Syntactic Analysis of Spatial Structure Characteristics of Traditional Villages Along the Yellow River in Western Shanxi Province
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GAO Chenge, Ph.D., is an associate professor in the College of Architecture & Art, Taiyuan University of Technology. Her research focuses on river basin habitats and settlement heritage conservation |
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WANG Fang, Ph.D., is a professor in the College of Architecture and Landscape, Peking University, and director of the River Basin Habitats Research Center. Her research focuses on riv-habitats and their human-water adaptation domains |
Received date: 2024-12-30
Revised date: 2025-03-09
Online published: 2025-12-10
Copyright
[Objective] Traditional villages are typical carriers for examining the genetic makeup and cultural lineage of the Chinese nation and reflecting the interaction between human and nature. The traditional villages located along the Yellow River in the Loess Plateau bear the millennia-old Yellow River culture, mirroring the evolution of human-land relationships and regional cultural characteristics. They are important media for the inheritance of historical continuity and heritage values, and deepening the understanding of their spatial structure characteristics is a crucial foundation for the protection and inheritance of rural settlement heritage. This research explores the intrinsic connections between the spatial form and structure of traditional village settlements and between relevant cognitive and behavioral patterns, and explains the generation and evolution of landscape patterns, in an effort to enhance the understanding of the integration and centripetal degree of local and overall spatial functions within the village domain, the perceptibility of the spatial system, the consistency of behavioral experiences among residents and visitors, and the potential of local spaces to contribute to the overall spatial construction. [Methods] This research uses cluster sampling to select 33 national-level traditional villages in the four counties along the Yellow River in Lyuliang City, Shanxi Province, located on the eastern side of the Jin-Shaan Gorge in the middle reaches of the Yellow River. Firstly, based on space syntax, a vectorized spatial axial model is constructed. Through regression analysis of the second-order measurement indicators of space syntax, the fitting degree is calculated to obtain spatial synergy, intelligibility, and accessibility. These metrics are used to measure the global and local spatial structural characteristics of the village samples, deepening the understanding of the intrinsic connection between the spatial structure characteristics of traditional villages and human behavior. Secondly, based on the angular segment analysis method, a cross-star model is constructed to explore the accessibility and structural degree of the foreground and background networks of the village samples. Comparative analysis is conducted on the spatial construction and adaptation of traditional villages to achieve a quantitative analysis of the differentiated spatial structural characteristics. Finally, the K-prototype mixed clustering analysis method is employed to iteratively analyze the data on the global and local, as well as the foreground and background spatial structures of the 33 traditional village samples. Villages with similar characteristics are classified into the same category, with the analysis of variance (ANOVA) being further used to explore the differences between these categories. The spatial structure characteristics of traditional villages from different construction periods and counties are classified and defined based on their attributes. [Results] The research has the following findings. 1) The specific topological structure formed by spatial structure and functional layout can influence the distribution of pedestrian flow and the travel modes of people. The spatial structure of traditional villages creates or constrains space through the interplay of local and global aspects, nodes and networks, connectivity and isolation, and structural integrity and fragmentation. This process provides opportunities for creating social interaction and activity spaces for users and reinforces the local characteristics of the villages. 2) Moderate fragmentation of local spaces can enhance the diversity and richness of the overall spatial characteristics of traditional villages. However, excessive and disorderly fragmentation can lead to disconnection of spaces, fragmentation of forms, and dysfunctionality. By adjusting the integration and connectivity of local spaces through spatial planning, the synergy, intelligibility, and accessibility of the spatial structure of the villages can be optimized. This, in turn, can guide the efficiency and potential of social activities among residents and visitors, thereby enhancing the vitality or privacy of important spatial nodes within the villages. 3) The foreground network of the spatial structure of traditional villages plays a constructive role in the continuity of the background network. Structural optimization of the foreground network can help mitigate spatial fragmentation and enhance the cohesiveness of the spatial network. The level of grid-like structure in the background network can reflect the extent to which the villages’ spatial pattern is influenced by urbanization. However, there is no direct correlation between the grid-like level of the background space network and the overall vitality of the villages’ utilization. 4) The spatial structure of traditional villages along the Yellow River in Western Shanxi Province can be categorized into three types: locally constructed, transportation-integrated, and centripetally collaborative structures. Some villages exhibit outlier characteristics in their foreground and background network structures. After undergoing diachronic iterative changes and processes such as the anchoring, disappearance, replacement, and permeation of spatial functions, these traditional villages exhibit diverse spatial structure characteristics. [Conclusion] The internal spatial structure of traditional villages is subject to complex adaptive changes influenced by local internal and external spatial factors, which in turn affects aspects such as spatial use, pedestrian distribution, social interaction, and behavioral patterns. This research reveals the intrinsic connections between the global and local as well as the foreground and background spatial structure characteristics of traditional villages, and human behaviors and activities. It provides an optimized basis for the protection and inheritance practices of rural settlement heritage and offers a reference for the implementation of targeted policies in traditional villages.
Key words: traditional villages; space syntax; spatial structure; locality; Yellow River Basin
Chenge GAO , Fang WANG . Syntactic Analysis of Spatial Structure Characteristics of Traditional Villages Along the Yellow River in Western Shanxi Province[J]. Landscape Architecture, 2025 , 32(5) : 116 -124 . DOI: 10.3724/j.fjyl.LA20240170
表1 传统村落样本Tab. 1 Sample of traditional villages |
| 市域 | 县域 | 村落名称 | 数量 |
| 注:*表示该村落同时被列入中国传统村落与中国历史文化名镇名村名录。 | |||
| 吕梁市 | 兴县 | 碧村 | 1 |
| 临县 | 渠家坡村、小塔则村、孙家沟村*、白道峪村、李家山村*、西湾村*、寨则山村、寨则坪村、尧昌里村、白家山村、垣上村、南圪垛村、前青塘村* | 13 | |
| 柳林县 | 贺昌村、三交村*、后冯家沟村、高家垣村*、南洼村*、曹家塔村、兴隆湾村、于家沟村、穆村二村、军渡村、下塔村、王家坡村、西坡村、康家垣村、闫家湾村、大庄村 | 16 | |
| 石楼县 | 君庄村、义牒村、留村 | 3 | |
表2 传统村落全局-局部空间结构特征Tab. 2 The global-local spatial structure characteristics of traditional villages |
| 序号 | 村落名称 | 建成年代 | 协同度 | 可理解度 | 可达度 |
| 注:表格中色阶由深红色至浅红色,再由浅蓝色至深蓝色表示数值由高到低。 | |||||
| 1 | 碧村 | 元代及以前 | 0.47 | 0.81 | 0.48 |
| 2 | 渠家坡村 | 明代 | 0.79 | 0.63 | 0.59 |
| 3 | 小塔则村 | 元代及以前 | 0.79 | 0.92 | 0.55 |
| 4 | 孙家沟村 | 明代 | 0.92 | 0.72 | 0.45 |
| 5 | 白道峪村 | 清代 | 0.64 | 0.24 | 0.24 |
| 6 | 李家山村 | 清代 | 0.59 | 0.65 | 0.37 |
| 7 | 西湾村 | 清代 | 0.71 | 0.53 | 0.29 |
| 8 | 寨则山村 | 明代 | 0.79 | 0.76 | 0.54 |
| 9 | 寨则坪村 | 明代 | 0.64 | 0.41 | 0.52 |
| 10 | 尧昌里村 | 明代 | 0.87 | 0.85 | 0.46 |
| 11 | 白家山村 | 明代 | 0.37 | 0.45 | 0.49 |
| 12 | 垣上村 | 元代及以前 | 0.90 | 0.70 | 0.41 |
| 13 | 南圪垛村 | 清代 | 0.78 | 0.64 | 0.59 |
| 14 | 前青塘村 | 明代 | 0.72 | 0.56 | 0.64 |
| 15 | 军渡村 | 元代及以前 | 0.70 | 0.69 | 0.55 |
| 16 | 兴隆湾村 | 清代 | 0.80 | 0.38 | 0.48 |
| 17 | 大庄村 | 元代及以前 | 0.32 | 0.69 | 0.56 |
| 18 | 南洼村 | 元代及以前 | 0.84 | 0.56 | 0.49 |
| 19 | 曹家塔村 | 元代及以前 | 0.85 | 0.63 | 0.46 |
| 20 | 三交村 | 元代及以前 | 0.72 | 0.71 | 0.44 |
| 21 | 下塔村 | 明代 | 0.89 | 0.70 | 0.47 |
| 22 | 穆村二村 | 明代 | 0.58 | 0.63 | 0.43 |
| 23 | 后冯家沟村 | 元代及以前 | 0.82 | 0.82 | 0.43 |
| 24 | 西坡村 | 明代 | 0.89 | 0.53 | 0.46 |
| 25 | 贺昌村 | 元代及以前 | 0.61 | 0.67 | 0.51 |
| 26 | 于家沟村 | 元代及以前 | 0.77 | 0.72 | 0.34 |
| 27 | 康家垣村 | 元代及以前 | 0.68 | 0.45 | 0.49 |
| 28 | 王家坡村 | 明代 | 0.82 | 0.83 | 0.45 |
| 29 | 高家垣村 | 明代 | 0.72 | 0.63 | 0.40 |
| 30 | 闫家湾村 | 元代及以前 | 0.66 | 0.73 | 0.50 |
| 31 | 君庄村 | 明代 | 0.84 | 0.60 | 0.60 |
| 32 | 义牒村 | 明代 | 0.69 | 0.76 | 0.51 |
| 33 | 留村 | 明代 | 0.58 | 0.66 | 0.52 |
图4 传统村落样本的前景-背景网络特征Fig. 4 Characteristics of the foreground-background networks of the traditional village samples |
表3 传统村落前景-背景网络空间结构特征Tab. 3 Spatial structure characteristics of the foreground-background networks of traditional villages |
| 序号 | 村落名称 | 前景网络 | 背景网络 | ||
| NAIN最大值 | NACH最大值 | NAIN均值 | NACH均值 | ||
| 注:表格中色阶由深红色至浅红色,再由浅蓝色至深蓝色表示数值由高到低。 | |||||
| 1 | 碧村 | -0.16 | -0.32 | -0.01 | -0.34 |
| 2 | 渠家坡村 | -0.85 | -0.67 | -0.81 | -0.66 |
| 3 | 小塔则村 | -0.66 | 0.19 | -0.65 | 0.20 |
| 4 | 孙家沟村 | -0.76 | -0.71 | -0.80 | -0.73 |
| 5 | 白道峪村 | -0.88 | -0.71 | -0.87 | -0.66 |
| 6 | 李家山村 | -0.40 | 1.37 | -0.26 | 1.97 |
| 7 | 西湾村 | -0.48 | -0.63 | -0.44 | -0.64 |
| 8 | 寨则山村 | 1.13 | 0.34 | 1.00 | 0.05 |
| 9 | 寨则坪村 | 0.59 | -0.65 | 0.71 | -0.74 |
| 10 | 尧昌里村 | -0.42 | 0.08 | -0.40 | 0.09 |
| 11 | 白家山村 | -1.07 | -0.72 | -1.02 | -0.52 |
| 12 | 垣上村 | -1.00 | -0.69 | -1.06 | -0.79 |
| 13 | 南圪垛村 | 0.77 | -0.11 | 0.59 | -0.28 |
| 14 | 前青塘村 | 2.69 | 0.46 | 2.98 | 1.09 |
| 15 | 军渡村 | 2.97 | 4.66 | 2.76 | 4.25 |
| 16 | 兴隆湾村 | -0.90 | -0.67 | -0.91 | -0.65 |
| 17 | 大庄村 | -0.44 | 0.04 | -0.33 | 0.20 |
| 18 | 南洼村 | -0.28 | 0.82 | -0.29 | 0.56 |
| 19 | 曹家塔村 | -0.63 | -0.69 | -0.74 | -0.80 |
| 20 | 三交村 | 0.08 | 0.32 | 0.27 | 0.31 |
| 21 | 下塔村 | -0.20 | -0.36 | -0.31 | -0.53 |
| 22 | 穆村二村 | 1.32 | -0.27 | 1.39 | -0.39 |
| 23 | 后冯家沟村 | -0.87 | -0.72 | -0.88 | -0.80 |
| 24 | 西坡村 | -0.90 | -0.63 | -0.97 | -0.65 |
| 25 | 贺昌村 | 0.58 | -0.63 | 0.80 | -0.60 |
| 26 | 于家沟村 | -0.73 | -0.22 | -0.81 | -0.28 |
| 27 | 康家垣村 | -0.18 | 0.21 | -0.08 | 0.49 |
| 28 | 王家坡村 | -0.75 | 0.07 | -0.71 | 0.51 |
| 29 | 高家垣村 | 0.17 | -0.31 | -0.03 | -0.44 |
| 30 | 闫家湾村 | 0.39 | 0.28 | 0.48 | 0.83 |
| 31 | 君庄村 | -0.03 | -0.38 | -0.10 | -0.55 |
| 32 | 义牒村 | 0.66 | 0.99 | 0.58 | 0.50 |
| 33 | 留村 | 1.25 | 0.24 | 0.92 | 0.03 |
表4 传统村落样本聚类分析结果Tab. 4 Results of cluster analysis of traditional villages samples |
| 测度指标 | 聚类分析结果(平均值±标准差) | F | p | ||
| A类 | B类 | C类 | |||
| 注:*表示p<0.05,**表示p<0.01。 | |||||
| 协同度 | 0.66±0.15 | 0.69±0.16 | 0.80±0.10 | 3.426 | 0.046* |
| 可理解度 | 0.75±0.09 | 0.59±0.11 | 0.57±0.15 | 8.514 | 0.001** |
| 可达度 | 0.48±0.06 | 0.56±0.05 | 0.42±0.08 | 11.653 | 0.000** |
图5 不同建成年代的传统村落样本空间结构分类Fig. 5 Classification of spatial structures of traditional villages constructed in different periods |
文中图表均由作者绘制。
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