Special: Resilient City

Resilient Response in Coastal Urban Planning Based on Ecosystem-Based Disaster Risk Reduction: A Case Study of Compound Rainstorm and Heatwave Disaster Risks in Shanghai

  • Mingyang BO ,
  • Daixin DAI , * ,
  • Wandi LIAO
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  • College of Architecture and Urban Planning (CAUP)

BO Mingyang is a Ph.D. candidate in the College of Architecture and Urban Planning (CAUP), Tongji University. His research focuses on ecosystem-based disaster risk reduction

DAI Daixin, Ph.D., is an assistant professor and doctoral supervisor in the College of Architecture and Urban Planning (CAUP), Tongji University, and director of Landscape Space Experiment Center of the Joint International Research Laboratory of Eco-urban Design, Ministry of Education. His research focuses on landscape planning and design and theory of landscape architecture

LIAO Wandi is a undergraduate student in the College of Architecture and Urban Planning (CAUP), Tongji University. Her research focuses on ecosystem-based disaster risk reduction

Received date: 2025-02-28

  Revised date: 2025-08-12

  Online published: 2025-12-10

Copyright

Copyright © 2025 Landscape Architecture. All rights reserved.

Abstract

[Objective] Urban areas are increasingly vulnerable to compound rainstorm and heatwave (CRH) disaster risks. Existing research primarily treats rainstorms and heatwaves as isolated risks, resulting in a limited understanding of CRH dynamics and insufficient mitigation strategies. While ecosystem-based disaster risk reduction (Eco-DRR) offers adaptive solutions for multiple disasters, its application to CRH remains underdeveloped. Key challenges include methodological gaps in CRH risk assessment and Eco-DRR application in the planning of disaster risk reduction.

[Methods] This research develops a planning framework grounded in Eco-DRR theory to address CRH disaster risks. First, the research employs a risk assessment methodology driven by multi-source data to overcome the constraints of traditional single-disaster assessment approaches. The research utilizes daily precipitation and maximum temperature data from Shanghai meteorological stations (2011–2023) to identify CRH events using a maximum temporal interval criterion. Subsequently, disaster records of rainstorms and heatwaves within the event time window are extracted as target variables, while raster data of climatic, topographic, geomorphic, and hydrological influencing factors are derived using ENVI and ArcGIS tools as explanatory variables, forming CRH disaster datasets for training a random forest model. The datasets are partitioned into training and testing sets at a 7:3 ratio. The probability of disaster event occurrence is calculated on a grid-by-grid basis. Disaster risks are classified into high, medium, and low levels using the natural breaks classification method (Jenks), visualized for CRH risks on the ArcGIS platform, and ultimately integrated into a bivariate spatial distribution map through a compound risk matrix. Second, Eco-DRR principles are systematically integrated into territorial spatial planning systems to transition from reactive single-disaster mitigation to proactive resilience-driven strategies. The systematic integration of Eco-DRR theory into the aforesaid planning framework establishes an implementation logic of “risk assessment – planning objectives – support system – spatial configuration – management measures” across five core components. Based on the above, the research proposes the following specific pathways. 1) Resilience goal setting: Defining township/subdistrict-level risk zoning and Eco-DRR targets based on citywide compound risk assessment results. 2) Support system development: Constructing an Eco-DRR support system incorporating mitigation and adaptation strategies. 3) Spatial configuration optimization: Determining spatial allocation schemes for Eco-DRR support elements guided by risk assessment outcomes. 4) Hierarchical management implementation: Coordinating management needs for transition between routine and emergency states under the “risk types – spatial features – planning objectives – management hierarchy” framework. Third, horizontal coordination between ecological spaces and comprehensive disaster prevention systems mitigates fragmentation in existing planning frameworks, establishing a replicable model for multi-disaster, multi-system planning for disaster risk reduction. The Eco-DRR theoretical framework resolves conflicts between multiple planning systems by enabling horizontal coordination between ecological spaces and comprehensive disaster prevention planning. Specifically, Eco-DRR is deconstructed into “+ ecology” and “+ disaster prevention” strategies, with “+ ecology” integrated into comprehensive disaster prevention planning, while “+ disaster prevention” is embedded within ecological spatial planning. Eco-DRR’s mitigation and adaptation strategies are implemented, with coordinated ecological and disaster prevention plans serving as the basis for detailed planning.

[Results] The research adopts random forest models for analysis to identify CRH events and map their spatial distribution in Shanghai. Results show that CRH disasters predominantly occur between May and September, peaking during the plum rain season and summer months. Annual cumulative durations have increased, exceeding 70 days in the past three years. The high-risk zones for compound risks are concentrated in the central urban areas of Hongqiao, Minhang, and Chuansha districts in Shanghai, as well as surrounding new towns, exhibiting spatial characteristics of “central concentration, peripheral dispersion, and local aggregation”. The spatial distribution patterns of compound risks align with urban development trajectories, with pronounced “rain island” and “heat island” effects. Getis-Ord Gi* analysis reveals that risk hotspots (p<0.05) radiate outward from the urban core to surrounding suburban coldspots. Guided by Eco-DRR theory, dual planning interventions are operationalized: 1) “+ disaster prevention” ecological spatial planning optimization: Eco-DRR constraint indicators embodying the “+ disaster prevention” concept are integrated into Shanghai’s ecological spatial support system. High-risk compound CRH zones are identified as Eco-DRR nodes within the green network, restructuring the outer green belt and suburban green ring. Resilience-compatible zoning is applied based on risk levels. 2) “+ ecology” comprehensive disaster prevention planning optimization: Eco-DRR principles guide “+ ecology” disaster mitigation strategies, including restructuring disaster spaces (shelters, evacuation routes, and zoning) and optimizing safety patterns through risk zoning, route upgrades, and facility improvements. CRH risk zoning informs differentiated construction guidelines, with dual-purpose zoning for normal & emergency states.

[Conclusion] This research aligns with territorial spatial planning mandates to address CRH risks through Eco-DRR mitigation and adaptation strategies, establishing an integrated territorial spatial planning framework for disaster risk reduction. A random forest-based CRH risk assessment model is developed; empirical analysis is conducted in Shanghai to explore planning pathways under the Eco-DRR theory. District-specific resilience objectives are formulated for subdistricts and structured into “+ ecology” and “+ disaster prevention” strategies. This approach fosters horizontal coordination between ecological spaces and disaster mitigation systems, advancing Eco-DRR integration into territorial spatial planning for disaster risk reduction. The planning methodology provides a replicable framework for CRH mitigation and adaptation in eastern coastal cities. Future research should expand applications to diverse compound climate extremes, incorporate advanced modeling techniques for prediction, and deepen investigations into CRH dynamics and blue – green infrastructure effects.

Cite this article

Mingyang BO , Daixin DAI , Wandi LIAO . Resilient Response in Coastal Urban Planning Based on Ecosystem-Based Disaster Risk Reduction: A Case Study of Compound Rainstorm and Heatwave Disaster Risks in Shanghai[J]. Landscape Architecture, 2025 , 32(10) : 80 -88 . DOI: 10.3724/j.fjyl.LA20250130

中国东部沿海城市具有气候灾种复杂、暴露度高、承灾体脆弱等典型特征[],近年来,极端气候事件在发生频率、强度和持续时间等方面均呈现显著上升趋势[2],由多重气候灾害组合形成的复合事件占比显著增加。相较于单一气候灾害,极端气候复合事件不仅危害程度更大,预测难度也更高[3]。因此,发展应对极端气候复合风险的规划方法,已成为当前防灾减灾工作的重要研究方向。
当前防灾理念正从刚性防抗向韧性适灾转型[4],相关研究内容与技术方法逐步从传统确定性的单灾种防灾,转向应对多灾种不确定性的韧性防灾。对比国际上较为成熟的规划体系,中国国土空间防灾减灾规划体系尚处建设阶段[5],该体系建设主要存在3个方面的局限:1)规划被动性与后置性明显,成为国土空间规划体系中的薄弱环节[6];2)各灾种应对策略的专业化程度过高,导致规划体系割裂,造成多灾种相互作用产生的复合风险未获得充分考量;3)平灾结合机制不完善,表现为防灾设施未兼顾日常功能进行复合设计、大量具备防灾潜力的日常设施未能有效利用[7]
城市韧性是城市系统受到外界扰动时维持原有稳定状态的能力[8],涵盖社会、经济、制度、规划及社区等多个维度,防灾减灾规划是提升城市韧性的重要途径。在气候变化背景下,韧性城市逐渐发展为具有前瞻性的城市规划理念,为防灾减灾规划提供了新的理论框架[9]。从韧性视角应对气候灾害,需同时关注2类挑战:1)气候变化引发的长期渐进压力(如水土流失、全球变暖);2)气候扰动引发的突发极端事件(如暴雨、热浪)。二者长期并存,防灾减灾规划需制定针对性韧性策略,才能有效提升城市防灾减灾效能[10]。因此,生态优化与综合防灾构成应对气候灾害的双重路径,前者通过生态修复减缓长期渐进压力[11],后者采取防灾措施适应突发极端事件[12]
生态防灾减灾(ecosystem-based disaster risk reduction, Eco-DRR)理论[13]通过对生态系统的可持续管理、保护和恢复,实现防灾减灾目标,被广泛视为高成本效益的无悔策略。Eco-DRR规划实践包含4个核心环节:目标确定、风险评估、方案实施及防灾效果评估[14],Eco-DRR的应用框架兼顾生态优化和综合防灾的双重路径,具有前置性防灾、多功能复合和平急两用特性,可有效弥补传统防灾规划的局限,为韧性应对极端气候复合风险提供理论支撑。然而,当前缺乏Eco-DRR领域的规划实践,未能充分发挥Eco-DRR理论的多功能复合优势。因此,亟须深入探索将Eco-DRR理论系统融入防灾减灾规划体系的方法[15]

1 应对雨热灾害复合风险的Eco-DRR策略

1.1 Eco-DRR理论与雨热灾害复合风险的关系

降雨量和温度是反映极端气候的重要指标[16],同期或连续发生的极端降水和高温事件产生的负面影响称为雨热灾害复合风险[17]。自20世纪60年代以来,中国雨热极端复合事件发生率以每10年2.51%的平均速度持续攀升[18],其中,东部沿海地区的增长态势尤为显著[19]。传统防灾通常将暴雨和热浪视为2个独立的灾害问题[16],但研究表明二者存在复杂关联[20]。1)二者均与城市化进程存在直接因果关系[21-22];2)城市热岛效应理论上会加剧城市暴雨强度[23];3)雨热灾害都可以采用生态途径进行缓解[24],该途径不仅能减少城市内涝,也可以缓解城市高温[25],这为采用Eco-DRR理论框架应对城市雨热灾害复合风险提供了理论依据。
当前Eco-DRR理论已应用于城市暴雨或热浪单灾种的规划响应,Eco-DRR领域的规划研究已取得一定进展。以应对暴雨为目标的Eco-DRR策略强调利用自然手段促进雨水的存储、传导、渗透和转移[26],例如有研究通过水文模拟技术识别内涝高风险区,采用自然手段优化雨水循环过程,使上海市江川路街道内涝点位减少10处,淹没面积缩减约2/3[26]。以应对热浪为目标的Eco-DRR策略强调利用自然方法形成有利于通风降温的城市形态和空间结构[27],例如慕尼黑通过优化树木布局来增加致密化社区的冷空气流量,使Moosach社区生理等效温度降低2.1 ℃[28]。但现有研究多聚焦单灾种应对,尚未有效整合Eco-DRR理论对多种灾害的协同防灾功能,致使该理论鲜有应用于应对雨热灾害复合风险的规划实践。

1.2 Eco-DRR应对雨热灾害复合风险的减缓与适应策略

Eco-DRR应对雨热灾害复合风险主要包括减缓和适应2类策略[29]。减缓策略以生态优化为进路增强孕灾环境稳定性,通过降低灾害发生的频率和强度(表现为暴雨和热浪影响范围收缩),依托生态保护修复以降低致灾因子的危险性,从而缩小灾害对城市承灾体的影响范围(图1)。适应策略则以综合防灾为进路减少城市承灾体脆弱性,通过降低承灾体的暴露度(表现为城市承灾范围收缩),聚焦韧性城市建设以减少城市承灾体脆弱性,从而提升城市对突发极端灾害事件的适应能力。
图1 应对雨热灾害复合风险的减缓性与适应性Eco-DRR途径

Fig. 1 Eco-DRR mitigation and adaptation for compound rainstorm and heatwave disaster risks

值得注意的是,减缓与适应策略空间落位的协同性和响应措施的差异性能够在规划实践中互补。如城市公园中落位的减缓策略侧重生态修复,延缓灾情发展;而适应策略强调弹性空间预留与平灾转换设施建设,采取的部分措施能够同时实现减缓和适应的双重功能,如雨水花园既能减缓雨热灾害复合风险的长期渐进压力,又可作为应急供水设施适应极端气候灾害[30]
目前,兼顾多灾种应对与多专项规划协同的防灾减灾规划框架亟待完善。因此,本研究将Eco-DRR理论融入中国防灾减灾规划体系,结合灾害复合风险智能评估技术,采取“+防灾”与“+生态”双重路径传导Eco-DRR的减缓与适应策略,构建生态空间与综合防灾专项规划横向协调的韧性响应框架。以应对雨热灾害复合风险为目标,探索Eco-DRR减缓和适应策略的实施路径,为东部沿海城市应对极端气候灾害复合风险的规划韧性响应提供借鉴。

2 研究区域与数据来源

本研究以上海市域为研究范围。上海市是中国东部沿海的超大城市,面积为6 340.5 km2,常住人口2 480.26万(图2)。上海市属于亚热带季风气候,具有雨热同期的气候特征,极端高温可达40 ℃,平均年降雨量1 365.5 mm。上海市在4—8月盛行东南季风,同时受台风、温带气旋、梅雨等天气系统影响,表现为多雨、闷热、潮湿的天气特征,雨热灾害在时空维度的遭遇和重叠愈发频繁,雨热灾害复合风险愈发严重。本研究从各数据平台收集相关数据形成多源数据集(表1)。
图2 研究区域概况

Fig. 2 Overview of the research area

表1 数据来源

Tab. 1 Data sources

数据集 数据特征 数据来源
暴雨灾害记录 1 000 m×1 000 m分辨率 韧性城市规划数据中心(citydata.tongji.edu.cn)
热浪灾害记录 1 000 m×1 000 m分辨率
逐日气象数据 逗号分隔值
(comma-separated values, CSV)
美国国家海洋和大气管理局(National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, NOAA)
气候因子数据 30 m×30 m分辨率 国家地球系统科学数据中心(www.geodata.cn)
数字高程模型 30 m×30 m分辨率 中国地理空间数据云平台(www.gscloud.cn)
土地利用 10 m×10 m分辨率 欧洲航天局(European Space Agency, ESA)
道路数据 矢量 OpenStreetMap(www.openstreetmap.org)
建筑数据 矢量 百度地图(map.baidu.com)

3 研究方法

3.1 Eco-DRR理论与防灾减灾规划体系融合

国土空间防灾减灾规划以风险辨识为基础,具有综合化、全域化、动态化和可传导性特征,其框架包含五大递进模块:风险辨识、目标策略、空间格局、空间设施、管控引导[5]。将Eco-DRR理论系统融入该框架(图3),可统筹生态优化与综合防灾的双重路径,促进生态空间与综合防灾专项规划的横向协同。
图3 体现“+生态”和“+防灾”的国土空间防灾减灾规划体系

Fig. 3 Integrating “+ ecology” and “+ disaster prevention” into territorial spatial disaster risk reduction planning system

3.2 基于Eco-DRR理论的规划韧性响应框架构建

基于防灾减灾规划五大递进模块建立“复合风险评估—规划目标制定—支撑体系完善—空间格局优化—分级管控实施”的层层递进式传导路径(图4)。该传导路径契合国土空间规划体系,并将Eco-DRR理论系统融入生态空间与综合防灾专项规划的支撑体系、空间格局和管控实施。基于此,本研究将构建防灾减灾规划的韧性响应框架,形成动态调适的反馈机制与实施指南,进一步指导规划实践。
图4 契合国土空间规划体系的Eco-DRR传导路径

Fig. 4 Eco-DRR transmission path compatible with the territorial spatial planning system

3.3 沿海城市雨热灾害复合风险智能评估

雨热灾害复合风险评估是上述Eco-DRR理论传导路径的起点,也是防灾减灾规划实践的首要基础工作。为突破传统单灾种评估方法的局限性,本研究采用多源数据驱动的智能风险评估技术,提高雨热灾害复合风险评估的科学性和准确性。
首先,基于2011—2023年上海气象站点逐日降水与最高气温观测数据,参照Zhang等提出的最大时间间隔标准识别极端暴雨和热浪复合事件[31]。识别流程分3步。1)阈值确定:采用百分位阈值法,选取95%分位数的降水阈值界定暴雨日,90%分位数的热浪阈值界定热浪日。2)事件筛选:依据中国气象局标准,筛选暴雨与热浪事件时间间隔小于或等于设定阈值的潜在二元复合事件。3)事件合并:将包含相同独立事件的二元复合事件合并生成新复合事件。
随后,提取复合事件时间窗口内的暴雨和热浪灾害记录作为目标变量,利用遥感图像处理平台(the environment for visualizing images, ENVI)和ArcGIS提取气候、地形、地貌和水文等影响因子的栅格数据作为解释变量。样本数据经均匀分布处理后导出为矢量格式,按中位数划分正例(高于中位数)与负例(低于中位数)。所有空间数据在ArcGIS平台完成标准化处理,将各影响因子归一化至[0,1]区间,构建雨热灾害数据集,用于训练随机森林模型。
随机森林算法可揭示目标变量与解释变量间的全局非线性关联[32],其优势在于:1)无需预设变量线性关系即可捕捉复杂交互作用[33];2)通过特征贡献度分析量化各因子影响权重[34];3)有效控制过拟合风险,提升预测可靠性[35]。本研究采用7︰3的比例划分训练集与测试集,模型构建通过PyCharm集成开发环境中的Scikit-learn库实现,训练完成后基于随机森林模型量化各影响因子的权重,并逐栅格计算极端事件发生概率。基于自然间断点分级法[36],将灾害风险划分为高、中、低3级,最终通过复合风险矩阵生成双变量空间分布地图,将雨热灾害复合风险分为4类:雨热复合型(暴雨和热浪风险均高)、暴雨主导型(暴雨高于热浪风险)、热浪主导型(热浪高于暴雨风险)、低风险型(暴雨和热浪风险均低)。

4 研究结果

4.1 上海市应对雨热灾害复合风险的防灾减灾规划韧性响应框架

本研究将Eco-DRR理论与国土空间防灾减灾规划体系深度融合,构建应对雨热灾害复合风险的防灾减灾规划韧性响应框架。首先,为突破传统单灾种评估方法的局限性,该框架采用多源数据驱动的智能风险评估技术辨识复合风险特征;其次,为推动被动式单一防灾向主动式韧性防灾转型,该框架将Eco-DRR分解为“+防灾”与“+生态”策略,前者融入生态空间专项规划,后者融入综合防灾专项规划;最终,为实现防灾减灾规划的多灾种协同、多专项联动[37],该框架在横向上支持生态空间和综合防灾专项规划的协同配合,在纵向上以“复合风险评估—规划目标制定—支撑体系完善—空间格局优化—分级管控实施”的传导路径指导各层级的规划实施(表2)。
表2 应对雨热复合风险的Eco-DRR规划实施指南

Tab. 2 Implementation guidelines for Eco-DRR planning in response to compound rainstorm and heatwave risks

复合风险类型 传导环节
规划目标制定 支撑体系完善 空间格局优化 分级管控实施
雨热复合型 雨热风险协同缓解 融入海绵与降温功能兼容的Eco-DRR空间指标 以存量盘活和功能复合为主,形成集约型空间格局 实施生态修复,常态功能向灾时防御功能转换
暴雨主导型 海绵城市建设 融入海绵空间设施指标 以海绵空间设施改造为主,形成承洪韧性空间格局 预留海绵设施,常态功能向灾时调蓄功能转换
热浪主导型 凉爽城市建设 融入降温空间设施指标 以降温空间设施改造为主,形成凉爽城市空间格局 预留降温设施,常态功能向灾时降温功能转换
低风险型 应急服务保障与人员安置 融入平灾转换和应急保障空间指标 在优化生态安全格局的同时适当增量建设 完善应急避险功能,常态功能向灾时服务保障功能转换

4.2 上海市雨热灾害复合风险时空特征

本研究以上海市域为研究案例,应用上述防灾减灾规划的韧性响应框架。应用智能评估技术,解析上海市雨热灾害复合风险时空特征(图5)。
图5 上海市雨热灾害复合风险空间分布特征

Fig. 5 Spatial distribution characteristics of compound rainstorm and heatwave disaster risks in Shanghai

4.2.1 时间分布特征

本研究依据Zhang等相关研究,将上海市暴雨和热浪事件的时间间隔阈值设定为8 d[32],2010—2023年,上海市共识别出24次雨热复合极端事件(表3)。时序分析发现,上海市雨热极端复合事件具有2个时间特征。1)易生季集中:超过90%的复合事件发生于5—9月,尤其是在梅雨季和夏季。2)持续期延长:近年来复合事件的年均持续时间呈现出显著的增长趋势,尤其是在2021—2023年,持续时间超过70 d。
表3 上海市雨热灾害极端复合事件识别结果

Tab. 3 Identification results of extreme compound rainstorm and heatwave disaster events in Shanghai

年份 出现次数 持续
天数
最大
降雨
日期
最大日
降雨量
/mm
最高
气温
日期
最高
气温
/℃
2010 2 23 8月18日 88.39 8月13日 39.4
2011 2 47 6月18日 108.20 7月26日 36.7
2012 1 53 8月8日 106.17 7月5日 38.3
2013 1 55 6月25日 60.96 7月29日 39.0
2014 2 43 9月2日 64.26 8月4日 35.2
2015 1 14 7月23日 35.81 8月4日 38.0
2016 3 27 7月2日 67.31 7月21日 38.7
2017 2 45 8月19日 106.68 7月24日 38.5
2018 2 33 8月12日 83.31 8月12日 36.6
2019 1 38 8月10日 82.80 7月30日 37.0
2020 1 45 7月6日 159.77 8月14日 37.6
2021 2 74 7月25日 84.84 7月13日 37.8
2022 1 70 7月10日 35.81 7月14日 39.7
2023 3 78 5月26日 82.55 7月13日 38.7

4.2.2 空间分布规律

降雨量和气温是衡量极端雨热灾害的关键指标,传统单因子风险评估方法分别采用最大日降雨量与最高气温表征暴雨风险与热浪风险分布,但该方法易受偶然事件干扰,且忽略多风险因子间的相互作用,导致空间范围划定精度不足。相较而言,传统多因子叠加评估方法虽能整合多风险因子,但其权重确定缺乏客观、统一的标准,简单的线性叠加方法难以反映风险因子间的复杂关系,例如该方法过分低估中心城区暴雨风险,并高估东部沿海热浪风险,与现实情况不符。基于随机森林模型的风险评估方法能够准确捕捉风险因子间的复杂交互作用,并有效控制过拟合风险以减少评估结果的偏差,通过计算极端事件概率得到预测结果。该方法所得预测结果的数值连续性较好,且准确率达80%,与上海市历史雨热灾害记录更吻合,相较传统方法具有更高的准确率和可信度。
本研究基于随机森林的空间预测,发现上海市雨热灾害复合风险分布呈现出“核心高-外围低”的空间结构。采用双变量可视化地图表征雨热灾害复合风险空间分布,以街道(乡镇)为基本单元,依据雨热灾害复合风险评估结果进行风险区划。发现雨热复合型风险区集中于上海市虹桥、闵行和川沙主城片区及周边新城,呈现“中心集中,边缘分散,局部汇聚”的空间特征。城市化因素对雨热灾害复合风险空间分布的影响最为明显,城市“雨岛”和“热岛”效应显著。Getis-Ord Gi*热点分析结果显示,风险热点(p<0.05)以中心城区为核心,向城郊周围的风险冷点扩散。

4.3 上海市应对雨热灾害复合风险的防灾减灾规划韧性响应

本研究基于风险辨识结果,制定防灾减灾规划目标,并通过“+防灾”策略与“+生态”策略的融入传导,优化现行的上海市生态空间规划与综合防灾规划。

4.3.1 防灾减灾规划目标制定

根据《上海市城市总体规划(2017—2035年)》,上海市正在构建“主城区-新城-新市镇-乡村”的市域城乡体系[38]。基于风险评估结果,制定差异化防灾减灾规划目标,进而指引各街镇的韧性提升。在国土空间防灾减灾规划的城乡体系基础上,结合上海市发展规划、人口分布、经济布局和自然环境等因素,深入探讨各风险区面临的主要问题和挑战,制定各街镇组团的防灾减灾规划目标。
依循“风险类型—空间特征—规划目标—管控引导”的管控逻辑,将雨热灾害复合风险类型分为4类,对各风险类型的街镇实施差异化管控和规划引导(表4)。
表4 基于雨热复合风险类型的防灾减灾规划目标与管控引导

Tab. 4 Objectives, control and guidance of disaster risk reduction planning based on the types of compound rainstorm and heatwave disaster risks

风险类型 空间分布 组团特征 规划目标 管控引导
雨热复合型 虹桥、闵行、川沙主城副中心及嘉定、奉贤等新城 当前规划建设重点区域,预计人口密度将超过1.0万人/km2 雨热风险协同缓解 实施生态修复工程,推动Eco-DRR与传统防灾设施的功能复合
暴雨主导型 青浦、松江等西部新城和新市镇 河网密布,延续了江南水乡传统聚落特征,易发洪涝灾害 雨洪管理优先 以海绵城市建设为主导,Eco-DRR降温措施协同配合
热浪主导型 中心城区与宝山主城片区 老年人口密集,热应激易危害群体健康 降温策略优先 以凉爽城市建设为主导,Eco-DRR雨洪管理协同配合
低风险型 市域边缘 生态条件良好,用地充裕 应急服务保障与人员安置 推行平灾转换机制,提高保障服务设施的容错率

4.3.2 减缓性策略:“+防灾”的生态空间专项规划优化

当前上海市生态空间专项规划主要聚焦于生态空间的环境品质提升、生物多样性保护和休闲游憩功能完善,尚未系统整合生态空间的防灾减灾功能。值得注意的是,非核心建成区域的生态空间具备显著的增量提质潜力,可在市域尺度下有效降低雨热灾害复合风险。本研究基于Eco-DRR理论在生态空间专项规划中嵌入“+防灾”理念,通过生态优化实现雨热灾害系统性缓解。
现有上海市生态空间专项规划以“公园、森林、湿地”三大系统及“廊道、绿道”两大网络构成支撑体系,尚未充分挖掘生态空间的Eco-DRR潜力。本研究提出“+防灾”理念的生态空间约束指标,基于王彬等对上海市生态空间专项规划编制的研究结果[39],将指标体系按规划目标分解为4类约束指标融入生态空间支撑体系(图6)。依据风险类型和规划目标分配约束指标,通过该支撑体系传导和落实“+防灾”的优化策略(表5)。
图6 “+防灾”理念下上海市生态空间专项规划逻辑框架优化

Fig. 6 Optimization of the logical framework for ecological space sectoral planning of Shanghai under the “+ disaster prevention” concept

表5 融入“+防灾”约束指标的生态空间支撑体系

Tab. 5 An ecological space support system integrating “+ disaster prevention” constraint indicators

支撑体系 Eco-DRR空间指标 海绵空间指标 降温空间指标 平灾转换空间指标
公园体系 人均公园绿地面积 公园下垫面透水率 公园绿化覆盖率 避难场所面积
森林体系 森林保护率 森林透水率 森林覆盖率 森林建设用地占比
湿地体系 湿地保护率 河湖蓄水率 河湖水面率 生态、生活岸线占比
廊道体系 生态走廊覆盖率 生态走廊水面率 绿廊通风潜力 生态走廊建设用地占比
绿道体系 骨干绿道总长度 绿道透水率 行道树覆盖率 绿道有效宽度
中心城区作为雨热复合型风险区,通常是建设密集地区,应主要采取生态空间的存量盘活和功能复合策略;周边乡镇作为低风险型风险区,通常具有良好的生态基底,应保证现有生态空间规模,适当增量保障服务设施建设用地。将雨热复合型风险区的生态空间辨识为潜在Eco-DRR空间,其中城市绿地(面积约为4.25 km2)与河流湿地(面积约为0.67 km2)为主要构成要素(图7)。将潜在Eco-DRR空间与现有生态空间网络规划进行比对,结果显示:雨热复合型风险区的现行规划生态空间匮乏,当前对生态空间的防灾减灾功能关注不足,基于现行《上海市生态空间专项规划(2021—2035)》[40],得到本研究的优化策略,通过潜在Eco-DRR空间传导落实“+防灾”的生态空间约束指标,纳入生态网络优化方案。通过拓展“+防灾”的生态空间网络,在现有生态结构的基础上形成“外环绿带-近郊绿环”的双环格局,建设风险冷热点之间的生态走廊,从而优化市域生态空间格局,实现雨热灾害复合风险的系统性缓解。
图7 上海市生态空间网络与格局优化

Fig. 7 Optimization of Shanghai's ecological space network and pattern

4.3.3 适应性策略:“+生态”的综合防灾专项规划优化

传统综合防灾专项规划范畴集中于城镇空间,过度依赖工程防灾与应急管理手段,未能有效利用生态系统防灾减灾功能,其中,高密度建成区因生态空间不足,制约了Eco-DRR理论发挥作用。将Eco-DRR理论与传统综合防灾有机融合,可提升建成区对雨热灾害的适应能力。本研究在综合防灾规划中融入“+生态”策略,构建与生态空间支撑体系协同的防灾空间设施体系,实现雨热灾害复合风险的系统性适应。
综合防灾以防灾分区(面状要素)、避难场所(点状要素)和防救灾路线(线状要素)为主体,构建全域联动的防灾空间支撑体系。当前应急保障、服务及灾害防御类防灾设施已实现与城市基础设施的兼容共用[41],而防灾空间尚未与生态空间建立横向的协同配合关系,防灾设施与Eco-DRR设施的平灾转换机制还不完善。
本研究基于Eco-DRR理论提出“+生态”优化策略,重点在防灾空间重构和防灾设施优化。通过风险区划引导传统防灾模式向“生态+防灾”模式转型,打破传统防灾与生态防灾之间的壁垒,推动综合防灾的平灾转换与弹性利用。当前上海市综合防灾已构建“市-区-街道(乡镇)”三级防灾安全建设格局,本研究基于“生态+防灾”模式提出防灾空间设施支撑体系优化策略(表6),分别采取防灾分区重构、防救灾路线优化和设施功能升级的优化策略,实现防灾空间设施的韧性提升[42]图8)。
表6 基于Eco-DRR的防灾空间设施支撑体系优化策略

Tab. 6 Eco-DRR-based optimization strategies for disaster prevention and safety support systems

空间设施 传统防灾模式 “生态+防灾”模式
面状空间 以行政边界划分防灾分区 以生态网络界定分区边界,形成防灾屏障,依据风险区划配置Eco-DRR设施
线状空间 以宽度8 m以上的高等级公路为主要防救灾线路 低风险区优先拓宽绿道至4 m以上作为防救灾辅助通道,雨热复合型风险区优先发展绿道的Eco-DRR功能作为减灾廊道
点状空间 公园绿地仅作为应急避难场所 低风险区优先配置应急保障服务设施用于人员避难,雨热复合型风险区优先发展公园广场的Eco-DRR功能用于灾情缓冲
防灾设施 独立的防灾设施(应急供水厂、应急医疗和物流仓储等) 推行Eco-DRR设施的平灾功能转换,日常作为公共服务空间,灾时转为应急供水点、物资中转站等防灾设施
图8 上海市防灾空间建设格局优化

Fig. 8 Optimization of the disaster prevention and safety construction pattern in Shanghai

5 结论与展望

Eco-DRR理论具有协同应对雨热灾害复合风险的潜力,但目前国内相关规划应用仍显不足。本研究通过探索Eco-DRR理论与防灾减灾规划体系的融合路径,构建防灾减灾规划韧性响应框架,运用基于随机森林算法的雨热灾害复合风险智能评估技术,以上海市域为实证案例展开分析与规划实践,得到3点结论。
1)上海市雨热灾害复合风险的空间分布呈现“中心集中,边缘分散,局部汇聚”的特征,复合风险主要集中于中心城区及周边新城,城市化因素对该复合风险的影响最为显著。
2)基于复合风险类型可制定不同街镇规划目标,并将Eco-DRR理论分解为两大策略体系:减缓策略通过完善生态空间支撑体系、优化生态网络格局等途径,将防灾功能融入生态空间专项规划;适应策略通过完善防灾空间设施支撑体系、优化防灾安全建设格局等途径,将生态理念融入综合防灾专项规划。
3)Eco-DRR理论与防灾减灾规划体系的融合路径能够有效促进生态空间与综合防灾专项规划的横向协同,推动Eco-DRR理论融入国土空间防灾减灾规划体系。
本研究所提出的防灾减灾规划韧性响应框架具有可复制性和拓展性,可为中国东部沿海城市的极端气候复合风险韧性应对提供借鉴参考。未来可在3个方面开展进一步研究:1)在风险类型上,可扩展至干旱-热浪复合、风雨复合事件等多元灾害情景[3];2)在评估方法上,可引入人工神经网络、支持向量机和贝叶斯模型等更精确的算法[43];3)在减灾机理上,需深化极端事件时空演变规律以及极端气候复合事件与生态空间的交互机理[24]

2011—2023年上海气象站点逐日降水与最高气温观测数据见官网文章页面的资源附件1(http://www.lalavision.com/article/doi/10.3724/j.fjyl.LA20250130)。

雨热灾害复合事件识别流程见官网文章页面的资源附件2(http://www.lalavision.com/article/doi/10.3724/j.fjyl.LA20250130)。

复合事件时间窗口内的暴雨和热浪灾害记录见官网文章页面的资源附件3(http://www.lalavision.com/article/doi/10.3724/j.fjyl.LA20250130)。

随机森林预测模型算法见官网文章页面的资源附件4(http://www.lalavision.com/article/doi/10.3724/j.fjyl.LA20250130)。

图7根据参考文献[38]改绘,图8根据参考文献[39]改绘,表6根据参考文献[38]整理;图2、5、7地图底图来源于自然资源部提供的标准地图,边界无修改,审图号GS(2019)3333号;其余图表由作者绘制。

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