Aesthetic Value Assessment Coupled with Landscape Character Assessment for Hengshan Mountain Scenic Area
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ZHAO Renjing, Ph.D., is a lecturer in the School of Architecture, Zhengzhou University, and a postdoctoral researcher in the School of History, Zhengzhou University. Her research focuses on landscape planning and design |
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XING Bingtai is a master student in the School of Architecture, Zhengzhou University. His research focuses on architectural design and theory |
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WANG Yuqian, Ph.D., is a lecturer in the School of History, Zhengzhou University, and a member of the Historical Society of Water Conservancy under the Chinese Hydraulic Engineering Society. His research focuses on history of water conservancy and environmental history |
Received date: 2024-09-11
Revised date: 2025-04-07
Online published: 2025-12-10
Copyright
[Objective] In order to align with international standards and promote the construction of a global ecological civilization while ensuring the distinctive protection of China’s natural and cultural resources, China has gradually clarified a plan for deepening the reform of a protected area system mainly composed of national parks. Scenic and historic areas encompass natural and cultural landscapes with unique Chinese characteristics within the national territory of China, and their management system has been continuously improved over the past forty years of development. The scattered layout of multiple areas in Hengshan Mountain has led to an imbalance in the protection, control, inheritance, and development of scenic resources in each area. In the context of the reconstruction of the protected area system, how to respond to the protection and control demands of scenic and historic areas remains an issue in urgent need of exploration.In the context of the new era, this research attempts to, by coupling landscape character assessment with aesthetic value assessment, explore the management and protection of scenic and historic areas, and explain the internal temporal and spatial order and correlation reflected in various types of landscapes, so as to help reduce the fragmentation and incompleteness of landscapes, expand the protection boundaries, connotation boundaries, and time boundaries of landscape resources. The research can assist in delineating the key protection areas of scenic and historic areas guided by aesthetic values, thereby achieving overall protection from point scenery to area scenery. The research can also provide new perspectives for solving a series of problems in the process of integrating and optimizing scenic spots, such as the demand for sightseeing activities, conflicts in urban development, and inheritance of ecological and cultural values, and be able to improve the international heritage aesthetic assessment system from a Chinese perspective. [Methods] Based on the guidance ideas, evaluation methods, technical platforms, and conclusion descriptions of relevant landscape character assessment at home and abroad, and on the basis of determining the scope of the research object, a research framework for aesthetic value assessment coupled with landscape character assessment for Hengshan Mountain Scenic Area is constructed through the combination of elbow method, K-means, entropy weight method, and TOPSIS method, which includes two stages: landscape character assessment and aesthetic value assessment. The stage of landscape character assessment mainly includes three steps: 1) Screening and classified identification of landscape character elements; 2) classification and mapping of landscape character; 3) translation and description of landscape character types. The stage of aesthetic value assessment mainly includes two steps: 1) Screening of aesthetic value assessment indicators; 2) aesthetic value grading and regional identification. Taking the Hengshan Mountain Sceinc Area, which has a scattered layout of multiple protected areas, as an example, this research conducts an aesthetic value assessment practice couple with the identification of landscape characters. [Results] This research screens and classifies the landscape character elements of the Hengshan Mountain Sceinc Area, and uses ArcGIS 10.6 to encode and visualize the classified elements, with the spatial area ratio and distribution characteristics of each element being identified. By virtue of the ArcGIS 10.6 spatial analysis tool, 14,738 150 m × 150 m cells are constructed within the research scope of Hengshan Mountain Sceinc Area, and a gridded geographic information database of various elements is established. Additionally, the research identifies 24 types and zones of landscape characters in Hengshan Mountain Sceinc Area, screens and classifies the aesthetic value assessment indicators of Hengshan Mountain Sceinc Area, and constructs a grid database for each assessment element. The research also conducts a 5-level assessment, classification and zoning of aesthetic value. It is found that within the core area and peripheral protected areas of Hengshan Mountain Sceinc Area, the distribution ratio of aesthetic value zones at all levels is relatively balanced. The distribution characteristics of different levels of aesthetic value zones and the types of landscape characters covered are analyzed, and the main factors affecting aesthetic value are identified based on the types of landscape characters included in various levels of aesthetic value zones, including cultural scenic spots, vegetation coverage index, and water. [Conclusion] The research on aesthetic value assessment coupled with landscape character assessment offers a possibility of determining the protection intensity and utilization methods of scenic and historic areas based on the difference in aesthetic value, providing a more macro perspective for the protection of scenic and historic areas. The research expands the scope of assessment objects, screens assessment elements that reflect the historical and cultural characteristics of scenic and historic areas, and balances the subjectivity and objectivity of assessment methods. The assessment results illustrate the landscape character types and aesthetic value features of scenic and historic areas in the form of a “picture”, which can effectively connect with higher-level planning, promote the balanced development of various areas and types of landscape resources, and guide the resilient protection and sustainable development of scenic and historic areas. Under the research idea that resource characteristics, control objectives, and value orientation jointly determine protection norms, this research focuses on explaining the feasibility of evaluating the overall, refined, and targeted protection of scenic and historic areas, as well as the necessity of balancing the protection and utilization of scenic and historic areas through assessment and coordination under the management concept of “maximizing the scope of protection”.
Renjing ZHAO , Bingtai XING , Yuqian WANG . Aesthetic Value Assessment Coupled with Landscape Character Assessment for Hengshan Mountain Scenic Area[J]. Landscape Architecture, 2025 , 32(6) : 123 -131 . DOI: 10.3724/j.fjyl.202409110531
表1 北岳恒山风景区与外围保护地带面积Tab. 1 Area of Hengshan Mountain Scenic Area and the peripheral protected area |
| 片区名称 | 景区名称 | 面积/km2 | 外围保护地带 面积/km2 |
| 恒山-悬空寺 片区 | 恒山景区 | 22.73 | 30.45 |
| 悬空寺景区 | |||
| 点将台景区 | |||
| 城关景区 | |||
| 天赐沟片区 | 天赐沟景区 | 22.90 | 70.51 |
| 龙盆峪景区 | |||
| 大川岭景区 | |||
| 千佛岭片区 | 千佛岭景区 | 27.88 | 24.46 |
| 上桦岭景区 | |||
| 王庄堡片区 | 汤头温泉景区 | 15.96 | 25.77 |
| 西河口景区 | |||
| 凌云口片区 | 凌云口景区 | 25.74 | 13.86 |
| 神溪片区 | 神溪景区 | 7.17 | 17.20 |
表2 北岳恒山风景特质评估要素分类Tab. 2 Classification of landscape character assessment elements of Hengshan Mountain Scenic Area |
| 要素类别 | 单要素类型 | 要素描述 |
| 自然要素 | 海拔高度 | 不同点位与海平面的相对高差 |
| 地表起伏度 | 不同区域地貌特征的概括 | |
| 植被 | 包括草地、林地等类型的植被 | |
| 水文 | 包括河流、水库等在内的水域范围 | |
| 土壤 | 不同区域土壤类型 | |
| 自然风景点核密度 | 典型自然风景点状资源空间分布密度 | |
| 人文要素 | 人文风景点核密度 | 各级文保单位及典型人文风景点状资源空间分布密度 |
| 建设用地 | 主要包括城乡、居民点聚落分布区域 |
表3 北岳恒山风景名胜区审美价值评估因子分类分级Tab. 3 Classification and grading of aesthetic value assessment factors of Hengshan Mountain Scenic Area |
| 综合评价层 | 项目评价层 | 因子评价层 | 评价标准 | 评级 |
| 自然环境 本底 | 植被 | 植被覆盖指数 | >0.8~1.0 | 5 |
| >0.6~0.8 | 4 | |||
| >0.4~0.6 | 3 | |||
| >0.2~0.4 | 2 | |||
| 0~0.2 | 1 | |||
| 山体 | 山体坡度/° | >80~100 | 5 | |
| >55~80 | 4 | |||
| >30~55 | 3 | |||
| >15~30 | 2 | |||
| 0~15 | 1 | |||
| 水体 | 水体缓冲区/m | 0~10 | 5 | |
| >10~20 | 4 | |||
| >20~50 | 3 | |||
| >50~100 | 2 | |||
| >100 | 1 | |||
| 自然人文风景点 | 视觉敏感度 (视距区间)/m | 0~100 | 5 | |
| >100~300 | 4 | |||
| >300~600 | 3 | |||
| >600~800 | 2 | |||
| >800 | 1 | |||
| 特色性 | 高 | 5 | ||
| 较高 | 4 | |||
| 中 | 3 | |||
| 较低 | 2 | |||
| 低 | 1 | |||
| 美景度 | 高 | 5 | ||
| 较高 | 4 | |||
| 中 | 3 | |||
| 较低 | 2 | |||
| 低 | 1 | |||
表4 北岳恒山不同保护范围内审美价值区域面积比例Tab. 4 Proportion of aesthetic value zones within different protected areas of Hengshan Mountain Scenic Area |
| 审美价值分级 | 研究范围 | 风景名胜区核心区域 | 外围保护地带范围 | |||||
| 面积/km2 | 比例/% | 面积/km2 | 比例/% | 面积/km2 | 比例/% | |||
| 高审美价值区域 | 56.00 | 18.38 | 23.77 | 19.42 | 32.23 | 17.68 | ||
| 较高审美价值区域 | 50.33 | 16.52 | 24.56 | 20.07 | 25.77 | 14.14 | ||
| 中审美价值区域 | 64.22 | 21.08 | 22.07 | 18.03 | 42.15 | 23.13 | ||
| 较低审美价值区域 | 67.74 | 22.24 | 24.94 | 20.38 | 42.80 | 23.48 | ||
| 低审美价值区域 | 66.34 | 21.78 | 27.04 | 22.10 | 39.30 | 21.56 | ||
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