Habitat Optimization Design and Effectiveness Assessment of Urban Lake Islands for Waterbird Diversity Conservation
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WU Yedan is a master student in the School of Architecture and Urban Planning, Chongqing University. Her research focuses on ecological restoration of urban lakes and biodiversity conservation |
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YUAN Jia, Ph.D., is an associate professor and doctoral supervisor in the School of Architecture and Urban Planning, Chongqing University, a fixed research fellow in the Key Laboratory of New Technology for Construction of Cities in Mountain Area(Chongqing University), Ministry of Education. His research focuses on ecological landscape design, and ecological restoration and biodiversity conservation |
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TANG Ting is a Ph.D. candidate in the School of Architecture and Urban Planning, Chongqing University. Her research focuses on earthscape and ecological restoration |
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YUAN Xingzhong, Ph.D., is a full professor in the School of Architecture and Urban Planning, Chongqing University, serves as the executive director of the China Wetland Conservation Association. His research focuses on ecosystem design, wetland ecology |
Received date: 2025-04-04
Revised date: 2025-07-03
Online published: 2025-12-09
Copyright
In lake ecosystems, islands, as isolated terrestrial areas and stepping-stone habitats, are scarce yet high-quality habitats for birds, especially waterbirds, providing them with suitable environments for resting, breeding, and foraging. The construction and habitat optimization of lake islands are effective means to promote the conservation of waterbirds and enhance wetland biodiversity. Currently, research on urban lake islands remains limited, particularly regarding the relationships among spatial configuration, habitat characteristics, and bird diversity. This research aims to assess the effectiveness and ecological impact of the habitat optimization design of the island in Xinglong Lake, explore the relationship between bird diversity and island habitat structure, and provide a scientific basis and replicable design framework for improving habitat quality on artificial islands in urban lake ecosystems.
Concentrating on three key island spatial categories: Island interior, island shoreline, surrounding waters, this research selects waterbirds as indicator taxa, and takes Xinglong Lake’s island in Tianfu New Area, Sichuan as the main research object. Field survey is conducted to document species composition, abundance, spatial distribution patterns, and habitat conditions of bird communities. To assess the ecological outcomes of habitat optimization, comparative analyses are performed using three control sites within the Chengdu metropolitan area: Jincheng Lake’s island and Qinglong Lake’s island (both exhibiting similar natural setting, while differing in morphology and lacking ecological restoration), as well as Qinhuang Lake (containing no constructed islands). Habitat classification and mapping are carried out through GIS-based spatial analysis and habitat unit delineation, following standardized protocols from the urban habitats biodiversity assessment (UHBA) standard and the urban habitat categories (UHCs) classification system. Island habitats are systematically categorized, visualized, and quantified to investigate the relationship between habitat structure and bird community attributes. This approach enables the identification of key habitat variables influencing bird diversity and the underlying ecological mechanisms driving relevant habitat patterns.
According to the UHCs system, a total of 12 habitat types are identified across all research sites. The restored Xinglong Lake’s island exhibits the highest habitat diversity, comprising 11 distinct types, compared to 8 and 4 types recorded on Qinglong Lake’s island and Jincheng Lake’s island, respectively. The restored island also displays more complex habitat structures and element assemblages, forming a nested spatial mosaic of habitat types across vertical and horizontal gradients — from the island’s interior to its shoreline and adjacent waters. By constructing diverse composite habitat structures such as dense forests, sparse forests – grasslands, sparse forests – meadows, forests – ponds, micro-wetland, island shoreline grasses, grasslands, fallen logs, dead branches, bare soil, and island surrounding waters forests – swamps along waters surrounding the island, grasses – swamps, shrubs – grass swamps, shallows, and deep pools – shallows, Xinglong Lake has formed a composite pattern of alternating habitat types, providing key support for different bird community types. The contagion index, dispersion index and aggregation index further verify the highly mosaic habitat pattern and high habitat heterogeneity of Xinglong Lake’s island. The habitat diversity index (DIVh = 2.043) of Xinglong Lake’s island is significantly higher than that of Jincheng Lake’s island (DIVh = 0.883) and Qinglong Lake’s island (DIVh = 1.188). A total of 26 bird species (14,510 birds in total, Dmg = 2.61) are recorded on Xinglong Lake’s island, where many birds are attracted, including the Aythya baeri (a critically endangered [CR] bird species identified by IUCN and listed as a national first-class protected bird in the “National Key Protected Wildlife List”), significantly more than the control group’s 13 species (1,984 birds in total). The ecological restoration strategy for Xinglong Lake’s island based on the key spatial categories of “island interior – island shoreline – surrounding waters” can effectively optimize the island’s spatial configuration, and enhance its habitat diversity and heterogeneity, while providing essential functional habitats for waterbirds’ nesting, breeding and foraging. Waterbird diversity on the restored island is significantly higher than that observed at the control sites, demonstrating notable ecological restoration benefits. Pearson correlation analysis shows that waterbird diversity has no significant correlation with lake area or general lake-scale indicators, indicating minimal interference from lake size. Island area, water depth gradient around the island, and the types, forms and structures of island habitats are core variables affecting waterbird diversity. These findings highlight the importance of habitat spatial heterogeneity and effective niche construction as primary mechanisms driving the enhancement of waterbird diversity in urban lakes.
The ecological restoration strategies implemented on Xinglong Lake’s island have provided crucial functional habitats for waterbirds that can support nesting, breeding, and foraging activities, thus being able to effectively enhance the bird diversity of urban lakes. Habitat optimization strategies for urban lake islands, designed based on “topography – vegetation” coordination, “forest – water” composite habitats, and “underwater topography reshaping with food web construction”, have significantly enriched island habitat heterogeneity and improved spatial configuration. Research on the internal mechanisms of “habitat structure – habitat configuration – bird diversity” provides a scientific basis for the design and optimization of waterbird habitats on artificial islands in urban lakes. The aforesaid findings may offer scientific guidance and establish a replicable and promotable innovative technical paradigm for ecological restoration and biodiversity conservation of urban lakes.
WU Yedan , YUAN Jia , TANG Ting , YUAN Xingzhong . Habitat Optimization Design and Effectiveness Assessment of Urban Lake Islands for Waterbird Diversity Conservation[J]. Landscape Architecture, 2025 , 32(8) : 49 -57 . DOI: 10.3724/j.fjyl.LA20250226
图3 实验组与对照组地理位置及遥感影像Fig. 3 Geographic locations and remote sensing images of the experimental and control groups |
| 研究区域 | 区域性质 | 湖泊 | 建成 | 水域面 | 平均水 | 地表水 | 沉水植物 | 岛屿面 | 岛屿周 | 能否 | |
| 实验组 | 兴隆湖 | 城市新区 | 人工湖 | 2019年 | 300 | 2.5 | Ⅱ类 | 75.3 | 50 507 | 1 410 | 否 |
| 对照组 | 锦城湖 | 城市建成区 | 人工湖 | 2013年 | 21.6 | 3.0 | Ⅱ类 | 94.8 | 2 380 | 250 | 否 |
| 青龙湖 | 生态保育区 | 人工湖 | 2008年 | 94.9 | 2.5 | Ⅲ类 | 28.2 | 50 100 | 1 390 | 否 | |
| 秦皇湖 | 商务活动中心 | 人工湖 | 2017年 | 19.8 | 2.5 | Ⅱ类 | 64.8 | ||||
表2 不同岛屿生境类型统计Table 2 Statistics on different island habitat types |
| 生境类别 | 生境 | 岛内陆域 | 岛岸 | 岛周水域 | ||||||||
| 岛1 | 岛2 | 岛3 | 岛1 | 岛2 | 岛3 | 岛1 | 岛2 | 岛3 | ||||
| 注:岛1、岛2、岛3分别代表兴隆湖岛屿、锦城湖岛屿和青龙湖岛屿。 | ||||||||||||
| 乔木-灌木 | 常绿 | √ | √ | √ | √ | |||||||
| 落叶 | √ | √ | √ | √ | ||||||||
| 陆生草本 | 陆生 | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | ||||||
| 湿生草本 | 沉水 | √ | √ | √ | ||||||||
| 沼生 | √ | √ | √ | √ | ||||||||
| 浮水 | √ | √ | √ | |||||||||
| 挺水 | √ | √ | √ | √ | ||||||||
| 稀疏植被 | 滩涂 | √ | √ | |||||||||
| 裸土 | √ | √ | √ | |||||||||
| 倒木 | √ | √ | ||||||||||
| 水体 | √ | √ | √ | |||||||||
| 人工建造 | 构筑物 | √ | ||||||||||
表3 岛屿生境格局指数Table 3 Island habitat pattern index |
| 研究区域 | PR | LSI | CONTAG | SPLIT | AI | DIVh | SHEI |
| 兴隆湖 | 11 | 10.191 | 56.543 | 12.246 | 99.509 | 2.043 | 0.852 |
| 锦城湖 | 4 | 2.606 | 67.135 | 2.499 | 99.614 | 0.883 | 0.634 |
| 青龙湖 | 8 | 6.000 | 70.132 | 5.635 | 99.231 | 1.188 | 0.571 |
表4 研究区域水鸟种类、数量及留居型Table 4 Waterbird species, quantity and residency type in the research area |
| 目 | 科 | 学名 | 居留型 | 实验组 | 对照组 | |||
| 兴隆湖 | 锦城湖 | 青龙湖 | 秦皇湖 | |||||
| 注:a为国家Ⅰ级重点保护鸟类,并被世界自然保护联盟评为极危[CR];b为国家Ⅱ级重点保护鸟类,并观察到棉凫的孵卵及育雏行为;c为兴隆湖新记录种。 | ||||||||
| 鹤形目 | 秧鸡科 | 白骨顶(Fulica atra) | W | 7 680 | 54 | 14 | 40 | |
| 黑水鸡(Gallinula chloropus) | R | 138 | 35 | 1 | 1 | |||
| 鸻形目(Charadriiformes) | 反嘴鹬科 | 黑翅长脚鹬(Himantopus himantopus) | P | 4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
| 鸥科 | 棕头鸥(Chroicocephalus brunnicephalus) | W | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||
| 红嘴鸥(C. ridibundus) | W | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |||
| 鲣鸟目 | 鸬鹚科 | 普通鸬鹚(Phalacrocorax carbo) | W | 18 | 3 | 0 | 0 | |
| 䴙䴘目 | 䴙䴘科 | 小䴙䴘(Tachybaptus ruficollis) | R | 522 | 33 | 7 | 8 | |
| 鹈形目 | 鹭科 | 苍鹭(Ardea cinerea) | R | 200 | 14 | 223 | 0 | |
| 大白鹭(A. alba) | P | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |||
| 中白鹭(A. intermedia) | S | 6 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |||
| 白鹭(Egretta garzetta) | R | 65 | 21 | 89 | 0 | |||
| 夜鹭(Nycticorax nycticorax) | S | 10 | 59 | 61 | 0 | |||
| 雁形目 | 鸭科 | 斑嘴鸭(Anas zonorhyncha) | S | 395 | 0 | 334 | 2 | |
| 绿翅鸭(A. crecca) | W | 14 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |||
| 绿头鸭(A. platyrhynchos) | W | 314 | 53 | 512 | 2 | |||
| 白眼潜鸭(Aythya nyroca) | P | 172 | 17 | 100 | 61 | |||
| 凤头潜鸭(A. fuligula) | W | 6 | 3 | 0 | 11 | |||
| 红头潜鸭(A. ferina) | W | 870 | 108 | 0 | 117 | |||
| 青头潜鸭a(A. baeri) | W | 7 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |||
| 赤膀鸭(Mareca strepera) | W | 1 873 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |||
| 赤颈鸭(M. penelope) | W | | 0 | 0 | 0 | |||
| 罗纹鸭(M. falcata) | W | 433 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |||
| 赤嘴潜鸭(Netta rufina) | W | 67 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |||
| 棉凫b(Nettapus coromandelianus) | S | 13 | 1 | 0 | 0 | |||
| 赤麻鸭(Tadorna ferruginea) | W | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |||
| 鹰形目 | 鹗科 | 鹗bc(Pandion haliaetus) | R | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
表5 研究区域鸟类群落特征Table 5 Bird community characteristics in the research area |
| 研究区域 | 鸟类物种丰富度 | 鸟类多度 | 鸟类密度 | Pielou均匀度指数 | 鸟类丰富度指数 | 鸟类多样性指数 | |
| 实验组 | 兴隆湖岛屿 | 26 | 14 510 | 48.37 | 0.51 | 2.61 | 0.68 |
| 对照组 | 锦城湖岛屿 | 11 | 398 | 18.48 | 0.84 | 1.67 | 0.85 |
| 青龙湖岛屿 | 9 | 1 341 | 45.57 | 0.73 | 1.28 | 0.75 | |
| 秦皇湖 | 8 | 242 | 12.22 | 0.65 | 1.11 | 0.67 | |
表6 鸟类群落特征与岛屿生境特征的相关性系数Table 6 Correlation coefficient between bird community characteristics and island habitat characteristics |
| 岛屿生境特征 | 鸟类群落特征 | ||
| 物种丰富度 | 多度 | 丰富度指数 | |
| 注:**在0.01级别(双尾)相关性显著;*在0.05 级别(双尾)相关性显著。 | |||
| 湖泊水域面积/m2 | 0.503 | 0.503 | 0.177 |
| 岛屿面积/m2 | 0.918** | 0.739** | 0.798** |
| 岛周水深梯度 | 0.821** | 0.717** | 0.563 |
| 沉水植物覆盖率/% | 0.415 | 0.237 | 0.621* |
| PR | 0.754** | 0.404 | 0.507* |
| LSI | 0.742** | 0.445 | 0.448 |
| CONTAG | -0.207 | -0.261 | -0.040 |
| SPLIT | 0.795** | 0.463 | 0.542* |
| AI | -0.191 | -0.031 | -0.026 |
| DIVh | 0.794** | 0.471 | 0.545* |
| SHEI | 0.212 | 0.262 | 0.050 |
所有图表及照片均由作者绘制或拍摄,其中
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