The Concept of Resilience to Withstand Floods in China’s Traditional Construction Wisdom and Its Modern Implications
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TIAN Jian, Ph.D., is deputy director of and an associate research fellow in the Department of Urban and Rural Planning, School of Architecture, Tianjin University, a senior planner in Tianjin University Research Institute of Architectural Design and Urban Planning Co., Ltd., a National Registered Planner, and a member of the Resilient City Council, Chinese Society for Urban Studies. His research focuses on urban and rural resilience planning and design |
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MA Kaiyue is a master student in the School of Architecture, Tianjin Chengjian University. Her research focuses on urban and rural resilience planning and design |
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ZENG Suiping, Ph.D., is vice dean of and a professor in the School of Architecture, Tianjin Chengjian University, a National Registered Planner, and a member of the Resilient City Council, China Society for Urban Studies. Her research interests are urban and rural resilience planning and design |
Received date: 2024-08-29
Revised date: 2025-08-03
Online published: 2025-12-10
Copyright
[Objective] Facing frequent extreme climate disasters from global change, especially severe rainstorms and floods, human society faces unprecedented challenges. According to the Global Disaster Data Platform, floods have become one of the main factors causing global casualties and social and economic losses. In 2021, floods accounted for 56.13% of major natural disasters worldwide, causing 41.87% of disaster-related deaths. In the same year, the torrential rain in Zhengzhou caused 380 deaths and direct economic losses of 40.9 billion yuan. These data reveal the destructive nature of floods and the current disaster vulnerability of cities. Therefore, this research delves deeply into the ancient Chinese concepts and experiences of flood resilience, distills universal prevention and control strategies from the long-term flood control practices of the ancients, and provides scientific guidance for current urban construction and disaster prevention and mitigation, in order to enhance the flood resilience of cities, reduce disaster losses, and ensure the safety of people’s lives and property.
[Methods] To comprehensively analyze the concept of resilience to withstand flood in ancient China, this research adopts a multi-dimensional approach: by sorting out historical records and cases to construct a theoretical − methodological − practical cognitive framework, it explores its theoretical basis, methodological system and practical application; this research analyzes the traditional concept from three aspects: flood control, flood response and flood adaptation. At the flood control level, it focuses on the construction, maintenance and strategy formulation and implementation of flood control facilities in ancient cities. At the flood response level, it explores the emergency mechanisms, rescue measures and post-disaster reconstruction of ancient people. At the flood adaptation level, it emphasizes the concept of coexistence between humans and floods, and achieves harmony between cities and floods by adjusting urban layout and optimizing water conservancy facilities. At the same time, from the perspectives of multi-party coexistence and game symbiosis, it analyzes concept of resilience to withstand flood the evolution and adaptation of the ancient flood control resilience concept in different historical periods and regional backgrounds to more comprehensively reveal its internal logic and laws.
[Results] After an in-depth analysis of ancient flood control ideas such as urban management and water conservancy projects, this research summarizes the evolution law of the concept of resilience to withstand flood from “passive prevention and control” to “active diversion” and then to “harmonious coexistence”. During the passive prevention and control stage, ancient people mainly built defense facilities such as city walls and DAMS to resist floods. Although this alleviated disasters, it had problems such as insufficient defense and high maintenance costs. With the advancement of technology and the deepening of understanding, active drainage strategies have gradually become mainstream. By excavating canals and building reservoirs to regulate water flow, the threat of floods can be effectively reduced. However, there are also limitations such as soil erosion and ecological damage. In the long-term practice, the ancients gradually formed the concept of harmonious coexistence with floods. Through measures such as afforestation and building wetland parks, they not only enhanced the flood control capacity of cities but also protected the ecology, achieving harmonious coexistence between humans and nature.
[Conclusion] By analyzing the changes in the concepts and experiences of flood resilience in ancient China, this research draws conclusions and inspirations: First, the wisdom and experience accumulated by the ancients in long-term flood control have important reference significance for enhancing the current flood resilience of cities; secondly, the ancient Chinese concept of resilience to withstand flood has undergone an evolution from “passive prevention and control − active guidance − harmonious coexistence”, which reflects the ancients’ profound understanding of the relationship between humans and nature. Thirdly, it proposes three levels of resilience disaster prevention experiences: “conforming to nature”, “adapting to the trend”, and “adapting to local conditions”. Conforming to nature means respecting the laws and conforming to the characteristics of floods, and achieving coexistence between humans and nature through reasonable planning. Adapting to the trend means making use of the terrain and hydrological conditions and adopting flexible flood control measures to enhance efficiency. Adapting measures to local conditions means adapting to the environmental and economic conditions of different regions and formulating strategies that are in line with local realities. These experiences are not only of great significance for enhancing the flood resilience of Chinese cities, but also provide references for disaster prevention and mitigation in cities around the world.
Jian TIAN , Kaiyue MA , Suiping ZENG . The Concept of Resilience to Withstand Floods in China’s Traditional Construction Wisdom and Its Modern Implications[J]. Landscape Architecture, 2025 , 32(10) : 12 -20 . DOI: 10.3724/j.fjyl.202408290491
表1 中国古代历朝避洪迁城记录Tab. 1 Records on city relocation for flood evasion in ancient China |
| 朝代 | 时间 | 所迁城名 | 资料来源 |
| 东晋 | 晋末 | 济州理信通城 | 《元和郡县图志》 |
| 唐代 | 乾元二年(759年) | 齐州禹城 | 《太平寰宇记》 |
| 五代 | 后晋开运三年(946年) | 博州 | 《东昌府志》 |
| 宋代 | 建隆元年(960年) | 济南府临邑县城 | 《宋史·地理志》 |
| 太平兴国八年(983年) | 山东阳谷县城 | 《乾隆山东通志》 | |
| 淳化三年(992年) | 东昌府城 | 《乾隆山东通志》 | |
| 同平三年(1000年) | 郓州城 | 《宋史·河渠志》 | |
| 大中祥符四年(1011年) | 棣州 | 《宋史·河渠志》 | |
| 大中祥符八年(1015年) | 棣州 | 《宋史·河渠志》 | |
| 明道三年(1033年) | 朝城县城 | 《乾隆山东通志》 | |
| 熙宁元年(1068年) | 堂邑县城 | 《乾隆山东通志》 | |
| 熙宁二年(1069年) | 沧州锁安县城 | 《宋史·五行志》 | |
| 元丰(1078—1085)年间 | 青平县城 | 《乾隆山东通志》 | |
| 大观二年(1108年) | 邢州钜鹿县城、赵州隆平县城 | 《宋史·河渠志》 | |
| 金 | 大定六年(1166年) | 郓城 | 《金史·地理志》 |
| 大定(1161—1189)年间 | 封丘城、孟州城 | 《元史·地理志》 | |
| 金代(1115—1234年) | 济州城 | 《元史·地理志》 | |
| 元 | 元初 | 封丘、杞县城 | 《元史·地理志》 |
| 明 | 洪武四年(1371年) | 定陶县城 | 《乾隆山东通志》 |
| 洪武八年(1376年) | 谷城县城 | 《乾隆山东通志》 | |
| 洪武十三年(1380年) | 范县城 | 《乾隆山东通志》 | |
| 洪武二十二年(1389年) | 仪封县城 | 《明史·河渠志》 | |
| 宣德三年(1428年) | 灵州千户所城 | 《明史·河渠志》 | |
| 景泰三年(1452年) | 侯州城 | 《乾隆山东通志》 | |
| 景泰三年(1452年) | 原武县城 | 《道光河南通志》 | |
| 景泰( | 西华县城 | 《明史·河渠志》 |
| 专题学术主持人 Guest Editors of the Special | ||||
| 李依浓 LI Yinong | 安奈特·鲁道夫·克莱夫 Annette Rudolph-Cleff | |||
| 北京林业大学园林学院讲师Lecturer in the School of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University | 德国达姆施塔特理工大学建筑设计及城市发展系教授Professor in Architectural Design and Urban Development Department, TU Darmstadt, Germany | |||
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