Simulation and Resilience Evolution of the Composite System of Historical Legacy Mines (Mine Areas) in Sanmenxia Section of the Yellow River Basin
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HUANG Yuming, Ph.D., is a lecturer in the School of Management Science and Engineering, Henan University of Economics and Law, and a postdoctoral researcher in the Postdoctoral Research Station on Geography, Henan University. Her research focuses on resource environment and economy, and mine ecological restoration |
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ZHAI Hongtao, is an engineer in The Fourth Geological Exploration Institute of Henan Province Co., Ltd. His research focuses on hydrogeology, engineering ecology and environmental ecology, and ecological environment restoration |
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RAO Zhenxing, Master, is a senior engineer in The Fourth Geological Exploration Institute of Henan Province Co., Ltd. His research focuses on hydrogeology, engineering ecology and environmental ecology, and ecological environment restoration |
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ZHANG Yang, Ph.D., is a professor and doctoral supervisor in the School of Agriculture and Rural Development, Henan University of Economics and Law. His research focuses on land resource management, and ecological economy |
Received date: 2024-11-27
Revised date: 2025-07-05
Online published: 2025-12-09
Copyright
The implementation of the strategy for ecological conservation and high-quality development in the Yellow River Basin signifies a new phase of “systematic governance” in China’s ecological civilization efforts. Concurrently, numerous historical legacy issues make mine restoration an urgent priority. Building resilience, as the primary approach to addressing ecological risks and fostering inclusive growth, serves as an effective means to assess and resolve the complex challenges associated with the restoration of historical legacy mines (mine areas). This research aims to bridge this gap by investigating the relationship between ecological restoration strategies and system resilience under both acute and chronic disturbance, thereby enhancing decision-making for ecological restoration in key areas of the Yellow River Basin and to promote harmonious coexistence between humans and the Earth.
This research uses system dynamics modelling to establish casual relationships between historical mine restoration and the individual subsystems of society, economy, and ecology. By analyzing sample data from Sanmenxia City from 2015 to 2022, including survey and statistical data, the research quantitatively evaluates the impact of three restoration modes — ecological reconstruction, assisted regeneration, and natural recovery — on the resilience of ecological, economic, and social subsystems. Based on relevant research and policy regulations, two scenarios — acute shock and chronic shock — are developed to identify optimal strategies for enhancing resilience in each subsystem. In addition, a policy intervention strategy — balanced synergistic development — is analyzed to assess its impact on subsystem resilience.
1) Restoration mode efficacy: Under acute and chronic disturbances, ecological reconstruction has the most significant positive impact on the resilience of all three subsystems (ecological, economic, and social subsystems), followed by assisted regeneration, while natural recovery has the weakest impact. It is believed that the greater the intensity of intervention, the greater the positive impact on system resilience. 2) Policy intervention outcomes: Under chronic shock conditions, the strategy ranking from strongest to weakest ecological response capacity is balanced coordination > ecological reconstruction > no intervention. Under acute shock conditions, ecological resilience levels gradually decrease across the three strategies of ecological reconstruction, balanced coordination, and no intervention. The balanced coordination strategy demonstrates strong effects in enhancing resilience across all subsystems and is more likely to achieve a collaborative enhancement effect in composite system resilience. 3) Temporal and scenario-specific optimization: In 2023, the Sanmenxia composite system barely achieved a coordinated state, highlighting the necessity of strengthening the coupling of the three subsystems to effectively implement the ecological restoration strategy for historical legacy mines (mine areas) and enhance the resilience of the composite system. The simulation results reveal that prior to 2027, the resilience of the composite system under the balanced coordination strategy is slightly higher than that of the ecological reconstruction model. However, starting from 2027, the ecological reconstruction model begins to outperform the balanced coordination strategy and maintains this advantage until 2035. This also underscores that ecological restoration should be based on the coordinated unity of the composite system, prioritizing economic development while also balancing ecological and social benefits, so as to achieve sustainable use of resources and promote sustainable development.
This research provides a critical theoretical and practical link between ecological restoration of historical legacy mines (mine areas) and the resilience of the “ecological – economic – social” composite system. Key contributions include: A framework for quantifying resilience responses to restoration strategies, addressing a gap in existing resilience theory. Empirical validation confirms that ecological restoration is the most effective restoration mode for enhancing multi-dimensional resilience, particularly in highly disturbed contexts. Policy recommendations: Advocate selecting restoration strategies based on specific contexts — balancing development with restoration to achieve gradual system adaptation or intensive reconstruction to meet urgent restoration needs. These findings provide actionable guidance for policymakers to align restoration objectives with broader socio-ecological resilience goals, ultimately promoting sustainable post-mining regional development.
HUANG Yuming , ZHAI Hongtao , RAO Zhenxing , ZHANG Yang . Simulation and Resilience Evolution of the Composite System of Historical Legacy Mines (Mine Areas) in Sanmenxia Section of the Yellow River Basin[J]. Landscape Architecture, 2025 , 32(8) : 128 -135 . DOI: 10.3724/j.fjyl.LA20240080
表1 各子系统韧性指标Table 1 Indicators for the resilience of subsystems |
| 一级指标 | 二级指标 | 三级指标 | 单位 |
| 生态子系统韧性 | 生态 | 废弃物综合处理能力 | m2/hm2 |
| 矿山生态修复投资占比 | % | ||
| 企业技术水平 | |||
| 植被覆盖率 | % | ||
| 生态 | 污水排放量 | t | |
| 关闭矿坑口数 | 个 | ||
| 地面塌陷等地灾事件数量 | 个 | ||
| 固体废弃物排放量 | 万m3 | ||
| 经济子系统韧性 | 经济 | 城镇化率 | % |
| 矿山环保产业投资占比 | % | ||
| 经济 | 环境保护事务支出决算数 | 亿元 | |
| 高新技术企业总产值占比 | % | ||
| 金融机构参与数 | 个 | ||
| 社会子系统韧性 | 社会文化丰富度 | 人均GDP | 万元 |
| 非物质文化遗产保护单位数 | 个 | ||
| 文化娱乐从业人数 | 万人 | ||
| 社会福祉水平 | 人均可支配收入 | 万元 | |
| 人均绿地面积 | km2 |
表2 情景-策略仿真设定Table 2 Scenario-strategy simulation setting |
| 模式/策略 | 预期结果 | 直接驱动因素 | 间接驱动因素 | 情景仿真参数设定 | ||
| 急性冲击:区域结构脆性上升50%;环境扰动提高10% | 慢性冲击:区域结构脆性上升5%;环境扰动提高10% | |||||
| 注:急性冲击与慢性冲击下,不同修复模式的方法措施均以2020年为参考。 | ||||||
| 无干预(a) | 各指标水平保持不变 | |||||
| 生态修复模式 | 自然恢复 | 生态稳定性提升、生态脆弱性降低 | 植被覆盖率、废弃物综合处理能力、技术水平、矿山污染总量、地灾事件数量、关闭坑口数 | 时间序列a)、GDP增量、人均绿地面积 | 矿山生态修复投资占比不变;矿山污染总量降低10%(污水排放量、固体废弃物排放量) | 矿山生态修复投资占比不变;废弃物综合处理能力提升10% |
| 辅助再生 | 矿山生态修复投资占比提升10%;生态抵抗力提升10%(植被覆盖率) | 矿山生态修复固定投资提升10%;生态适应力提升10%(企业技术水平、废弃物综合处理能力) | ||||
| 生态重建 | 矿山生态修复投资占比提高20%;生态抵抗力提升15%(植被覆盖率) | 矿山生态修复投资占比提高20%;生态适应力提升15%(企业技术水平、废弃物综合处理能力) | ||||
| 均衡协同发展 | 生态、经济、社会系统韧性均提升 | 在生态修复模式直接驱动因素的基础上增加:人均可支配收入、人均绿地面积、人均GDP、非物质文化遗产保护单位数 | 矿山生态修复投资占比、生态抵抗力指标、经济稳健性指标增长10%;社会福祉水平提升10%(人均绿地面积、人均可支配收入) | 矿山生态修复投资占比、生态适应力指标、经济重建性指标增长10%;社会文化丰富度提升10%(人均GDP、非物质文化遗产保护单位数) | ||
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