质平台:√ 亭子:× 设施利用率:☆☆☆☆ | 封闭空间:× 半封闭空间:× 开敞空间:√ 空间开放度:☆☆☆☆☆ |
| 地点7(树正寨) | ![]() | 乔木:× 灌木:× 草坪:√ 上层植被量:☆ 下层植被量:☆ | 瀑布:× 溪流:× 湖泊:× 水面大小:无 水流速度:无 | 木质建筑:√ 白塔:√ 香炉:√ 设施利用率:☆☆☆☆☆ | 封闭空间:× 半封闭空间:× 开敞空间:√ 空间开放度:☆☆☆☆☆ |
| 地点8(树正寨-双龙海栈道) | ![]() | 乔木:√ 灌木:√ 草坪:√ 上层植被量:☆☆☆ 下层植被量:☆☆ | 瀑布:× 溪流:√ 湖泊:√ 水面大小:☆☆☆☆ 水流速度:☆☆☆ | 木质凳子:√ 木质厕所:√ 木质平台:× 亭子:√ 设施利用率:☆☆☆☆ | 封闭空间:× 半封闭空间:√ 开敞空间:× 空间开放度:☆☆☆ |
注:√表示对应要素存在于该区域,否则为×;☆的数量越多,代表指标得分越高,得分为调查员基于景观元素状态的评级计算均值,用于综合评价采样地点的环境特征。 |
表2 受访者提到的气味元素分类Table 2 Classification of odor elements mentioned by respondents |
| 气味类别 | 气味子类别 |
| 人为主导型 | 人体、香水、食物(固态或半固态)和 饮料、焚香等 |
| 设施主导型 | 道路、木栈道、木质建筑、厕所等 |
| 水-气主导型 | 新鲜的空气、水体(如瀑布、 溪流、湖泊)等 |
| 植物主导型 | 树、草、花、苔藓等 |
| 土壤主导型 | 泥土、植物腐殖质等 |
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