Identification and Interpretation of Cultural Landscape Field from the Integral Conservation Perspective
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LIANG Zhitong is a Ph.D. candidate in the College of Horticulture & Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, and a visiting Ph.D. candidate in École Pratique des Hautes Études, Université Paris Sciences et Lettres (EPHE-PSL). Her research focuses on history and theory of landscape architecture |
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DU Yan, Ph.D., is an associate professor in the College of Horticulture & Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, and a visiting scholar in the University of Washington (Seattle). Her research focuses on history and theory of landscape architecture, and landscape planning and design |
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XIA Haiyan, Master, is a lecturer in the College of Horticulture & Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University. Her research focuses on landscape planning and design, and landscape culture and heritage conservation |
Received date: 2024-09-29
Revised date: 2025-03-18
Online published: 2025-12-10
Copyright
[Objective] The integrity-based paradigm in cultural heritage conservation and utilization has achieved disciplinary consensus within the professional domain, where systematic documentation of historical − cultural heritage resources (HCHR) constitutes the foundation for resource integration and subsequent spatial specific planning. However, current research is still in its infancy and faces dual challenges: ambiguous criteria for integrity definition and insufficient methodologies for revealing intra-systemic relationships. While cultural landscape approaches have gained international traction, their application predominantly focuses on protected areas, rarely addressing critical aspects of integrity assessment, resource selection, or boundary delineation, for which a relational network has yet to be established in the sense of a system. Aiming to explore a viable path for the collation and integration of HCHR, this research proposes an innovative framework that shifts from single-entity feature extraction to systemic integrity characterization, investigating how constituent elements functionally interact within integral configurations. [Methods] Through inductive − deductive analysis of literature and case studies, the research first deconstructs the operational logic of cultural landscape approach. Subsequently, field theory is introduced to establish a cultural landscape field (CLF) conceptual model via interdisciplinary theoretical synthesis, involving: 1) Systematic review; 2) ontological modeling of CLF; 3) development of an association-based indicator system integrating resource networks, value hierarchies, and historical contexts. [Results] This research establishes three pivotal advancements through systematic inquiry. First, critical examination of existing cultural landscape methodologies identifies two fundamental means addressing definitional ambiguities and interpretive enhancement in HCHR research: integrity value evaluation and historical − thematic information correlation. These means respectively resolve the criteria formulation for integral delineation and the methodological reinforcement for systemic relationship revelation. Second, field theory demonstrates significant epistemological and methodological value by its features of the cognitive topology. Specifically, the research showcases the capacity of the field theory to formally describe the aggregate effects and integral characteristics that arise from the interactions among diverse entities, as well as the role played by components within such integral manifestations. Through synthesizing theoretical postulates from multidisciplinary scholarship on spatial interpretation, this research establishes the application logic of field paradigm in spatial cognition and mechanistic explanation: Conceptual demarcation of the spatial field entity coupled with identification of its core driving forces; abstraction of operational logic encompassing participatory actor typologies and their interaction patterns; elucidation of the mechanistic relationships between constituent elements and the integral system through nodal field effects. Moreover, by incorporating the connotations of cultural landscape, this research posits that cultural cohesion is the fundamental rationale for the existence and operation of the CLF in its entirety. The actors involved in the overall operation and their relational network are highly generalized into an ontological model of the CLF, which consists of the subject, object, place, and the three-dimensional relationships among them. Third, in the context of the CLF, the field effect of cultural cohesion, which refers to the associative mechanism between landscape objects and the field (comprising two aspects: strength and mode of association), holds the key to identification and interpretation. It is posited that substituting the identification of relationships with that of indicators represents an effective means of uncovering the intricate associations between elements and the cultural landscape in its entirety. Accordingly, the establishment of indicator types that interconnect resources, values, networks, and historical contexts, based on the three-dimensional relationships within the ontology model, not only offers a integrity value type grounded in the nodal field effect but also provides the basis for constructing an associative system centered around historical and cultural themes. The development of an interpretive framework is enabled by this, in turn enabling a formal portrayal of the organizational structure and operational mechanism of the CLF. Main operating steps of the framework are as follows: 1) Unearthing of potential elements by exploring the scope of cultural cohesion coverage; 2) definition of integrity by identifying associative indicators and comparing the degree of association; 3) analysis of the organizational structure by integrating the associative similarity and spatial proximity of elements; 4) representation of the overall operational mechanism at multiple levels through the combined analysis of associative indicators. [Conclusion] The CLF interpretative framework advances HCHR conservation theory by bridging relational analysis and spatial practice. Its core contribution lies in translating abstract integrity concepts into operational planning tools through: 1) An association-driven resource identification system; 2) geospatial mapping of cultural cohesion effects; 3) mechanism representation combining historical narratives with spatial configurations. This paradigm shift from entity-based to relationship-focused conservation provides an actionable methodology for sustainable HCHR management, effectively reconciling theoretical discourse with practical planning implementation.
Zhitong LIANG , Yan DU , Haiyan XIA . Identification and Interpretation of Cultural Landscape Field from the Integral Conservation Perspective[J]. Landscape Architecture, 2025 , 32(5) : 125 -132 . DOI: 10.3724/j.fjyl.202409290573
表1 空间规划领域场域假设的认知与解释思路[28-30, 32]Tab. 1 Cognition and interpretation of field hypotheses in the context of spatial planning[28-30, 32] |
| 认知拓扑 结构特征 | 应用场景 | 总结 | |||
| “意境”“气” | 神圣空间 | “自然—文化”共生 | 场域操作模式 | ||
| 场域边界 | “心理流”贯穿之处 | “圣域” 与 “世俗域”的边界 | 凝聚力的影响范围 | 制图者、设计师划定 | 定义整体并明确核心驱动力;提炼运行逻辑并概括参与对象;场效应即对象与整体间的关系 |
| 场域对象 | 绕 “气” 而生的 “形” 、承载心理流的环境空间 | 具有宗教内涵性的节点 | 景观 | 通过地图术探寻揭示、关联建构,具体做法不设定式 | |
| 场效应(场域 对象状态) | 文脉意念核心的正价引力 | 世俗域—圣域—至圣域渐次升华、重复划分 | 自然、社会、文化模式动态演变产生的景观变化 | ||
表2 文化景观场域事实总和的三元划分Tab. 2 Ternary division of the aggregate of facts in cultural landscape fields |
| 三元划分 | 场域事实总和 | ||
| 人 | 塑造场域文化凝聚力过程的活动与事件 | 承载活动与事件的场域环境 | |
| 物质 | 身体 | 人类的互动实践对象 | “物”是环境的构成成分 |
| 精神心智 | 个体 | 体验、领悟、内省 | 环境触发体悟 |
| 客观共识 | 群体、集体 | 产生宗教、艺术、制度等文化符号 | 文化符号被投射至环境 |
表3 基于文化景观场域本体的关联指标类型Tab. 3 Types of correlation indicators based on the ontology of cultural landscape field |
| 三维关系 | 关联指标类型 |
| 主体—场所 | 组织管理、社会影响、场所叙事、生产要素流动等 |
| 对象—场所 | 建筑、节点布局与空间关系,空间功能,命名题额等 |
| 主体—对象—场所 | 信息传播、民俗、意向感知、文化认同、人员流动等 |
① 学者提出以心理场认识意境:在审美观照中,当对象可以提供一个心理环境、刺激身体产生自我观照、自我肯定的愿望并完成这一愿望,就可以认为这样的审美对象具有意境,详见参考文献[
② 景观都市主义在意识形态上形成了2种主流模式:分别是以英国建筑联盟学院(Architectural Association School of Architecture)为代表的机器模式(mechanic mode)和以美国宾夕法尼亚大学为代表的场域操作模式(field operations mode)。前者侧重场地抽象作用力的提取,后者侧重以场地整体系统设计为原则,详见参考文献[
③ 文化景观有一种凌驾于各物质因素和非物质因素之上、可以感觉到但难以表达出来的“气氛”,它像区域个性一样,是一种抽象的感觉,详见参考文献[
④ 波普尔将世界划分为3个世界:物理世界(世界1)、意识经验世界(世界2)以及以固态形式存在的各类知识世界(世界3)。其中世界3是由符号所承载的人类客观知识世界(知识在这里是广义的),详见参考文献[
⑤ 波普尔“3个世界”理论在本体论层面将世界划分为3个实在的次世界(subworlds),同注释④ 。基于这一划分,波普尔将身心问题中的心灵拆分为心理状态和思想内容两大范畴,且世界2是其余2个世界交互的中介,详见参考文献[
⑥ 澳大利亚文化遗产认定的重要性评价过程中,为避免“重要性泛化”而采取“横向比较”,具有重要性的文化景观可能看上去很普通或缺乏吸引力,因而不能单纯以稀缺性或独特性来衡量,详见参考文献[
⑦ 美国文化景观遗产认定过程中,强调在边界划定时采用一种相对宏观的地理观、进行多尺度考量,保证文化景观的历史完整性,详见参考文献[
⑧ 在对一个广泛背景下的关系或交叉节点的位置进行处理时,关系论聚焦于地方和场地是如何在特定的关系网络中确定位置;实体论既强调等级层次组织,也强调将空间变成明确的、有着清晰界限和边界的独立区域,详见参考文献[
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