Artistic Features of Jiangnan Gardens During the Mid-16th Century as Reflected in the Picture of a Famous Garden in Jinchang
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PANG Shiyuan is a Ph.D. candidate in the School of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University. His research focuses on landscape planning and design |
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HUANG Xiao, Ph.D., is an associate professor and doctoral supervisor in the School of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University. His research focuses on history and theory of landscape architecture, and garden paintings |
Received date: 2024-07-11
Revised date: 2025-03-18
Online published: 2025-12-10
Copyright
[Objective] The mid-16th century is a critical period in the transformation of Jiangnan gardens during the mid-to-late Ming Dynasty. This period is characterized by a gradual weakening of the connection between garden making and agricultural economy, the enhancement of social functions of private gardens, and the infiltration of social atmosphere of entertainment and extravagance into the life of literati. Based on clarifying the overall trend of the transformation of Jiangnan gardens, it is necessary to further explore specific changes in garden elements such as rockeries, waterscape, plants, and buildings by combining them with specific examples. The private garden of Xu Feng, a wealthy merchant from Suzhou, is representative of the newly constructed Jiangnan gardens in the mid-16th century. The scenery of this garden is depicted in Wen Zhengming’s Picture of a Famous Garden in Jinchang (“Jinchangmingyuantu”). This painting vividly reflects many garden design techniques that were popular during the Jiajing period and provides intuitive evidence to support the argument of the transformation of Jiangnan gardens in the mid-to-late Ming Dynasty. It also helps to form a clearer understanding of the typical artistic features of Jiangnan gardens in the mid-16th century. [Methods] The research method of mutual verification of literature and image is employed to reconstruct the garden depicted in the Picture of a Famous Garden in Jinchang. Combining visual and textual information to identify the correspondence between the painting and the Record of Zizhi Garden (Zizhiyuanji), in order to determine the orientation of buildings and the layout of garden. This process ultimately yields a partial plan of Xu Feng’s Garden, making the visual image of this renowned Jiangnan garden in the mid-16th century more intuitive. Furthermore, by analyzing the garden elements and design techniques based on the plan restoration of Xu Feng’s Garden, and comparing it with other Jiangnan gardens in the mid-16th century and its surrounding periods, the main trends in the transformation of Jiangnan gardens since the Jiajing period can be explored. [Results] The Picture of a Famous Garden in Jinchang does not include the panorama of Xu Feng’s Garden, and Wen Zhengming chose to depict the core area of the garden. This painting depicts scenic spots such as the garden gate, Five Old Men Peaks (“Wulaofeng”), teahouse, Wohong Bridge (Wohongqiao), square pool, Dongya Hall (“Dongyatang”), Taiyi Study (“Taiyizhai”), curving stream, Qianxin Railing (“Qianxinjian”), Baixue Tower (“Baixuelou”), and Qingxiang Pavilion (“Qingxiangting”) from right to left. This garden was renowned for its luxurious style and served as a place for celebrities to engage in social activities. The garden elements such as rockeries, waterscape, plants, and buildings exhibit artistic features that are distinct from the traditional literati gardens before the mid-16th century, while also showing continuity with the design techniques from the mid-16th century to the early 17th century. The Five Old Men Peaks, which rose during the Jiajing period, continued to be popular until the late Ming Dynasty. Ornamental plants detached from agricultural economy reflected the changes in the livelihood of garden owners from farming to commerce. Buildings with increasing number and diverse forms were gradually replacing plants as the main scene of gardens. In addition, this painting shows the combination of square pool and curving stream, providing valuable visual documentation for distinguishing the differences in waterscape design during the mid-to-late Ming Dynasty. [Conclusion] The comparison of Xu Feng’s Garden with other Jiangnan gardens in the mid-16th century and its surrounding periods reveals the major trends in the transformation of garden making since the Jiajing period. The application of standardized techniques in rockery construction and waterscape design reflects the gradual maturation of garden making after the mid-16th century, indicating that garden designers had gradually established a widely recognized and used design paradigm after long-term exploration. As a representative of the design paradigm at that time, the combination of the Five Old Men Peaks and square pool reveals the convergence of garden designers’ aesthetic concepts within a specific historical period. The functional shift of plants and buildings can be seen as a manifestation of the transformation of social trend from frugality to luxury in the mid-to-late Ming Dynasty. In the early 16th century, Jiangnan gardens were primarily used for the daily life and literary gatherings of literati, while also accommodating self-sufficient agricultural production. The development of commodity economy highlighted the social attributes of gardens as venues for social interaction, stimulating garden owners’ attention to the aesthetic functions of their gardens. The transformation of Jiangnan gardens in the mid-16th century originats from the combined effects of social evolution and artistic development. In subsequent research, extending case studies to group surveys can help to macroscopically grasp the characteristics of Jiangnan gardens in the mid-to-late Ming Dynasty.
Shiyuan PANG , Xiao HUANG . Artistic Features of Jiangnan Gardens During the Mid-16th Century as Reflected in the Picture of a Famous Garden in Jinchang[J]. Landscape Architecture, 2025 , 32(5) : 133 -140 . DOI: 10.3724/j.fjyl.202407110378
表1 《金阊名园图》与《紫芝园记》[3]的信息互证Tab. 1 Mutual information verification between the Picture of a Famous Garden in Jinchang and the Record of Zizhi Garden [3] |
| 景名 | 《紫芝园记》文本信息 | 《金阊名园图》图像信息 | 方位分析 |
| 五老峰、入林门、卧虹桥 | 紫芝桥南叠石为峰,曰“五老”……稍西折而南,经一门,名“入林”,梁石而渡,名“卧虹” | ① | 五老峰西南方向有入林门,经过此门即可到达卧虹桥。图中假山南侧还有茶寮及葡萄架 |
| 东雅堂、太乙斋 | 堂曰“东雅”……堂西书室,余名写“太乙斋” | ② | 自东向西经过卧虹桥到达东雅堂,堂南有方池,堂西为太乙斋,东雅堂和太乙斋之间向北引出曲水 |
| 白雪楼、遣心槛 | 循池而右,楼名“白雪”,水槛名“遣心”……池右折汇于东雅之前 | ③ | 太乙斋附近的曲水尽端有白雪楼和遣心槛,曲水最终汇入东雅堂南侧方池 |
| 清响亭 | 折而上,东向一亭,三峰在侧,曰“清响”,亭西皆竹也,石梁琴台在焉 | ④ | 园林东侧有一片面积不小的竹林及清响亭 |
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① 准确地说,《金阊名园图》是紫芝园前身、明嘉靖年间徐封园的写照。
② 文徵明楷体《千字文》题识:“嘉靖壬寅岁春二月九日,徵明书于东雅堂。”
③ “紫芝桥南叠石为峰,曰‘五老’……左轩右楼,楼小于轩,轩名‘迎旭’,楼名‘延熏’,轩在东,楼在南也。”王穉登所见“左轩”在五老峰东侧,为人行视角下的方位描述。
④ 郭明友指出,营建楼阁是弘治以降苏州地区兴起的造园潮流,尤以阊门一带最为盛行,参见参考文献[
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