Influencing Mechanisms of Ecosystem Services on Net Carbon Sink Efficiency and Spatial Differentiation Thereof: A Case Study of the Shanghai Metropolitan Area
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SONG Haoyang is a Ph.D. candidate in the College of Architecture and Urban Planning (CAUP), Tongji University. Her research focuses on landscape planning and design |
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WANG Min, PH.D., is deputy Party secretary of and an associate professor and doctoral supervisor in the College of Architecture and Urban Planning (CAUP), Tongji University, director and co-founder of Eco-SMART LAB attached to Key Laboratory of Ecology and Energy Saving Study of Dense Habitat, Ministry of Education, a member of the Technology Innovation Center for Land Spatial Eco-restoration in Metropolitan Area, MNR, and a member of the Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Landscaping on Challenging Urban Sites. Her research focuses on ecosystem services for blue and green spaces, urban green space and ecological planning and design, and resilient landscape and urban sustainability |
Received date: 2024-07-16
Revised date: 2024-11-12
Online published: 2025-12-07
Copyright
[Objective] Ecosystem services are the link between ecosystems and social systems. While effectively coordinating regional ecological, social and economic needs and promoting carbon sequestration and emission reduction, ecosystem services can be transmitted to surrounding areas to boost regional ecological space optimization. Under the guidance of the carbon peaking and carbon neutrality goals, clarifying the positive impact of ecosystem services on net carbon sink efficiency in metropolitan areas and the spillover effect of ecosystem services can effectively contribute to regional ecosystem service enhancement, and realize efficient carbon sequestration and reduction in ecological space.
[Methods] Supported by multi-source panel data spanning the period from 2010 to 2020, this research takes the Shanghai Metropolitan Area as the research object and divides the research area into 40 research units. Based on the multiple benefits of ecosystem services in synergistically promoting urban sink enhancement and emission reduction, this research constructs a net carbon sink efficiency indicator system. Then, utilizing the undesirable slacks-based measurement (SBM) model, the research evaluates the net carbon sink efficiency of each unit during the period from 2010 to 2020, and further explores the distributional characteristics and spatial-temporal changes of carbon sinks, carbon emissions, and net carbon sink efficiency from the geospatial perspective. In combination with the guiding content of spatial synergistic planning for the Shanghai Metropolitan Area, four important ecosystem services, namely water retention, water purification, soil retention and biodiversity maintenance, are quantitatively characterized with the InVEST model. Subsequently, based on the spatial decomposition effects (direct, indirect and total effects) obtained with spatial econometric model, the influencing mechanisms of ecosystem services and their interrelationship on the net carbon sink efficiency of 40 research units are analyzed. In addition, the spatial spillover effects of ecosystem services are innovatively revealed according to ecosystem service flow conduction mechanisms.
[Results] Research results are summarized as follows. 1) During the 11 years from the 2010 to 2020, the growth of carbon dioxide emissions in the Shanghai Metropolitan Area gradually slowed down, while the net primary productivity of vegetation continued to increase, and the areas with high carbon emissions and high carbon sinks were partially overlapped; in addition, the net carbon sink efficiency of some core nodes, such as Shanghai City, maintained a steady improvement, effectively driving neighboring cities to reduce carbon emissions and increase carbon sinks; meanwhile, the areas with improved net carbon sink efficiency have some similar characteristics and can be divided into 2 types: areas with high production value, high carbon emissions, and high carbon sinks, and those with medium-high production value, low carbon emissions, and medium-high carbon sinks. 2) The four ecosystem services have significant spatial heterogeneity and relatively stable changes over the 11-year period, with the high values mainly distributed in the southwestern part of the area with high vegetation cover and the area around the Taihu Lake with concentrated water resources, while the low values mainly distributed in the concentrated urban construction areas and near the regional traffic arteries, and the total amount of the four ecosystem services has shown fluctuating characteristics. 3) Regarding the spatial decomposition effects of ecosystem services on net carbon sink efficiency, there are differences in the coefficients, directions and significance of the spatial effects of different ecosystem services. For the ecosystem service trade-off index and relationship index, the direct effects are significantly positive, while indirect effects significantly negative.
[Conclusion] The research clarifies that water-related ecosystem services such as water retention and water purification services can significantly affect carbon reduction and sink enhancement in the Shanghai Metropolitan Area, and attention should be paid to water network system and its coupling effects with green and grey spaces, so as to further stimulate the ecological vitality of Jiangnan water vein. As there are differences in the spillover effects of different ecosystem services, it is necessary to differentiate the optimization and enhancement strategies for each type of ecological space and its ecosystem services according to local conditions, and the conservation of important ecological spaces in the metropolitan area should be continuously strengthened, followed by joint protection and control of ecological red lines in neighboring areas, so as to promote territorial spatial carbon reduction and sink enhancement activities, thus contributing to the steady improvement of the net carbon sink efficiency of the Shanghai Metropolitan Area in general. The research clearly demonstrates the positive effects of enhancing water-related ecosystem services and conserving important ecological spaces on regional carbon sinks and reduction, and effectively reveals an effective path for synergistic carbon reduction in the region, which may provide certain reference for improving territorial spatial management.
Haoyang SONG , Min WANG . Influencing Mechanisms of Ecosystem Services on Net Carbon Sink Efficiency and Spatial Differentiation Thereof: A Case Study of the Shanghai Metropolitan Area[J]. Landscape Architecture, 2025 , 32(1) : 49 -56 . DOI: 10.3724/j.fjyl.202407160389
表1 净碳汇效率指标体系Tab. 1 Net carbon sink efficiency indicator system |
| 类型 | 要素名称 | 表征指标 | 单位 |
| 投入 | 劳动力 | 从业人员数量 | 万人 |
| 资本 | 固定资金投资金额 | 亿元 | |
| 能源 | 全年用电量 | 亿kW·h | |
| 期望产出 | 经济效益 | 年度GDP | 亿元 |
| 碳汇效益 | 植被NPP | 万t | |
| 非期望产出 | 碳排放 | 二氧化碳排放量 | 万t |
| 变量类型 | 变量名 | 计算式 | 式注 |
| 响应变量 | 净碳汇效率 | 式(1) | |
| 解释变量 | 人口密度 | 研究单元的户籍总人口与总面积之比 | |
| 建成区占比 | 研究单元的建成区总面积与总面积之比 | ||
| 水源涵养 | | ||
| 水质净化 | | ||
| 土壤保持 | | ||
| 生物多样性维持 | | ||
| 权衡指数 | | ||
| 关系指数 | | ||
表3 各变量空间分解效应计算结果Tab. 3 Results of spatial decomposition effects for each variable |
| 变量 | 直接效应 | 间接效应 | 总效应 | |||||
| 系数 | T值 | 系数 | T值 | 系数 | T值 | |||
| 注:***、**、*分别表示在1%、5%和10%水平显著。 | ||||||||
| 人口密度 | 11.080*** | −2.190 | 5.157 | −3.564 | 16.240*** | −2.954 | ||
| 建成区占比 | −1.976** | −0.902 | 1.402 | −1.560 | −0.574 | −1.310 | ||
| 水源涵养 | 0.232 | −0.232 | 0.337 | −0.300 | 0.569*** | −0.217 | ||
| 水质净化 | −0.665*** | −0.170 | 0.271 | −0.268 | −0.394* | −0.237 | ||
| 土壤保持 | −0.103** | − | 0.168** | − | − | |||
| 生物多样性维持 | −0.108** | − | 0.152* | −0.080 | − | |||
| 权衡指数 | 3.289** | −1.386 | −4.420** | −2.177 | −1.131 | −2.464 | ||
| 关系指数 | 2.570** | −1.075 | −3.540** | −1.708 | 0.03 | −1.921 | ||
文中图表均由作者绘制,其中
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