Research

A Multi-perspective Exploration of the Restorative Effects and Multidimensional Analysis of the Restorative Characteristics of Waterscapes

  • LIU Yuxi ,
  • LIU Hailong
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  • School of Architecture, Tsinghua University

LIU Yuxi (Hui) is a Ph.D. candidate in the School of Architecture, Tsinghua University. Her research focuses on perception and restorative effects of waterscapes

LIU Hailong, Ph.D., is an associate professor, special research fellow and doctoral supervisor in the School of Architecture, Tsinghua University. His research focuses on landscape hydrology, regional landscape planning, and conservation of natural and cultural heritage

Received date: 2025-01-09

  Revised date: 2025-07-01

  Online published: 2025-12-09

Copyright

Copyright reserved © 2025.

Abstract

[Objective]

Waterscapes are essential elements of both natural and urban environments, contributing significantly to physical and mental well-being through their restorative effects. Although research in this field has advanced over the past two decades — driven by the evolution of urban landscapes and methodological innovations — it remains fragmented. A comprehensive framework integrating multiple research perspectives on the restorative effects of waterscapes has yet to be established. Furthermore, the relationships between research perspectives, methodologies, and specific restorative characteristics of waterscapes remain underexplored. These gaps have limited the development of a multidimensional understanding of the restorative effects of waterscapes.

[Methods]

This research employs a literature review and bibliometric analysis to comprehensively assess domestic and international research published from January 1, 1980 to December 31, 2024. A total of 331 English articles and 144 Chinese articles are collected. Upon review of titles and abstracts, 160 articles are selected for in-depth reading and citation analysis, with 78 articles being finally included for discussion. Based on this dataset, a VOSviewer-based keyword co-occurrence analysis is conducted to explore the connections among research perspectives, research objects, and restorative characteristics, with the results obtained informing the construction of a structured analytical framework for this review.

[Results]

This research identifies four major research perspectives: physiology – cognition, emotional experience, behavioral response, and sense of place. The physiology – cognition perspective, grounded in stress reduction theory (SRT) and attention restoration theory (ART), often combines physiological indicators with psychometric scales. Physiological data enable dynamic tracking of stress and add a temporal dimension to analysis, while restorative scales help link waterscape characteristics to the four ART dimensions: being away, extent, fascination, and compatibility. The emotional experience perspective delves into the broad range of affective responses triggered by waterscapes, often focusing on themes like awe, nostalgia, and memory. The behavioral response and sense of place perspectives examine the functional and symbolic roles of waterscapes. Behavioral research links restorative outcomes with physical activity, social interaction, space utilization, and demographic differences, while sense of place research emphasizes spatial meaning and place attachment. Though these two perspectives may not directly reflect restorative outcomes, they are integral to understanding the restorative effects of waterscapes, yet remain underexplored. The research on the restorative effects of waterscapes focuses not only on understanding individuals’ restorative experiences, but also on identifying the specific characteristics of waterscapes that contribute to restoration. Based on core literature, this research explores how four research perspectives engage with different waterscape types and restorative characteristics. Regarding waterscape types, with the exception of the sense of place perspective, existing research primarily focuses on large-scale natural or semi-natural waterscapes, with limited attention to small-scale elements such as artificial cascades, waterfalls, streams, and fountains. At the level of specific restorative characteristics, physical characteristics have been widely studied, particularly in terms of scale and naturalness. Their measurability supports quantitative analysis of their association with restorative outcomes. Compared to scale and naturalness, multisensory and spatial characteristics receive less attention. Most research focuses on audiovisual stimuli, with limited exploration of tactile and olfactory dimensions. Moreover, links between audiovisual characteristics and restoration remain inconclusive. Spatial characteristics are typically assessed through metrics such as water body width, depth-to-height ratios, and perception-based evaluations, but both the range of indicators and their quantification methods remain limited. Factors like layering and landscape depth may also contribute to restorative perceptions but lack empirical study. The functional characteristics of waterscapes are closely tied to individual perception and contextual experience, thus exhibiting greater subjectivity. Landscape research tends to prioritize quantifiable recreational and social functions of waterscapes, while experiential dimensions such as interactivity and cultural meaning are often overlooked. Activities such as water play and swimming, and waterscapes' symbolic associations with history or identity, can elicit emotional resonance and foster restorative experiences. These effects vary across populations, and their mechanisms deserve further investigation through both quantitative and qualitative methods.

[Conclusion]

In general, existing research is moving beyond a “static observation” paradigm by embracing a more holistic understanding of restorative place experience. Future research should emphasize the integrated perception of both intrinsic and extrinsic waterscape characteristics, the continuous experience of three-dimensional space, and multi-sensory interactions with water environments. Greater integration of the four research perspectives, along with the application of mixed research methods, is needed to establish a more comprehensive framework for exploring restorative waterscapes.

Cite this article

LIU Yuxi , LIU Hailong . A Multi-perspective Exploration of the Restorative Effects and Multidimensional Analysis of the Restorative Characteristics of Waterscapes[J]. Landscape Architecture, 2025 , 32(8) : 102 -110 . DOI: 10.3724/j.fjyl.LA20250020

水景是以水为核心要素并具有美学价值的空间系统,包括水体本身以及依托它所形成的环境整体[1-2]。早在古希腊罗马时期,水景即被视为治愈之源[3]。18世纪工业革命时期,温泉疗养、海滨旅行等疗愈活动开始在欧洲盛行[4]。尽管现代城市环境已得到飞跃式改善,但环境问题和亚健康的生活方式仍威胁着城市居民的健康与社会福祉。在此背景下,水景凭借微气候调节、激发亲水活动、文化美学表达等多重功能,成为提升个体身心健康的重要空间载体[5-6]。水景恢复性效应在恢复性环境研究伊始便受到了学者的关注。
恢复性环境的概念最早由Kaplan夫妇在注意力恢复理论(attention restoration theory, ART)中提出,该理论认为具有远离性(being away)、迷人性(fascination)、延展性(extent)、兼容性(compatibility)4个维度的环境具有恢复性效应,可以吸引人的非自主注意力,从而缓解定向注意力长时间集中而引起的疲劳[7]。Kaplan亦强调了水景在视觉连续性、反射性与动态性方面对人的独特吸引力[8],这与人类潜意识中对水景恢复性效应的判断密切相关[9]。同一时期Ulrich提出减压理论(stress reduction theory, SRT),主张接触自然环境是缓解压力的有效手段[10],并结合生理指标和情绪量表证实了水景对压力缓解的显著促进作用[11]。ART与SRT奠定了水景恢复性效应的研究基础,但早期研究多集中于自然属性主导的水体,缺乏对人工设计主导的城市水景的探索[10, 12]
近20年来,伴随城市空间品质提升与研究技术进步,城市河流、湖泊等自然或拟自然水景[13-14],以及喷泉、叠水等人工水景的恢复性潜力受到广泛关注[15-16],此外,机器学习、虚拟现实、可穿戴生理仪器等新兴研究方法与研究工具推动了恢复性环境研究场景与模式的创新[1719],同时,风景园林领域与环境心理学、人文地理学、公共卫生等学科的交融也为水景恢复性效应的研究提供多元视角[20-21]。但现有研究尚未建立多视角的水景恢复性效应研究框架[18],也未能充分探讨不同研究方法与研究视角之间的关联;同时具有恢复性效应的水景特征尚缺乏整理,这些研究空白很大程度上限制了水景恢复性效应的多维解析[22]。因此,本研究通过对水景恢复性效应相关文献进行系统梳理,构建多视角水景恢复性效应研究框架,明晰各研究视角下的研究重点与方法,并对水景的恢复性特征进行总结,以期为该领域研究提供新的发展思路。

1 文献收集与分析

水景恢复性效应的研究始于20世纪80年代,因此笔者基于Web of Science(WoS)核心合集数据库与中国知网(CNKI)数据库,对1980年1月1日—2024年12月31日的文献进行检索。首先,根据研究范畴,将文献检索主题确定为2组:第1组为水景相关词汇,包括水景(waterscape, water feature)、蓝色空间(blue space)、滨水(waterfront)、河流(river)、湖泊(lake)、喷泉(fountain)、滨海(coastal)等;第2组为恢复性相关词汇,包括恢复性环境(restorative environment)、感知恢复性(perceived restorativeness)、注意力恢复(attention restoration)、情绪(emotion)、疗愈(therapeutic)等,并排除了有关生态修复(ecological restoration)的文献。经反复筛查与检索词优化,最终得到331条英文文献以及144条中文文献,用于后续分析。
通过对文献的标题、关键词、摘要和图表进行阅读,初步筛选出同时涉及“水景”与“恢复性环境”2个研究主题的文献160篇,其中英文文献119篇,中文文献41篇。初筛标准有3条:1)研究与水景恢复性效应直接关联;2)研究以绿色空间、城市公园等空间类型为主要研究对象,并将水景视为其中一个景观要素进行探讨;3)研究主要聚焦水景健康效益(如疗愈、情绪改善等),将恢复性环境作为其中的一个方面。
为全面了解现有研究视角与趋势,本研究通过文献可视化软件VOSviewer对初筛文献进行关键词共现聚类分析。鉴于中文文献样本量较小(n=41),难以生成有效聚类,故聚类分析阶段选取119篇英文文献为分析主体。设置关键词最小共现阈值为5,以保证足够的覆盖度,共提取关键词289个。
进而对初筛得到的160篇中英文文献进行精读和引文追溯,排除涉及了水景恢复性效应但研究结论中未进行深入分析的文献,最终筛选出78篇核心文献作为本研究的重点分析对象,并通过图表绘制对文章关键信息进行整理,内容包括:作者、发表年份、研究地点、水景对象、水景特征界定方式、实验设计。在此基础上,本研究结合 VOSviewer关键词共现分析结果,对水景恢复性效应的研究视角、水景类型、恢复性特征进行系统性梳理与关联分析,最终构建出本研究的综述框架(图1)。
图1 水景恢复性效应研究的综述框架

Fig. 1 A review framework for research on the restorative effects of waterscapes

2 水景恢复性效应的研究视角

VOSviewer关键词共现分析直观反映了近40年水景恢复性效应的研究重点(图2),为研究视角的整理提供了重要参考。图中共现节点大小与关键词出现频次成正比,节点之间的连线表明不同关键词的共现情况。分析结果显示5个主要聚类:1)以恢复性效应为核心的聚类包含心理恢复、生理指标、大学生等关键词,反映研究对生理反应和心理过程的关注,并将大学生作为主要研究群体;2)正负情绪、心情、焦虑等关键词构成的聚类,其中男性、女性等关键词表明相关研究可能对不同群体的感知差异较为关注;3)蓝色空间与疗愈景观等关键词构成的聚类关注记忆、身份认同等场所理论议题[3],访谈法是该聚类的主要研究方法;4)公园、绿色空间、调查问卷等关键词构成的聚类指出水景恢复性效应的关键研究地点与研究方法;5)城市环境、水体、老年人等关键词构成的聚类则反映出现有研究对城市环境中水体以及老年群体的关注。
图2 基于VOSviewer的英文文献关键词共现聚类分析

Fig. 2 A keyword co-occurrence clustering analysis map of English literature based on VOSviewer

根据聚类分析结果,聚类1、2和3呈现出相对明确的研究重点。从个体对水景恢复性效应体验的维度出发,可分别凝练为生理-认知、情绪体验和场所感3个研究视角。而聚类4与5虽涉及与水景恢复性效应相关的研究对象、研究方法与人群特征,但内容较为零散,尚未形成明确重点。相较而言,虽然户外活动、可达性、蓝色空间暴露等与行为相关的关键词未形成明显聚类,但行为与水景恢复性效应的关联已被越来越多的研究证实[2326],因此本研究将相关文献归纳为行为响应视角。
生理-认知视角以SRT与ART为核心,研究水景对人生理和心理的恢复效果[9, 14, 27];情绪体验视角借助情绪环状模型(affect circumplex model)等相关理论方法,研究复杂情绪反应与恢复性效应之间的关联;行为响应视角着重探讨与水景有关的行为活动对恢复性效应的影响[2326];场所感视角以人文地理学研究为主,揭示了场所意义对水景恢复性的促进作用[28-29],以及场所感的中介效应[30]。就发展脉络而言,生理-认知视角发展最早[8, 10, 12],但随着学科发展,4个视角间也出现越来越多的交叉与融合(图3)。
图3 4个视角下主要文献关系梳理

Fig. 3 A review of the relationships among key literature under the four perspectives

2.1 生理-认知视角

SRT与ART是恢复性环境研究的两大基础理论。SRT认为自然环境能通过触发无意识的积极情绪反应,改善生理和情绪状态,进而缓解压力[10, 31],改善效果通常由心率、血压、血糖、心率变异性等生理指标反映[3234]。而ART则强调认知的参与,认为具有远离性、迷人性、延展性、兼容性的环境可以帮助人们缓解集中注意力而导致的注意力疲劳[7]。ART推动了恢复性量表的研发[35],使量表法成为恢复性环境研究的重要方法。
尽管SRT与ART对恢复过程的解释不同,但生理指标测量和恢复性量表在实际研究中常被结合使用[15]。生理指标可以客观地捕捉细微的压力变化,而恢复性量表则可进一步评估恢复性体验的具体维度。同时脑电波测量和眼动实验等认知神经学方法也在近些年得到广泛应用[27, 36],以生理数据揭示个体对环境的认知过程。

2.1.1 基于SRT的水景恢复性体验过程解析

生理数据常具有可持续观测性[27],这不仅有助于动态识别环境中的压力源,也将时间维度纳入研究范畴。在压力源识别方面,利用便携式生理仪器进行现场测量[33]或在实验室播放漫步视频[27]都是较为有效的研究方法。水景周边照明不足、硬质元素过多都会削弱水景恢复性效应,体现在$ {\text{β}}$波的升高[27]。但具有休憩功能的硬质滨水平台却会使观者潜意识得到放松[17],表明场所功能和使用方式也是影响恢复体验的重要因素[33]。在时间维度方面,有学者利用血压、心率、脑电波指标对水景接触时长的影响展开研究,发现恢复效果并非依赖长时间的沉浸,3 min的水景接触就足以带来积极改变[36]
大多数生理指标仅能反映水景整体的恢复性效应,而眼动实验则可记录观者的注视过程,实现关键水景要素的识别。有研究发现,动态水景和静态水景都具有恢复性效应,但恢复性效应产生的机制存在差异[37-38]。动态水景更能够吸引人的注意力,并引导人们探索周围环境[38]。被试者在观看动态水景时注视分布集中于水体,注视持续时间更长。静态水景塑造的空间开阔简单,虽不引人注目,却具有良好的视野与美丽的倒影,形成易于理解的环境背景。因此被试者在观看静态水景时注视分布较为分散,水体周边景观要素受到更多关注[37]

2.1.2 基于ART的水景恢复性效应多维解析

基于ART的水景恢复性效应研究以量表法为主,常用量表包括感知恢复性量表(perceived restorativeness scale, PRS)[35]、恢复性成分量表(restorative components scale, RCS)[39]、短版修订恢复量表(short-version revised restoration scale, SRRS)[40]等多种类型。尽管不同量表各有侧重,但都在一定程度上体现了ART中远离性、迷人性、延展性、兼容性4个恢复性维度。由于ART强调认知过程的参与,因此也有学者以工作记忆实验对认知恢复进行研究。工作记忆是指在短时间内暂存和处理信息的能力,是认知活动的重要基础[41],包括活动记忆任务、数字转换任务、斯特鲁普(Stroop)任务等方法[41]
ART提出的4个恢复性维度推动了水景特征的多维解析。研究表明,开阔水面[42]、水中倒影[43]、水质与自然度[14]均与远离性维度显著相关,能提供一种暂时脱离日常事务和压力的体验;迷人性维度受水景动态特性的影响,如水流、光影互动以及水声,能够提升视觉趣味性与沉浸体验感[28, 36];延展性维度体现为开阔水面带来的统一感[12],同时滨水植被的合理配置也能够强化延展性感知[14];兼容性维度反映了人与环境的契合程度[44],水景的兼容性一方面来自优美而多变的外观,另一方面与人类的生存适应息息相关[45]。White等发现陆地和大型水体之间的交界区域是最佳恢复性环境,这一结果可以通过人对陆地与水生栖息地的生理适应来解释[16]

2.2 情绪体验视角:水景激发丰富情绪体验

情绪是关联生理和认知的复杂概念。尽管SRT与ART是恢复性环境研究的基础理论,有学者认为情绪变化也能够反映恢复的结果,以积极情绪增加、消极情绪减少作为恢复性效应的表征[9]
情绪体验视角下水景恢复性效应的现有研究建立在学者对情绪复杂性广泛关注的基础上。情绪相关研究方法与生理指标测量或恢复性量表相结合[13, 33],也可更全面地揭示个体在恢复性体验过程中的生理与心理变化。
情绪环状模型[46]为理解情绪结构提供了重要理论框架,心境状态量表(profile of mood states, POMS)[47]、正负情绪量表 (positive and negative affect scale, PANAS)[48]则成为重要量化工具。除量表外,调查问卷、访谈[49],以及利用互联网平台用户生成内容进行大数据分析也得到广泛应用[50-51]。网络评论、街景照片等非结构化数据不仅可用于提取情绪特征与水景要素[52],这些数据的定位信息还可实现情绪的空间落位[24],从空间维度揭示水景与恢复性效应的关联。
水景可以调动多种感官,激发丰富的情绪反应,从而促进个体的恢复性体验。水的视觉特征可作用于情绪环状模型中的唤醒维度(arousal dimension,指情绪的强度或激动程度)[46]。静水使人感到平静放松,而动水令人兴奋[53]。包括流水声在内的自然声则会在提高参与者感知恢复性的同时,带来敬畏、怀旧等复杂情感[20]。有学者比较了不同情绪与恢复性的关联,发现如放松、无聊等低唤醒情绪与恢复性的关联最为密切,变换的潮汐、水面的光影、舒缓的水声是放松感的重要来源[49],海滩相较于滨水步道更能带来平静的恢复性体验[24]。水景对情绪的调动也与个体的认知过程密切相关。研究表明,与湖景相关的积极记忆能增强兴奋情绪和恢复性体验,而消极记忆则更易引发怀旧情绪[20]。在观看水景照片时,观者会结合自身对水声、水的触感、游泳活动的记忆,获得更加身临其境的感受[16]。由此可见,情绪不仅是恢复性效应的表征,也是理解水景恢复性效应作用过程的重要切入点。情绪的丰富性为深入挖掘感官知觉交互机制提供依据,以体验的视角揭示恢复性水景的多维感官特征。

2.3 行为响应视角:水景促进亲水活动与社会交往

人对环境的体验并非线性推进的单向过程,而是由感知、认知、情绪与行为共同构成并相互作用的复杂动态过程[6]。因此水景中的行为活动对恢复性的影响也不容忽视。行为响应视角下的现有研究注重与水景相关的活动、水景功能[24-25],以及不同群体的行为差异[26, 54]。研究方法涉及调查问卷、恢复性量表、访谈、实地观察等多种形式。
水景可以促进有益身心健康的行为,如亲水活动与积极的社会交往[23],从而促进恢复性体验。相较于远观,人会更倾向于接触水体。嬉水、划船、游泳、钓鱼等亲水活动都有助于调节心理压力[5]。不同水景类型也可通过引导不同行为活动促进恢复性体验,如静态水景更适合观看、静坐、交谈、放松等静态活动;动态水景则会激发散步、跳舞等动态活动的意愿[55]。研究表明静态活动可能与恢复性更为相关[56]。此外,水景可达性是亲水活动的先决条件,因此也成为行为响应视角下的研究要素[23, 25]
尽管少有研究直接探讨社会交往与水景恢复性效应的关联,但社会交往对人类福祉的重要性得到了广泛陈述[57-58]。可视度较高的水景场所更有助于社会互动[59],如亲子活动、朋友聚会是常见的滨水活动[60]。城市滨水空间也是举行节庆活动的绝佳地点,感受热烈氛围、与他人共同经历同一事件或单纯地“观看他人”,都会带来愉悦感和归属感[6]。还有学者对不同人群展开研究,Ashbullby等发现海滩为家庭互动提供场所,有助于维持心理健康与幸福的家庭关系[26]。Finlay等指出,水景附近的社交活动对老年人的精神与心理恢复尤为重要[28]。休息功能与基础设施良好的水景也可增强老年人的恢复性体验[61]。不同人群对水景恢复性的感知差异还有待进一步探索。

2.4 场所感视角

场所是恢复性体验的基础,其中既包含可感知的物质要素,也承载由物质要素带来的深层体验,即场所感。在人文地理学领域,Korpela等明确指出场所感与恢复性环境的关联,认为场所认同是人与环境互动过程中,通过持续情绪调节而形成的物质认知,对身心恢复具有积极作用[62]。Gesler以场所理论为基础提出疗愈景观(therapeutic landscapes)的概念,认为景观的恢复性作为景观疗愈功能的重要体现,受到物理环境、个体经验和社会文化等多个维度影响[3]
场所感视角下的现有研究侧重于对水景意义的挖掘。研究中广泛采用定性方法,如调查问卷、访谈、实地观察和口述历史等;此外,参与式制图、大数据分析等新兴技术也逐渐得到应用。近年来也有学者对恢复性效应的产生机制展开研究,其中一部分认为场所感对恢复性效应具有潜在中介效应[30]

2.4.1 水景象征意义促进恢复性体验

水体本身就创造意义[60]。水体因纯洁流淌的特性而广泛用于神性及疗愈场所中,具有独特的象征意义。Foley认为场所的疗愈作用很大程度上由其象征意义决定,如爱尔兰圣井所承载的文化叙事、宗教信仰以及仪式活动,建立起场所与人之间的情感和精神联系,为信徒和访客提供治愈的力量[21]。在现代城市中,水景往往串联起一个地区的历史与文化,Völker等发现,开阔的水面往往能营造平静的氛围,让人联想到大海、家乡或是过去[60]。莱茵河的象征意义则更为典型,它承载着强烈的信仰和当地人的身份认同,即便是外来游客也会被其氛围感染[29]。海洋亦是被广泛研究的对象,海洋的广阔无垠常会唤起人们对自然的敬畏,而海上的日出日落、云雾变幻等景象,尽管转瞬即逝,却能在人的记忆中无限延长,建立起人与场所至深的情感纽带[63]

2.4.2 水景场所感深化恢复性机制研究

场所感涵盖场所依恋、场所依赖、场所认同等多个维度[64]。多个维度之间的复杂关系尚未有定论,但在定量研究中常以场所依赖与场所认同2个维度对场所依恋进行评价[65]。场所感量化评价与恢复性量表的结合,也推动了水景恢复性效应产生机制的相关研究。Li等以景观特征、景观偏好、场所感和恢复性效应4个要素为基础构建心理模型,验证了场所感在景观偏好和环境恢复性之间的显著中介效应[18]。还有学者将恢复性体验视为“场所依赖—场所认同—恢复性知觉”的心理过程,认为场所功能是影响居民情感依赖的重要因素[30]。总体来说,在城市景观趋同的背景下,场所感视角对恢复性环境具有重要意义[30]。尽管场所感已有较长的研究历史,但场所感对水景恢复性效应的影响机制仍处于探索阶段[66],场所感的评价方法与理论建模手段均有待进一步发展与完善。

3 水景恢复性特征的多维解析

水景恢复性效应的研究重点不仅在于理解个体的恢复性体验,也在于识别具有恢复性的水景特征。水景作为以水为重点的场所[2],其恢复性特征不仅围绕水体本身,更以场所整体为基础。目前,基于语义分割的图像要素提取[67-69]、基于三维模型的空间特征分析[19, 70]、基于网络评论数据的语义分析[51]、虚拟现实与视听交互[19, 71]等新兴研究方法突破了传统的单视点视觉评价模式[9, 40],使水景特征的提取更加具象化与整体化。
基于场所整体性,本研究将水景的恢复性特征分为物理特征和功能特征2类。物理特征指环境中客观可量化的属性[72],如水景的尺度、自然度等[13-14, 16, 19];功能特征则涉及水景在与使用者互动过程中产生的使用价值与象征意义,包括休闲游憩、社会交往、文化叙事等方面[6, 26, 29, 60]。除了对具体物理或功能特征的识别,也有研究直接以水景类型作为环境特征的综合分类,用于探讨不同类型水景的恢复性差异。
由于不同研究视角在水景恢复性特征的关注上存在明显偏向,本研究从生理-认知、情绪体验、行为响应、场所感4个视角出发,对筛选出的78篇核心文献中所涉及的水景类型与恢复性特征进行关联分析(图4)。
图4 水景类型及恢复性特征与各视角的关联

Fig. 4 Relationship between the types and restorative characteristics of waterscapes across different research perspectives

在水景类型层面,除场所感视角外,各研究视角普遍关注湖泊、河流、海洋等自然或拟自然的大尺度水景[10-11, 17, 19, 38, 42],而对人工跌水、瀑布、溪流、喷泉、水池等小尺度水景的探讨相对不足[15, 28, 73]。尽管有研究指出小尺度水景对健康的影响较为有限[74],但它形态上的丰富变化,以及所营造的视觉、听觉、触觉等多维感知体验对恢复性的影响仍值得关注[16, 75]
在具体水景恢复性特征层面,物理特征得到研究者的广泛关注[14, 18, 50, 67-69, 71],功能特征则多集中于场所感与行为响应视角[6, 26, 60-61, 76]。水景不仅是客观物理空间,更是通过与人的互动形成的承载情感与意义的功能性场所[2]。深化水景功能特征研究有助于建立更系统的“物理-功能”指标体系,推动多视角融合,进而形成更完善的水景恢复性效应研究框架。

3.1 水景物理特征的量化导向与多维指标

当前水景恢复性研究在物理特征层面已取得较为系统的进展,涵盖尺度与自然度、多感官交互特征、空间特征等多个维度。物理特征的可量化性使之易于与恢复性量表或生理数据结合,开展恢复效应的关联性分析[14, 18]。现有研究对尺度与自然度的探讨较为集中,相关指标包括水体尺度[72]、蓝视率[14, 52]、水域开阔度[15, 24]、水体视觉自然度[14, 77]、岸线形态[15, 78]、水质[14]、生物多样性[14, 79]等。海洋、河流、湖泊等大尺度自然水景常作为恢复性环境的代表[10-11, 80]。随着水景恢复性效应的研究对象向城市拓展,小尺度水景与人造水景也逐渐纳入研究范围[15-16, 36],但相关研究仍相对有限,如Sakici尝试从水流速度、水流下落方式、水景组合形式及建筑材料等维度,对城市喷泉的恢复性潜力进行量化分析[15]
相较于尺度与自然度,水景的多感官交互特征与空间特征也是恢复性特征的重要维度,但目前还存在明显的研究空白。水景多感官交互特征的研究方法多集中于有声图像、虚拟现实等视听交互方法[19-20, 49, 71],对触觉、嗅觉特征的关注相对欠缺。同时,水景视听特征与恢复性的关联仍缺乏定论。在听觉维度上,已有研究证实了河水、喷泉、溪流等舒缓水声的恢复性效应[71],而大型瀑布的水声则会降低听觉舒适度[81];但在视觉维度上,有学者指出落水和流水的恢复性效应优于静水[36]
空间整体的开阔度与围合度是影响水景恢复性效应的潜在物理特征,评价方式包括水域宽度计算、宽高比(D/H)计算、量表打分等。水景空间宽高比的大幅提高有助于激发惊喜情绪[24],但水域宽度过大则会降低安全感[19]。水景空间特征指标与量化方式还有待进一步丰富和完善,如空间层次感[82]、景观深度[22]也会对水景恢复性带来潜在影响,但鲜有研究涉及。

3.2 水景功能特征的主观导向与价值挖掘

相较于物理特征的客观属性,水景的功能特征更依赖个体的感知与情境体验,因此具有较强的主观性与复杂价值属性。人文地理学领域的学者常以口述历史、访谈、实地观察等定性研究方法,探讨水景在象征意义、文化内涵与情感共鸣等方面的多维疗愈作用[21]。而风景园林领域的研究多聚焦于游憩设施数量与可视度等量化指标[72],相对忽视了定性方法在挖掘水景非物质性特征与深层价值方面的重要性。总体来说,现有研究多聚焦于滨水区域的休闲游憩与社交功能[61, 83],而对水景的亲水游憩功能(如提供戏水、游泳的机会),以及文化功能等更深层次的体验维度关注不足。
水景恢复性效应研究中,对休闲游憩与社交功能的分析常通过相关设施的识别与实地观察来进行,如滨水座椅、休息平台、遮阳避雨亭等设施创造了休息的条件[63];而船只[16, 61, 73, 83]、滨水餐厅[29]、娱乐设施[76]则提升了水景的娱乐性[79, 84],并促进积极的社会交往[6, 59]。但恢复性并非依赖于人对设施的使用,静态观赏也可在潜意识层面促进恢复性体验[17]。正如可供性(affordance)理论中所描述的,人类总会不自觉地在环境中寻找某些线索或特征,以满足自身需求[85]
水景的亲水游憩功能以及文化功能也是影响水景恢复性效应的重要因素,但目前还缺乏系统性探讨。在亲水游憩功能层面,亲水功能对不同人群具有差异化影响。例如,浅水池和戏水喷泉有助于激发儿童的亲水行为[73],而年轻人更偏好游泳等亲水运动[61]。尽管已有研究表明,身体浸入水中的沉浸式体验具有显著的疗愈效果,但其恢复性也会因个体对水环境的认知差异而有所不同[86]。在文化功能层面,学者对爱尔兰圣井[21]、古老的欧洲喷泉[15]、河流两岸的历史建筑[6],中国古典园林中的山水意象[87]展开研究,揭示了水景的象征意义与文化内涵所激发的恢复性体验与情感共鸣。水景不仅是历史文化的载体,它在现代城市文化的塑造中也扮演重要角色。水景周边往往是城市中最为活跃的区域,往来的汽车、人流与船只[16, 61, 73, 83]、滨水区的大型活动与庆典[6]都塑造了现代城市活跃的文化氛围,给予人积极的情绪与安全感[79, 84]。此外,纪念性水景也是水景文化功能的重要体现形式,但还鲜有研究围绕其恢复性效应展开。

4 讨论

水景恢复性效应的研究可追溯至20世纪80年代前后。早期研究主要聚焦于自然水景[10-11, 79],常采用基于照片的主观评价或生理测量方法比较不同类型水景的恢复性差异[9, 40]。进入21世纪后,城市水景逐渐成为研究热点,研究重点也从水景类型的比较转向对水景恢复性特征的深入探讨[16, 53]。与此同时,随着学科交叉与科技进步,研究视角不断拓展,研究方法亦趋多元化[1719, 56]
1)在研究视角层面,水景恢复性效应的研究呈现出多元视角融合的趋势,但关注重点仍存在一定的不平衡。当前研究多集中于生理-认知和情绪体验视角,通常采用量表或生理指标进行量化,从而直观反映水景带来的恢复性结果;而行为响应与场所感在恢复性效应的产生过程中发挥关键作用,受复杂的心理建构与显著的个体差异影响,对恢复性产生的机制具有更深层次的解读价值,但目前研究还相对欠缺。深化行为响应与场所感视角的研究不仅有助于促进相关研究对水景恢复性效应产生过程的探讨,揭示水景恢复性效应的深层机制,亦能推动对不同人群感知差异的深入探索。
2)在水景类型层面,既有研究较多聚焦于大尺度自然或拟自然水景,而对小尺度水景的研究相对欠缺。小尺度水景常嵌于城市公园或广场中,其恢复性效应受空间占比、人工干预强度等因素的多重制约。但小尺度水景多变的形态特征、能提供的丰富的感官体验、较高的互动性,均是促进恢复性效应的潜在因素。例如,旱地喷泉等互动性水景常吸引儿童戏水、观众驻足,并通过与灯光、音乐等元素的融合增强观赏性与参与感,从而将水景转化为一种具有社会性的“事件”。人们共同参与同一事件有助于激发归属感与认同感,进而促进恢复性体验。未来研究可结合现场研究与虚拟环境模拟,对水体本身、周边环境及人群使用方式进行精细化变量控制,深入探讨小尺度水景恢复性效应产生机制。
3)在水景的恢复性特征层面,图像语义分割、虚拟现实、大数据挖掘等技术推动了水景恢复性特征分析的具象化和整体化。但既有研究多关注水景物理特征,本质上停留在形式层面的探讨,而对水景功能特征的解读仍显不足。水景作为独特的“意义载体”,功能特征的恢复性潜力不可忽视。访谈、焦点小组、实地观察等定性研究方法能够有效挖掘水景与个体记忆、联想、文化认知、场所氛围等维度之间的复杂关联。这种对深层主观体验与文化语境的探讨不仅有助于揭示水景恢复性效应产生的内在机制,更有助于突破并拓展现有的理论框架。未来研究应整合定性与定量方法,拓展恢复性特征识别的广度与深度,更系统地揭示水景多维恢复性特征与恢复性效应之间的关联。
总体来说,目前研究正在试图打破以“静观”为主导的研究方法,将场所恢复性体验的“整体性”作为研究的基础,强调人们对场所内在与外在特征的完整感知,对立体空间的连续体验,以及与水景的多感官互动。未来应通过多元方法与视角的融合,建立更完善的水景恢复性效应研究体系。场所理论与注意力恢复理论、减压理论的相关性也值得深入探索,为水景设计实践提供具体而系统的参考依据和理论支撑。

文中图片均由作者绘制。

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