Research

Perceptual Evaluation of Olfactory Landscape in Jiuzhaigou World Natural Heritage Site

  • XU Xiaoqing , 1 ,
  • ZOU Ning , 1 ,
  • YU Chumeng , 1 ,
  • JIN Hexian , 2, *
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  • 1College of Architecture and Urban Planning (CAUP), Tongji University
  • 2College of Landscape Architecture and Architecture, Zhejiang A & F University

XU Xiaoqing, Ph.D., is an associate professor and doctoral supervisor in the College of Architecture and Urban Planning (CAUP), Tongji University, deputy director of the CAUP Built Environment Technology Center of Tongji University, and co-director of the Sub-center of the Key Laboratory of Spatial Intelligent Planning Technology, Ministry of Natural Resources of the People’s Republic of China. Her research focuses on soundscape ecology, planning and management of national parks and protected areas, and the relationship between soundscapes and health

ZOU Ning is a Ph.D. candidate in the College of Architecture and Urban Planning (CAUP), Tongji University. Her research focuses on soundscape ecology, planning and management of national parks and protected areas, and the relationship between soundscapes and health

YU Chumeng is a master student in the College of Architecture and Urban Planning (CAUP), Tongji University. Her research focuses on soundscape ecology, planning and management of national parks and protected areas, and the relationship between soundscapes and health

JIN Hexian, Ph.D., is a professor and doctoral supervisor in the College of Landscape Architecture, Zhejiang A&F University, and an editorial board of this journal. Her research focuses on history and theory of landscape architecture and heritage conservation, therapeutic gardens, and ecological restoration

Received date: 2025-02-27

  Revised date: 2025-09-21

  Online published: 2025-12-10

Copyright

Copyright © 2025 Landscape Architecture. All rights reserved.

Abstract

[Objective] The sense of smell is of vital importance to humans. Olfactory landscapes have a remarkable influence on human physiology, behaviors, and emotions. Nature reserves boast relatively unique types of scents, with their characteristic mechanisms differing from those of urban olfactory landscapes. However, current research on olfactory landscapes mainly centers around cities and gardens. The aim of this research is to clarify the elements of olfactory landscapes in the built environment of nature reserves and their influence mechanisms on human perception, so as to: 1) construct a classification system for the olfactory landscapes in the Jiuzhaigou World Natural Heritage Site; 2) explore the action paths of the characteristics of different types of olfactory landscapes on tourists’ perception; 3) provide new evidence for the knowledge system through the evidence of olfactory landscape walks.

[Methods] This research investigates olfactory landscapes in the Jiuzhaigou World Natural Heritage Site, focusing on how odors affect visitors’ perceptions of the environment. The reserve, recognized for its rich biodiversity and natural beauty, is studied through an olfactory walking survey, where eight key olfactory areas are identified. Data is collected from 100 healthy participants via interviews and questionnaires conducted between July 27–29, 2022. The participants, aged from under 18 to over 60, are asked to identify odors and rate their perceptions of the environment based on 12 sensory indicators such as familiarity, sweetness, and naturalness. Interviews help categorize odors into various types, such as human-driven, facility-driven, water-driven, plant-driven, and soil-driven odors. Statistical analysis, conducted in Excel and SPSS, focuses on the frequency of odor categories, the mean sensory ratings, and the correlations between olfactory characteristics and perceptions. The research adopts Spearman partial correlation to analyze relationships while adjusting for other factors. The goal is to explore how different elements of olfactory landscapes influence visitors’ experiences, in hope of providing valuable insights into the role of smell in enhancing natural tourism and environmental design.

[Results] Respondents identify odors at eight sampling sites, which are categorized into four types of olfactory landscapes based on the dominant smells. 1) Human-dominated landscape: Site 7 has a 50.00% probability of odor manifestation (POM), dominated by incense from Tibetan Buddhist prayers. 2) Facility-dominated landscape: Site 3, with a POM of 47.06%, has wood smells from pavilions and boardwalks. 3) Water & air-dominated landscape: At sites 2 and 5, the odor is influenced by damp and cool characteristics of waterfalls, with POMs of 50.00% and 35.90%, respectively. 4) Plant-dominated landscape: Sites 1, 4, 6, and 8 have vegetation-based odors. Site 1 is dominated by grass with a POM of 36.84%, while the others have tree-dominant smells, with POMs ranging from 20.00% to 57.15%. The mean scores for perceptual evaluations and odor characteristics reveal the following: 1) Human-dominated and water & air-dominated landscapes score the highest in liking, relaxation, and satisfaction, ranking first and second, respectively; 2) plant-dominated landscapes rank lowest in satisfaction; 3) facility-dominated landscapes score lowest in liking and relaxation. In terms of odor characteristics: 1) Human-dominated landscapes excel in familiarity, compatibility, sweetness, intensity, and uniqueness; 2) water & air-dominated landscapes score highest in naturalness, freshness, diffusion, exposure frequency, and persistence; 3) plant-dominated landscapes score highest in recognition and mixing; 4) facility-dominated landscapes rank lowest in compatibility, freshness, uniqueness, and diffusion. Further analysis is conducted to explore how the characteristics of the olfactory landscapes influence perceptual evaluations: 1) Human-dominated landscapes: Familiarity is strongly positively correlated with relaxation (p < 0.01), with no significant correlations found for other indicators; 2) Facility-dominated landscapes: Compatibility and naturalness are positively correlated with liking (p < 0.05) and relaxation (p < 0.01), and sweetness, naturalness, and mixing are positively correlated with liking; 3) water & air-dominated landscapes: Duration is positively correlated with liking, while familiarity and duration are negatively correlated with satisfaction; 4) plant-dominated odor: Compatibility, uniqueness, and exposure frequency are positively correlated with liking, while compatibility, naturalness, uniqueness, diffusion, and persistence are correlated with relaxation.

[Conclusion] Understanding and revealing the current situation of olfactory landscapes in World Natural Heritage Sites is of great theoretical and practical significance for improving environmental quality and tourism experience. Based on on-site investigations and tourist perception evaluations, this research establishes a classification framework system for the scent landscapes in Jiuzhaigou and analyzes in detail the differences in elemental characteristics and perception evaluations of four types of olfactory landscapes. The research finds that: 1) For human-dominated olfactory landscapes, there is only a highly significant positive correlation between familiarity and relaxation, and there is no significant correlation among the three perception evaluation indicators; 2) facility-dominated olfactory landscapes are below the average level in all perception evaluation indicators and receive the most negative ratings; 3) water & air-dominated olfactory landscapes usually receive high perception ratings, and exceed the average level in all evaluation indicators; 4) plant-dominated olfactory landscapes stand out in relaxation ratings, with relaxation being related to its degree of matching, naturalness, uniqueness, diffusivity, exposure frequency, persistence, and degree of mixing. The same elemental characteristics have significant differences in the degree of influence and priority order on perception evaluations in different types of olfactory landscapes. The research results further emphasize the unique role of aroma in creating spiritual value and the significant influence of plant scents on relaxation experience.

Cite this article

XU Xiaoqing , ZOU Ning , YU Chumeng , JIN Hexian . Perceptual Evaluation of Olfactory Landscape in Jiuzhaigou World Natural Heritage Site[J]. Landscape Architecture, 2025 , 32(11) : 110 -119 . DOI: 10.3724/j.fjyl.LA20250124

自然旅游在改善个人心理健康和促进多项可持续发展目标(sustainable development goals, SDGs)方面具有重要意义。近年来有关景观恢复效益的研究从多感官角度探索自然环境的恢复效应[1],结果表明多感官结合能更全面地传递信息,满足大脑整合多维感官信息的需求[2-6]。其中,嗅觉能够直接激发深层次的情感反应,显著影响情绪[7],并且人类通过嗅觉能将对地方的感知长期存储在记忆中[8-9]。然而,大多数景观研究仍侧重于视觉和听觉,嗅觉的作用常被忽视[10-11]
随着人们对感知体验需求的增加,嗅觉研究逐渐受到关注。嗅觉作为空间感知的重要组成部分,对生理、行为和情感的影响显著,可与视觉和听觉媲美[12-15]。嗅觉相关研究多为负面气味治理[16-17]以及气味的积极影响,尤其是芳香植物对情绪和认知的影响[8, 18-23]。然而,既有研究多从环境成因[24-26]、景观特征[27-28]和分类体系[29]等角度展开,尚未形成广泛认同的气味分类框架[30]。因此,系统研究嗅觉元素对感知评价的影响机制至关重要,这对于理解影响嗅觉的关键因素和调节机制具有重要意义,能够为创造更舒适、可持续的旅游环境提供科学依据。
目前,关于嗅觉景观的研究主要集中于城市、花园以及植物景观环境,从研究对象上看,对自然保护地嗅觉景观的探讨较少[18-22]。世界自然遗产地作为复合生态系统,其嗅觉源头的独特性体现在自然-人文的二元交互作用中,例如九寨沟自然生态系统(如钙华水体的硫化物挥发、冷杉林释放的萜烯类物质)与人文活动(如藏传佛教场所的藏香、饮食气味)共同作用形成的复合型气味源等。此外,与城市相比,世界自然遗产地的嗅觉景观更能增强游客的幸福感并丰富游客的体验,应被视为一种重要的资源和设计元素纳入游憩活动设计[31-33]。然而,大多数嗅觉研究依赖实验室环境[34],忽视了自然环境中复杂、混合气味的真实感知。
目前,关于植物景观芳香作用的研究较为充分,以生理和心理指标作为测度,涵盖压力恢复、情绪改善等方面。有大量研究探讨了视觉-嗅觉、听觉-嗅觉、视觉-听觉-嗅觉多感官交互作用下景观的恢复效益和对热舒适度的影响,并对比了多感官交互刺激与单一刺激恢复效益的差异[35-38]。有学者发现不同园林植物的气味类型会显著影响人类情绪以及皮电、心电等生理指标,而气味浓度能显著影响对气味强度的感知及脑波活动[39]。有研究通过现场调查,评价了城市公园的气味类型、来源和强度等[10, 40]。现有研究在讨论嗅觉景观感知机制时,多聚焦于多感官交互维度。单从嗅觉作用路径出发的研究多集中于心理和生理指标的测度,多数研究仅对整体嗅觉景观做情绪感知评价。而针对嗅觉景观元素特征的系统性研究尚存不足,特别是缺乏嗅觉构成要素对游客感知作用路径的探讨。
在研究方法上,与室内实验室研究相比,嗅觉漫步法通过实地观察和记录气味信息,为分析嗅觉景观与人类感知的关系提供了有效手段[41-42]。目前,气味研究主要采用化学分析和感知分析方法[31, 43-46],这2种方法已应用于环境气味感知、气味记忆及植物嗅觉景观的研究[31, 45-48],并用于绘制城市嗅觉景观地图[44, 49]。因此,基于嗅觉漫步的世界自然遗产地嗅觉研究亟须拓展新的样本。
基于此,本研究旨在:1)构建九寨沟世界自然遗产地嗅觉景观分类体系;2)探讨不同类型嗅觉景观特征对游客感知的作用路径;3)通过嗅觉景观漫步为完善嗅觉景观评价知识体系提供新的依据。

1 研究方法

1.1 研究区域

九寨沟世界自然遗产地(32°53′~33°43′N、103°27′~104°26′E)位于四川省阿坝藏族羌族自治州,于1992年被联合国教育、科学及文化组织列为世界遗产,同时被评定为国家5A级旅游景区和国家级自然保护区。区域内森林覆盖率超过80%,分布着多种类型的水体,包括高原钙华湖群、瀑布以及沙滩溪流。本研究在整个保护区内开展了嗅觉漫步调查,筛查各大具有代表性的景点,通过对游客进行问卷访谈,结合调研专家测评,确定嗅觉景观的3个主要选择标准为气味特征显著、游客使用频率高、气味辨识度高,选取了8个主要嗅觉景观区域作为采样地点(图1表1)。
图1 九寨沟世界自然遗产地8个嗅觉景观区域采样地点

Fig. 1 Eight olfactory landscape areas selected as sampling sites in Jiuzhaigou World Natural Heritage Site

表1 九寨沟 8个嗅觉景观区域采样地点环境现状

Table 1 Current environmental conditions in the eight olfactory landscape areas as sampling sites in Jiuzhaigou

地点(景点
名称)
实景 植被 水域 设施 空间
地点1(原始森林) 乔木:√
灌木:√
草坪:√
上层植被量:☆☆☆☆☆
下层植被量:☆☆☆
瀑布:×
溪流:×
湖泊:×
水面大小:无
水流速度:无
木质凳子:√
木质厕所:√
木质平台:×
亭子:√
设施利用率:☆☆☆
封闭空间:√
半封闭空间:×
开敞空间:×
空间开放度:☆
地点2(箭竹海瀑布) 乔木:√
灌木:√
草坪:√
上层植被量:☆☆☆
下层植被量:☆☆
瀑布:√
溪流:√
湖泊:×
水面大小:☆☆☆☆
水流速度:☆☆☆☆
木质凳子:√
木质厕所:×
木质平台:×
亭子:×
设施利用率:☆☆
封闭空间:×
半封闭空间:√
开敞空间:×
空间开放度:☆☆☆
地点3(五花海亭子) 乔木:√
灌木:×
草坪:√
上层植被量:☆☆
下层植被量:☆
瀑布:×
溪流:×
湖泊:√
水面大小:☆☆☆☆
水流速度:☆
木质凳子:√
木质厕所:√
木质平台:√
亭子:√
设施利用率:☆☆☆☆☆
封闭空间:×
半封闭空间:×
开敞空间:√
空间开放度:☆☆☆☆☆
地点4(五花海珍珠滩栈道) 乔木:√
灌木:×
草坪:√
上层植被量:☆☆☆☆
下层植被量:☆☆
瀑布:×
溪流:√
湖泊:×
水面大小:☆☆☆
水流速度:☆☆☆☆
木质凳子:√
木质厕所:×
木质平台:×
亭子:×
设施利用率:☆☆
封闭空间:×
半封闭空间:√
开敞空间:×
空间开放度:☆☆☆
地点5(珍珠滩瀑布) 乔木:√
灌木:√
草坪:√
上层植被量:☆☆☆
下层植被量:☆☆
瀑布:√
溪流:×
湖泊:×
水面大小:☆☆☆☆☆
水流速度:☆☆☆☆☆
木质凳子:√
木质厕所:√
木质平台:√
亭子:√
设施利用率:☆☆☆☆☆
封闭空间:×
半封闭空间:√
开敞空间:×
空间开放度:☆☆☆☆
地点6(长海) 乔木:√
灌木:√
草坪:√
上层植被量:☆☆☆
下层植被量:☆☆
瀑布:×
溪流:×
湖泊:√
水面大小:☆☆☆☆☆
水流速度:☆
木质凳子:√
木质厕所:×
木质平台:√
亭子:×
设施利用率:☆☆☆☆
封闭空间:×
半封闭空间:×
开敞空间:√
空间开放度:☆☆☆☆☆
地点7(树正寨) 乔木:×
灌木:×
草坪:√
上层植被量:☆
下层植被量:☆
瀑布:×
溪流:×
湖泊:×
水面大小:无
水流速度:无
木质建筑:√
白塔:√
香炉:√
设施利用率:☆☆☆☆☆
封闭空间:×
半封闭空间:×
开敞空间:√
空间开放度:☆☆☆☆☆
地点8(树正寨-双龙海栈道) 乔木:√
灌木:√
草坪:√
上层植被量:☆☆☆
下层植被量:☆☆
瀑布:×
溪流:√
湖泊:√
水面大小:☆☆☆☆
水流速度:☆☆☆
木质凳子:√
木质厕所:√
木质平台:×
亭子:√
设施利用率:☆☆☆☆
封闭空间:×
半封闭空间:√
开敞空间:×
空间开放度:☆☆☆

注:√表示对应要素存在于该区域,否则为×;☆的数量越多,代表指标得分越高,得分为调查员基于景观元素状态的评级计算均值,用于综合评价采样地点的环境特征。

1.2 数据收集

调查于2022年7月27日—2022年7月29日09:00—18:00进行。调查期间天气晴朗,日均最高气温为29 ℃,风力为1级。随机选取身体健康且嗅觉正常的游客作为实验对象进行访谈和问卷调查,共收集到100份有效问卷。受访者中,男性占42%,女性占58%;18岁以下占22%,18~30岁占25%,31~60岁占46%,60岁以上占7%。
首先,通过访谈记录受访者在该地点感知到的气味。随后,受访者对该地点嗅觉景观的元素特征进行总体印象评分。这些元素特征通过12项语义分析(semantic differential, SD)指标来评分[10, 50-52],每个指标由一对相对立的描述词构成,包括:熟悉度(初闻/熟悉)、匹配度(差异/匹配)、甜蜜度(清苦/甜蜜)、自然度(人工/自然)、新鲜度(陈旧/新鲜)、浓郁度(清淡/浓烈)、独特度(普通/独特)、扩散度(近处/远处)、识别度(不易感知/容易感知)、出现频度(偶尔/频繁)、纯净度(混合/纯净)、持久度(瞬时/持久)。此外,通过问卷SD指标的评分,评估了3项代表感知评价的指标:喜欢度(不喜欢/喜欢)、满意度(不满意/满意)和放松度(焦虑/放松)。所有指标均采用五分制评分(−2,−1,0,1,2),其中极端值表示对描述词的强烈认同。

1.3 数据分析

1.3.1 定性数据处理

以访谈内容确定8个采样地点的嗅觉景观类型。由于受访者对气味的描述存在差异,重点提取回答中提到的各种气味来源,划分为2个层级的气味类别(表2)。对于每条回答中出现的子类别气味分别进行计数,然后除以所有出现气味的总次数,计算出该测量点提到的每类气味所占的比例,得出气味出现频率(probability of odor manifestation, POM)。之后,将同一类别内的子类别气味比例进行汇总,将提及比例最高的类别作为该采样地点的嗅觉景观类型。
表2 受访者提到的气味元素分类

Table 2 Classification of odor elements mentioned by respondents

气味类别 气味子类别
人为主导型 人体、香水、食物(固态或半固态)和
饮料、焚香等
设施主导型 道路、木栈道、木质建筑、厕所等
水-气主导型 新鲜的空气、水体(如瀑布、
溪流、湖泊)等
植物主导型 树、草、花、苔藓等
土壤主导型 泥土、植物腐殖质等

1.3.2 统计分析

问卷调查所得的所有指标数据均使用Excel进行统计分析。首先,统计问卷中提及的不同气味类别出现频次,计算所占百分比。其次,计算所有受访者对嗅觉景观的感知评价和元素特征指标评分的均值,得出不同类型嗅觉景观的各项感知评价特征指标得分。最后,为进一步探讨嗅觉景观的元素特征对感知评价的影响,计算各指标之间的相关性。使用SPSS软件分析得出数据未通过正态分布检验,因此采用斯皮尔曼(Spearman)法分析数据相关性。若任意2个感知评价指标之间显著相关,则进一步采用偏相关分析探讨其影响机制。该方法通过控制第三变量(Z,即另一个感知评价指标),分析变量XY(待研究的2个感知指标)之间的偏相关,从而排除变量Z的干扰,更准确地揭示变量XY之间的内在关系。

2 结果与分析

2.1 嗅觉景观分类

根据受访者识别出的气味类型占比(图2)与问卷数据,相比于其他气味,气味类别为土壤主导型的气味元素在8个采样地点均占比最少或未被受访者感知,而采样点的主导型气味根据占比最高的气味确定,所有采样地点的主导型气味不包括土壤主导型,因此后文将不再对这一嗅觉景观类型展开分析。8个采样地点根据主导气味分为4类嗅觉景观。1)人为主导型:地点7的气味由游客和当地人在藏传佛教塔前祈祷时焚香产生的气味主导,POM为50.00%。2)设施主导型:地点3的气味主要来源于亭子和栈道的木质建筑气味,POM为47.06%。3)水-气主导型:地点2和地点5的气味由水体子类别中瀑布的潮湿与凉爽特性主导,POM分别为50.00%和35.90%。4)植物主导型:地点1、4、6和8的气味主要来源于植物。地点1的气味来源以草为主,POM为36.84%;而地点4、6、8的气味来源以树木为主,POM分别为57.15%、20.00%和31.58%。
图2 按气味类别(2-1)和气味子类别(2-2)分类的嗅觉景观POM

Fig. 2 POM of olfactory landscapes classified by odor categories (2-1) and odor subcategories (2-2)

2.2 感知评价与气味元素特征比较

统计各气味类别的出现频次与占比,利用所有受访者对4种嗅觉景观的感知评价和元素特征指标评分的均值计算总体嗅觉景观的感知评价指标和元素特征指标评分(图3)。人为主导型和水-气主导型嗅觉景观分别在喜欢度、放松度和满意度3个感知评价指标维度中表现最佳,分别排名第一和第二。植物主导型嗅觉景观在满意度中排名最低。设施主导型嗅觉景观在喜欢度和放松度中排名最低。
图3 不同类型嗅觉景观的各项感知评价指标与元素特征指标得分

Fig. 3 Scores of various perceptual evaluation indicators and elemental characteristic indicators for different types of olfactory landscapes

在元素特征的评价结果中,人为主导型嗅觉景观在熟悉度、匹配度、甜蜜度、浓郁度和独特度中获得了最高值。水气主导型嗅觉景观在自然度、新鲜度、扩散度、出现频度和持久度中获得了最高值。植物主导型嗅觉景观在识别度和纯净度中获得了最高值。设施主导型嗅觉景观在匹配度、新鲜度、独特度和扩散度中获得了最低值。

2.3 各类型嗅觉景观中感知评价与元素特征指标之间的相关性分析

为进一步探讨哪些嗅觉景观的元素特征影响了感知评价的变化,本研究计算了各指标之间的相关性并进行偏相关分析。

2.3.1 人为主导型

相关性分析结果表明,由于人为主导型嗅觉景观的样本量较少,影响了整体显著性水平,人为主导型嗅觉景观的熟悉度与放松度之间极显著正相关,3个感知评价指标之间相关性不显著(图4)。
图4 人为主导型嗅觉景观中感知评价指标与元素特征指标之间的相关性

Fig. 4 Correlation between perceptual evaluation and elemental characteristic indicators in human-dominated olfactory landscapes

2.3.2 设施主导型

以Spearman相关性分析结果作为偏相关分析结果的对照组。相关性分析结果显示,设施主导型嗅觉景观的匹配度、自然度与喜欢度显著正相关(p<0.05),匹配度、自然度与放松度极显著正相关和显著正相关。新鲜度仅与放松度显著正相关,独特度仅与满意度显著正相关(图5)。由于喜欢度与满意度之间极显著正相关,为排除潜在混淆效应,本研究分别以这2个指标作为第三变量,进行了2组偏相关分析。
图5 设施主导型嗅觉景观中感知评价指标与元素特征指标之间的相关性

Fig. 5 Correlation between perceptual evaluation and elemental characteristic indicators in facility-dominated olfactory landscapes

偏相关分析结果显示,当排除满意度的影响时(即Z为满意度),与对照组的结果相比,自然度相关性降低,匹配度与喜欢度不再相关,而甜蜜度、纯净度与喜欢度显著正相关。当排除喜欢度的影响时(即Z为喜欢度),独特度与满意度极显著正相关,其余指标的相关系数与对照组相比变化不大。

2.3.3 水-气主导型

以Spearman相关性分析结果作为偏相关分析结果的对照组。相关性分析结果显示,水-气主导型嗅觉景观元素特征指标与感知评价指标之间的相关性均不显著(图6)。由于满意度、放松度与喜欢度之间正相关,本研究分别以这3个指标作为第三变量Z进行偏相关分析。
图6 水-气主导的嗅觉景观中感知评价指标与元素特征指标之间的相关性

Fig. 6 Correlation between perceptual evaluation and elemental characteristic indicators in water vapor-dominated olfactory landscapes

偏相关分析结果显示,当排除满意度的影响时(即Z为满意度),持久度与喜欢度极显著正相关。排除放松度的影响时(即Z为放松度),满意度与喜欢度之间的相关性系数较对照组变化较小,且与其他元素特征指标相关性不显著。排除喜欢度的影响时(即Z为喜欢度),熟悉度、持久度与满意度显著负相关。

2.3.4 植物主导型

以Spearman相关性分析结果作为偏相关分析结果的对照组。相关性分析结果显示,植物主导型嗅觉景观中,嗅觉特征指标与感知评价指标显著相关的数量最多(图7)。由于3个感知评价指标互为正相关关系,本研究使用偏相关分析排除第三变量的影响。
图7 植物主导型嗅觉景观中感知评价指标与元素特征指标之间的相关性

Fig. 7 Correlation between perceptual evaluation and elemental characteristic indicators in plant-dominated olfactory landscapes

偏相关分析结果显示,当排除满意度的影响时(即Z为满意度),匹配度与喜欢度显著正相关,独特度和出现频度与喜欢度显著负相关,匹配度、自然度、独特度、扩散度、持久度与放松度显著正相关。与对照组进行比较,喜欢度与放松度、自然度和持久度之间不再相关;放松度与出现频度和纯净度不再相关,其余相关指标的相关系数减小。
当排除放松度的影响时(即Z为放松度),满意度、匹配度与喜欢度显著正相关。匹配度、独特度、出现频度与满意度显著正相关。与对照组相比,喜欢度与自然度、持久度之间的相关性不再显著;满意度与放松度、自然度、新鲜度、扩散度、识别度和持久度之间的相关性不再显著。
当排除喜欢度的影响时(即Z为喜欢度),自然度、新鲜度、独特度、出现频度与满意度显著正相关。自然度、独特度、扩散度、出现频度、持久度、纯净度与放松度显著正相关。与对照组相比,满意度与匹配度、扩散度、识别度、持久度之间的相关性不再显著;放松度与匹配度的相关性不再显著。

3 讨论

3.1 基于气味分类研究挖掘人文价值

研究结果表明,人为主导型嗅觉景观在感知评价中获得了最高评分,这主要归因于游客对焚香气味的积极反馈。游客将这一气味描述为“高档”“精神”,并赋予极高的精神价值。九寨沟这一地名取自该地区的9个寨子和1条沟,而长期以来,人们强调当地山谷的自然价值,而忽视了9个寨子所承载的人文价值。嗅觉作为一种能够引发精神体验的感官形式,嗅觉景观却未能获得与视觉景观与声景的同等关注。因此,世界遗产地的管理者和研究人员应重新审视气味对九寨沟和其他遗产地景观价值的重塑。气味能够通过营造氛围、叙述故事甚至构建环境来塑造空间感知[31]。近年来的研究也表明,游客会无意识地整合来自不同感官的信息,进而强化感知体验。气味的融入不仅能够提升游客对遗产地的认知,还能够显著增强遗产地的精神价值,这对于实现遗产地的可持续旅游管理至关重要[53-54],未来在遗产地的保护管理中,应加强关注非视觉感知要素在景观价值体系建构中的作用与影响。
本研究进一步发现,人为主导型气味景观熟悉度的提升能够显著增强游客的放松感。已有研究表明,气味在记忆形成中具有持续且深远的影响[55-56],嗅觉在气味感知的形成中起着核心的作用,相较于其他感官,能在较长时间内保持更高的记忆准确性[57],这是因为其刺激可直接抵达并激活与记忆、情感相关的脑部区域[58],如杏仁核和海马体[59]。建议九寨沟在推广藏文化时,可以通过冥想空间的创造,培养游客对气味的熟悉度,进而提升世界遗产地的人文价值,提升游客的心灵宁静感。
此外,本研究中以焚香气味为主的嗅觉景观得到了多项积极评价。相比之下,食物气味则引发了受访者的负面评论。未来的旅游发展应在商业扩展与自然保护之间寻求平衡,尤其是在推广人文价值的过程中,需谨慎处理积极与消极气味的影响,以维护遗产地的整体风貌。

3.2 基于气味分类优化景观体验

本研究的水-气主导型嗅觉景观获得较高的感知评分,高于总体嗅觉景观评分。水环境作为九寨沟的本底,产生的嗅觉价值有待进一步挖掘。植物主导型嗅觉景观在放松度上获得了比喜欢度和满意度更高的评分,为增强其放松效益,需进一步明确植物主导型嗅觉景观的元素特征对感知评分的影响机制。植物主导型嗅觉景观的相关分析显示,放松度与元素特征指标的匹配度、自然度、独特度、扩散度、出现频度、持久度、纯净度相关。匹配度与放松度的关系受到喜欢度的显著影响,排除喜欢度后两者不显著相关。出现频度的增加首先提升满意度,再提高放松度。自然度、独特度、扩散度和持久度直接促进放松度提升,而匹配度、出现频度和纯净度的促进作用受到其他感知指标的影响。独特度的提升既促进放松度和满意度提高,也提高喜欢度,但若排除满意度影响时,独特度提高反而降低喜欢度。因此,调节这些元素特征时需注意避免偏差影响感知评价。本研究得出自然度、扩散度和持久度3个指标相关性更强,并且在排除第三变量影响后依然与感知指标正显著相关,说明这3个指标在促进游客嗅觉景观体验方面更重要。九寨沟世界自然遗产地森林覆盖率超过80%,建议利用自然资源打造高放松度的嗅觉景观,并优化森林休闲体验,重点提升嗅觉景观自然度、扩散度和持久度,增加游客在森林中的游览时间和活动空间。
设施主导型嗅觉景观的3个感知评价指标得分均低于平均水平。排除满意度的影响后,自然度与喜欢度仍然显著相关;排除喜欢度的影响后,独特度与满意度仍然显著相关。然而,排除满意度影响后,匹配度与喜欢度之间的相关性不显著。这表明,自然度与独特度直接影响积极感知,而匹配度的影响机制较为复杂。匹配度通过调节喜欢度和满意度之间的关系,间接影响游客对嗅觉景观的积极感知。因此,针对设施主导型嗅觉景观,应优先考虑提升嗅觉景观的自然度和独特度,尤其应慎重考量设施所在空间环境的气味,建议使用具有独特香气的木材或其他自然材料以提升游客对景区整体嗅觉景观的满意度。
已有研究发现,人们更喜欢自然环境的气味,例如植物、水体和空气,这与本研究的水-气和植物主导型嗅觉景观有较高感知评分这一结果一致。虽未有直接证据表明水-气主导型嗅觉景观会给人更好的感知体验,但已有研究证明,水体和空气会影响嗅觉系统,并在维持生理和心理平衡方面发挥作用[60-61]。本研究证实了水-气主导型嗅觉景观的感知评价指标均超过平均水平,可能为水体和空气促进自然气味的传导,强化了受访者对自然元素主导嗅觉景观的感知,这一推论与前人研究结果一致[60-61]。已有研究表明,在设施主导的环境中,人工设施的气味会对人的情绪压力与生理状态产生不同程度的负面影响,且此类设施多集中于工厂、垃圾站等建设用地[62-63]。本研究聚焦自然保护地中的人工设施,有效补充了现有嗅觉景观研究对设施类型覆盖的不足。设施空间布局需科学规划,人为主导型嗅觉景观的熟悉度提高可显著提升游客放松感,这为嗅觉景观研究补充了新的应用视角。

3.3 未来研究潜力

本研究探讨了九寨沟世界遗产地空间元素特征与感知评价之间的关系,但仍存在一定局限性。本研究未采集受访者旅游动机、文化背景、地方认同感及特定嗅觉经历等数据,可能导致对气味感知差异的解释存在一定局限,未来研究可进一步纳入上述社会文化与个体经验变量,以深化对嗅觉景观评价机制的理解。研究中4类嗅觉景观的感知评价数据量有一定差异,未来可扩增样本数据量,保证样本量相似,提高后续不同类型嗅觉景观感知对比分析的科学性。本研究仅在广义层面总结了优先改善的空间元素特征,未来可在此基础上深入分析具体指标的影响机制,并比较不同改善措施的有效性。本研究的数据收集集中在夏季,未来研究可进一步考察不同季节下的嗅觉特征变化及其对感知的影响。不同自然保护区的嗅觉景观可能存在显著差异,建议在更多世界遗产地开展相关研究,以探索类似问题的解决方案,并提供针对特定情境的独特视角。

4 结论

本研究基于现场调研和游客感知评价,建立了九寨沟气味景观分类框架体系,并详细分析了4类嗅觉景观在元素特征和感知评价上的差异,得到4点结论。1)人为主导型嗅觉景观仅有熟悉度与放松度之间极显著正相关,3个感知评价指标之间相关性不显著;2)设施主导型嗅觉景观在3个感知评价指标得分均为最低;3)水-气主导型嗅觉景观在3个感知评价指标中均获得较高的感知评分,所有评价指标得分均超过平均水平;4)植物主导型嗅觉景观在放松度评分中表现突出,放松度与匹配度、自然度、独特度、扩散度、出现频度、持久度、纯净度相关。
本研究对理解和揭示世界自然遗产地嗅觉景观的现状、提升环境质量和旅游体验具有重要的理论和实践意义。与传统以视觉为主的景观分类不同,本研究将嗅觉元素作为核心考量因素,依据气味来源(自然植物、人类活动、设施等)和感知强度等指标进行系统划分,该景观分类体系不仅细化了嗅觉景观类型,更完善了景观分类理论,为遗产地景观研究提供了新视角。为探究嗅觉景观特征对游客感知的影响机制,本研究建立了嗅觉景观感知评价体系,并运用Spearman偏相关分析揭示了感知评价要素与景观元素特征间的内在关联,拓展了非视觉要素在景观感知理论中的作用路径,也从嗅觉维度完善了游客感知的理论框架。本研究采用嗅觉漫步法进行动态数据采集,突破了传统静态研究方法的局限,该方法不仅验证了多感官研究在景观领域的适用性,更拓展了多感官研究方法的维度,推动了景观研究的多元化发展。

1 数据来源于九寨沟景区官网(www.jiuzhai.com)。

图1九寨沟底图源自国家地球系统科学数据中心(www.geodata.cn/data);表1中的实景照片由作者拍摄;其余图表均由作者绘制。

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