Construction Approaches and Practices for Habitat Garden in the Context of Garden City
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REN Binbin, Ph.D., is a professorate senior engineer in Beijing Academy of Forestry and Landscape Architecture. Her research focuses on urban biodiversity conservation and garden city construction |
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ZHU Jian’gang, Ph.D., is a senior engineer in and president of Beijing Academy of Forestry and Landscape Architecture. His research focuses on urban ecology |
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WANG Jianhong, Master, is a professorate senior engineer in Beijing Academy of Forestry and Landscape Architecture. His research focuses on conservation biological control |
Received date: 2025-06-30
Revised date: 2025-07-25
Online published: 2025-12-10
Copyright
[Objective] “Habitat garden” is an urban green space that integrates “habitat” and “garden”, and is a garden with habitat function, and auxiliary functions such as landscape beautification, leisure and recreation, communication and interaction, public education, health and healing, or improvement of living environment. It is a practical carrier to achieve the core goal of a garden city featuring “harmonious coexistence between man and nature”, and it is also an innovative model for urban biodiversity conservation. Clarifying the scientific construction approaches is key to promote the large-scale and standardized construction of habitat gardens in garden cities.
[Methods] Based on an in-depth examination of the definition and status of habitat gardens within the context of garden city construction, this research discusses in combination with practice, the feasible approach for habitat garden construction.
[Results] The habitat garden construction approaches consist of the following 4 steps. Firstly, select a habitat garden site in combination with multi-scale site analysis, while investigating local and surrounding biotic and abiotic environments. Secondly, evaluate environmental potential and further identify the target species to be restored. Thirdly, implement the project of habitat restoration and landscape creation according to the habitat characteristics and local function positioning of those target species. Finally, carry out ecological monitoring and nature-based habitat management in the project. As for the site selection for habitat garden, a multi-scale feasibility analysis should be conducted first, involving the ecological analysis of landscape connectivity index and ecological sources, and the feasibility analysis of land management. Then a site investigation should be conducted, including the investigation of nonbiological environment aiming to reveal the habitat characteristics of the selected site and clarify prominent environmental issues of the site, accompanied by a species, population, or community investigation for existing and former plants, insects, birds, small mammals, amphibians and reptile, soil and surface arthropods, soil microorganisms, and other biological groups within and around the site in an effort to understand the current and potential distribution levels of biodiversity in the site. The evaluation of environmental potential encompasses four key analytical components: biological distribution potential analysis for evaluating local spatial distribution and local habitat suitability of dominant species, populations, and ecological communities; interspecific interaction potential analysis for examining trophic relationships, competitive interactions, and symbiotic associations among organisms; community succession potential analysis for investigating ecosystem succession trajectories, developmental rates, and potential equilibrium states; migration potential analysis for assessing dispersal capabilities and movement patterns of flora and fauna. The project entails habitat restoration and landscape recreation for target species and populations comprising two integral components: One is that habitat construction strategy should be based on habitat and feeding preferences of the target species and populations, and optimize conditions to support organisms’ survival, reproduction, and adaptive capacity against stressors by replenishing native vegetation and food resources, creating sheltered microhabitats with optimal perching conditions, and restoring natural refuges; the other is to set up artificial overwintering sites for natural enemies within the site. The nature-based habitat management encompasses two key aspects: One is to emphasize the “self sustain” of the ecosystem by minimizing artificial interference, such as night protection, noise isolation, and volunteer plant protection, and the other is to provide necessary artificial regulation that conforms to nature, such as the removal or cutting of malignant weeds. The ecological monitoring is to realize the sustainable development and dynamic regulation of habitat gardens. The monitoring results show that the richness and abundance of natural enemies (including natural enemy insects, aphidophagus natural enemies, and aphidophagus ladybugs) in a habitat garden after one year of construction of the garden, along with the abundance of lacewings, are significantly higher than in ordinary green spaces. Conversely, the average pest density per branch in ordinary green spaces is 3.91 times higher than in the habitat garden. The construction of habitat gardens has achieved the goals of restoring local food chains and repairing nutrient relationships, while significantly advancing sustainable pest control and biodiversity enhancement. The vegetation richness has increased from over 30 to over 130, as well as the diversity of birds. Mammals such as the Northeast Hedgehog (Erinaceus amurensis) and Weasel (Mustela sibirica) have also built burrows here as habitat.
[Conclusion] This research proposes that the fundamental prerequisite for the construction of habitat gardens is the joint participation of multiple fields throughout the entire process, the key link for the construction of habitat gardens is the evaluation of environmental potential, and the basic guarantees for the sustainable development of habitat garden are ecological monitoring and habitat management in alignment with nature.
Binbin REN , Jian’gang ZHU , Jianhong WANG . Construction Approaches and Practices for Habitat Garden in the Context of Garden City[J]. Landscape Architecture, 2025 , 32(9) : 65 -73 . DOI: 10.3724/j.fjyl.LA20250394
图3 “油松—植食性昆虫—天敌(昆虫、鸟类)—食源植物”互作关系Fig. 3 Interaction among “Pinus tabuliformis − phytophagous insects − natural enemies (insects and birds) − foodborne plants” |
表1 “油松—植食性昆虫—天敌昆虫”互作关系Tab. 1 Interaction among “Pinus tabuliformis − phytophagous insects − natural enemy insects” |
| 编号 | 植食性昆虫 | 天敌 | ||||
| 中文名 | 拉丁学名 | 危害概率等级 | 危害等级 | 类别 | ||
| 1 | 马尾松长足大蚜 | Cinara formosana | 高 | 低 | 刺吸类 | 捕食性食蚜蝇、草蛉、食蚜瓢虫、蚜茧蜂、粉蛉、褐蛉、蚜小蜂、 花蝽、齿爪盲蝽、食蚜瘿蚊 |
| 2 | 油松长大蚜 | Eulachnus pinitabulaeformis | 高 | 低 | ||
| 3 | 日本单蜕盾蚧 | Fiorinia japonica | 中 | 低 | 食蚧瓢虫、方头甲、草蛉、褐蛉、粉蛉、花蝽、齿爪盲蝽、蚜小蜂 | |
| 4 | 松果梢斑螟 | Dioryctria mendacella | 中 | 中 | 蛀食类 | 姬蜂、茧蜂、缘腹细蜂、赤眼蜂、鸣禽、陆禽、攀禽 |
| 5 | 微红梢斑螟 | Dioryctria rubella | 中 | 中 | ||
表2 蜜粉源植物与天敌昆虫取食偏好Tab. 2 Feeding preferences of natural enemy insects to insectary plants |
| 编号 | 蜜粉源植物种类 | 花期 | 天敌昆虫类别 | ||||
| 中文名 | 拉丁学名 | 食蚜蝇 | 瓢虫 | 草蛉 | 蚜茧蜂 | ||
| 注:●表示天敌昆虫嗜食强度为“非常强”;○表示嗜食强度为“较强”;--示诱集强度为“较弱”。 | |||||||
| 1 | 蜡梅 | Chimononthus praecox | 3月 | ● | -- | -- | -- |
| 2 | 山茱萸 | Cornus officinalis | 3月 | ● | -- | ● | ○ |
| 3 | 金钟花 | Forsythia viridissima | 3—4月 | -- | -- | ● | ○ |
| 4 | 荆芥 | Nepeta cataria | 4—11月 | ○ | -- | ● | -- |
| 5 | 现代月季 | Rosa hybrida | 4—9月 | ○ | ● | -- | -- |
| 6 | 刺芹 | Eryngium foetidum | 4—9月 | ● | ● | -- | ○ |
| 7 | 野蔷薇 | Rosa multiflora | 5—7月 | ● | -- | -- | -- |
| 8 | 白车轴草 | Trifolium repens | 5—10月 | ○ | -- | -- | -- |
| 9 | 龙牙草 | Agrimonia pilosa | 5—11月 | ● | -- | -- | -- |
| 10 | 扶芳藤 | Euonymus fortunei | 6—7月 | ● | -- | ● | ○ |
| 11 | 蒙椴 | Tilia mongolica | 6—7月 | ● | ● | ○ | -- |
| 12 | 华北珍珠梅 | Sorbaria kirilowii | 6—7月 | ○ | -- | ○ | -- |
| 13 | 荆条 | Vitex negundo var. heterophylla | 6—8月 | ○ | -- | -- | ○ |
| 14 | 地榆 | Sanguisorba officinalis | 6—8月 | ○ | -- | -- | -- |
| 15 | 蓍 | Achillea millefolium | 6—9月 | ○ | -- | -- | ○ |
| 16 | 薄荷 | Mentha canadensis | 7—9月 | ○ | -- | -- | -- |
| 17 | 长药八宝 | Hylotelephium spectabile | 7—10月 | ○ | -- | -- | -- |
| 18 | 藁本 | Conioselinum anthriscoides | 8—9月 | ● | ● | -- | ○ |
| 19 | 甘菊 | Chrysanthemum lavandulifolium | 9—11月 | ● | -- | -- | -- |
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