Influence of Exposure to Different Green Rooftop Spaces on Stress Restoration of College Students

  • Zhixiong ZHUO ,
  • Liang DONG , *
Expand
  • School of Architecture, Huaqiao University

ZHUO Zhixiong is a Ph.D. candidate in the School of Architecture, Huaqiao University. His research focuses on healthy landscape, and urban thermal environment

DONG Liang, Ph.D., is a professor and dotoral supervisor in the School of Architecture, Huaqiao University. His research focuses on sustainable landscape design, and smart city design

Received date: 2024-03-10

  Revised date: 2024-12-09

  Online published: 2025-12-06

Copyright

Copyright © 2025 Landscape Architecture. All rights reserved.

Abstract

[Objective] Along with the continuous progress of urbanization, the number of people living in cities is increasing. Although urbanization can offer people many conveniences, a large number of people also face different degrees of health risks in their daily lives, such as the increasing spread of various diseases, the growing prominence of psychological problems and the increasing health risks in cities. With aggravated social competition, college students are prone to physical and psychological health problems when facing academic tasks. Therefore, students are in urgent need of healing pathways to relieve their physical and psychological stress. The healing function of the natural environment is becoming more and more prominent. Exposure to the natural environment can reduce the stimulation of stressors from daily life and alleviate people’s psychological and physiological stress. Urban green spaces, which are mainly natural environments, have been explored for their health restoration benefits, and in recent years green rooftops have also been noted for their potential to promote physical and psychological health. As a new form of urban green space, green rooftops have certain ecological service values, such as the reduction of building energy consumption, the management of stormwater and the mitigation of heat island effect. Although green rooftops have limited space, their natural elements provide people with opportunities to engage with nature and gain restorative experience, making them important places to promote healthy and sustainable human settlement environments. Therefore, this research explores the influence of exposure to green rooftop space on the physical and psychological restoration of college students from both physiological and psychological perspectives through a field experiment.
[Methods] In order to determine the restorative effects of green rooftops on physical and psychological health, three types of green rooftop spaces (water space, wooden plaza, and ecological sunroom) and a control group (non-green rooftop space) in the Experimental Building of Architecture Discipline of Huaqiao University are selected to explore the restorative potentials of green rooftop space. Field measurements are conducted during the daytime on a sunny and windless day, with no significant difference between the physical environments of different green rooftop spaces. 35 college student volunteers participate in the experiment, all of whom are daily users of green rooftop space. The volunteers are in good health without any adverse symptoms, who are asked to eat a healthy diet and get enough sleep before the experiment. The research adopts a within-subjects design to quantitatively analyze the influence of exposure to green rooftop space on the physiological and psychological health indicators of college students by using biofeedback (blood pressure and heart rate variability) and psychological state (brief profile of mood states) measures. The research uses SPSS 26.0 software to process all data.
[Results] 1) Compared to non-green rooftop space, both psychological and physiological indicators show positive improvement in green rooftop space. Specifically, the values of tension, anger, fatigue, confusion, depression and TMD in the emotional factors decrease significantly, while the values of vitality increase significantly after exposure to green rooftop spaces. TMD decreases significantly in green rooftop space compared to non-green rooftop space, suggesting that exposure to green rooftop space can suppress negative emotions, promote positive emotions, and provide pleasant sensory stimulation for college students. Positive changes in physiological indicators further explain that green rooftop space has health restoration effects. Compared with the changes in physiological indicators, the changes in psychological indicators are more significant. 2) The three green rooftop spaces have different degrees of health restoration benefits, and the mood factor TMD reveals that the water space performs best in stress restoration, followed by the seco-sunroom and the wooden plaza. Positive changes in all physiological indicators also occur in the water space, with only a significant decrease in systolic blood pressure in the ecological sunroom, and no significant changes in all physiological indicators in the wooden plaza. Overall, in terms of health restoration benefits, the three green rooftop spaces rank in the order of water space, ecological sunroom and wooden plaza from high to low. 3) There exist significant correlations between the values of changes in some psychological and physiological indicators, among which the physiological indicators diastolic blood pressure and LF/HF are significantly correlated with the values of fatigue and depression in the mood factor, respectively.
[Conclusion] Through scientific field measurements of the influence of green rooftop space on stress restoration of college students, the research finds that green rooftop space has a supportive role in the restoration of physical and psychological health of college students. The restorative benefits of different green rooftop spaces differ significantly, with more naturalized green rooftop spaces showing better stress restoration benefits. The results of the research may help improve people’s awareness of the restorative value of green rooftop space, further support the argument that green rooftop space promotes physical and psychological health, and provide a theoretical basis for the design of green rooftop space based on the healthy concept.

Cite this article

Zhixiong ZHUO , Liang DONG . Influence of Exposure to Different Green Rooftop Spaces on Stress Restoration of College Students[J]. Landscape Architecture, 2025 , 32(2) : 79 -85 . DOI: 10.3724/j.fjyl.202403100145

预计到2050年,全球城市化的趋势将尤其显著,城市人口将增加至68%[1-2]。面临快节奏的城市化环境,越来越多的人健康状况受到不同程度的影响,出现睡眠障碍、身心焦虑、抑郁症状等健康问题[3]。伴随着社会竞争的加剧,大学生在面对学业、科研任务等压力源时容易引发生理和心理健康问题。因此,大学生迫切需要恢复身心健康的途径,进而减缓精神疾病的高发趋势。近年来,大量研究表明自然环境在促进身心健康方面充当着重要的媒介[4-5]。比起建筑环境,人工自然环境被认为能够有效提升人们的积极情绪和释放精神压力[6-7],对感知行为亦有复愈作用[8]
压力恢复理论指出暴露于自然环境能缓解精神压力,有助于促进健康的心境状态[9]。注意力恢复理论则认为与自然环境联系有助于人们从由日常琐事引起的精神疲劳中恢复定向注意力[10]。已有诸多研究为这2种理论提供实证支持:Hartig等发现比起城市环境,自然环境与人群身心健康存在更为紧密的联系[11];Staats等使用城市和森林的照片作为视觉刺激,揭示了当人们想象正在经历疲劳的情况时,对在森林散步有更强烈的环境偏好[12];Huang等比较了含有草地、树木以及无任何植被的3种类型的虚拟环境对压力恢复的影响,发现草地空间的恢复性效应最为显著[13];Yin等调查了具有蓝色空间的自然环境和城市环境的健康效益,发现有水体的自然环境会产生更明显的放松效果[14];王茜等测试了4种校园绿地类型对大学生的身心恢复作用,结果表明林地和水体景观恢复效果最佳[15];谭少华等从感知与行为视角探讨了城市公园与健康效应的关系,证明了公园中植物要素起到了促进人群健康的主要作用[16]
目前,大部分研究往往聚焦于以自然环境为主体的城市绿地恢复性效益[17-19],例如选择城市公园、滨水空间和校园绿地等作为研究场景。值得注意的是,近年来部分相关研究揭示了绿色屋顶具有缓解压力和促进身心健康的作用[20]。绿色屋顶也称为生态屋顶,是一种在建筑屋顶上铺设土壤和植被以形成具有绿色覆盖层的建筑实践,是可持续发展和宜居城市的重要组成部分[21]。绿色屋顶作为城市绿地的一种新形式,对减少建筑能源的使用、雨洪管理、缓解热环境等方面的生态服务价值已被熟知,且可以最大限度满足高密度建筑周边人群与自然联系的心理需求[22]。尽管空间有限,但其拥有自然元素的环境提供了与自然接触的机会,有助于缓解人群精神压力,帮助人们获得恢复性体验[1]。Mesimäki等发现虽然绿色屋顶空间小,但其感知恢复性水平较高[23]。相关研究表明,访问具有结构化植物设计的屋顶空间对提升积极情绪有显著的促进作用[24]。相较于混凝土屋顶,有花草的绿色屋顶可以提高持续注意力[20],同时接触绿色屋顶可以减少认知努力从而提高工作绩效 [1]。虽然具有结构化植物设计的绿色屋顶能帮助改善情绪状态和减轻压力,但过高的绿量并不一定产生更好的健康效益[25]。从可持续的角度来看,绿色屋顶在营造健康、宜居的人居环境中扮演着至关重要的角色。此外,绿色屋顶空间附近的社会群体易获得进入自然环境的机会,可以在日常喧嚣生活中获得自然体验[23],并从注意力疲劳中恢复[26]。然而,关于绿色屋顶健康效益的研究多以单一的景观空间、视觉特征及景观元素作为研究对象,缺少对绿色屋顶不同景观空间的潜在健康效益的多重比较。并且过往研究通常基于图像评估绿色屋顶的健康效益。虽然该方法可以模拟真实的自然环境,具备便捷的可操作性,但与真实的环境相比,仍存在环境感知差异性。而实地研究允许个体在绿色屋顶空间体验真实的环境,其结果可为如何使用特定的设计手段提升绿色屋顶空间的恢复效益提供依据。因此,本研究通过实地研究,从心理和生理2个方面探讨不同绿色屋顶空间暴露对大学生身心恢复的影响,量化心理和生理数据并进行相关分析,以探究主观和客观测量手段在环境恢复性结果上的差异性。

1 研究方法

1.1 实验场地

实验场地位于华侨大学建筑学科实验大楼“世外·花缘”人境交互实验室,实验场地是一个矩形的绿色屋顶,融合了水体、景观建筑、生态阳光房、乔灌木、地被植物等景观元素,为附近师生提供了一处绿色休憩空间。选择该绿色屋顶的3种主要空间类型——水体空间、木质广场、生态阳光房(图1)作为实验组,另外以非绿色屋顶空间(硬质铺装为主)作为对照组,均位于同一栋建筑。实验于2023年5月12—18日、5月23—29日、6月2—5日以及2024年6月3—9日晴朗无风的白天(08:00—09:30和16:30—18:00)进行。因为不同空间相互邻近,空间物理环境基本一致,各空间的温、湿度分别为:水体空间平均气温24.48 ℃,相对湿度37.50%;木质广场平均气温26.03 ℃,相对湿度32.61%;生态阳光房平均气温25.12 ℃,相对湿度34.57%;非绿色屋顶空间平均气温26.68 ℃,相对湿度31.52%。
图1 实验场地

Fig. 1 Experimental site

1.2 被试对象

总共有35名被试者参与了本次实验,均是实验场地的日常使用人群。被试对象身体健康,目前未患有严重疾病。在参加实验之前,被试者被要求健康饮食和保证足够的睡眠,并禁止饮用酒、咖啡等刺激性饮料,同时签署知情同意书。

1.3 测评指标

1.3.1 心理指标

选用简明心境状态(brief profile of mood states, BPOMS)量表评价绿色屋顶空间暴露对被试者的心理影响。BPOMS量表被用于测定个体主观的心境状态[27],已广泛应用于临床心理学、运动心理学和健康促进等研究领域[28]。BPOMS量表包括紧张(T)、生气(A)、疲劳(F)、困惑(C)、抑郁(D)和活力(V)6个情绪因子,可采用李克特5级量表进行评估。根据6个情绪因子可计算总体情绪紊乱(total mood disturbance, TMD)程度,TMD= T+A+F+C+D–V,TMD值越低,表示情绪状态越稳定。通过评估情绪的多种维度,BPOMS量表更能了解个人的心境状态[29]

1.3.2 生理指标

生理指标包括血压和心率变异性(heart rate variability, HRV),两者均是生理压力的有效指标并常被用于压力恢复的研究[25, 30]。血压包括舒张压和收缩压,选用欧姆龙上臂式血压计(HEM-7202,日本)进行测定。心率变异性是反映个体调节应激反应能力的生理标志,是评价个体自主神经性活动的指标[31]。本研究选取心率变异性中高频功率(high frequency, HF)和低频功率/高频比值(low frequency/high frequency, LF/HF)指标对压力恢复状况进行评估,HF主要与副交感神经系统的活动相关联,而LF/HF可表征交感与迷走神经的平衡性[32]。当个体身心压力达到恢复状态时,HF值会上升并且LF/HF值会下降。本研究选用博能心率表(Polar V2,芬兰)和博能心率带(Polar H10,芬兰)记录被试者的HRV数值。

1.4 实验设计

本研究采用被试内设计,参与者需要参与所有的实验工况。先前研究表明,暴露于自然环境3~5 min可获得可靠的结果[33],因此实验将恢复阶段控制在5 min。需要注意的是,为了避免不同活动水平对实验生理结果造成影响,被试者被要求站立或者静坐,因为这2种活动方式同属低强度体力活动,其对应的代谢当量水平为1.3 ml/kg/min[34],从而保证被试者身体机能无显著差异。在准备阶段,被试者通过抽签的方式随机选择实验场景,从而消除顺序效应的影响。此后被试者被分配到实验场地的中心位置以便能更全面感知空间的全方位景观(图1),并佩戴仪器以监测心率变异性变化。随后进行特里特尔社会压力测试,被试者需要完成5 min的数字口算任务,结束后测量生理和心理指标。恢复阶段鼓励被试者沉浸式感知当前四周景观环境,5 min后再次测量生理和心理指标。实验结束后,取下被试者的测量仪器,引导他们离开场地。

1.5 数据分析

采用Kubios HRV Standard软件对心率变异性原始数据进行校准,将每个心跳相邻R波间隔值与局部平均间隔值进行比较,如果间隔值超过指定的阈值,则将该间隔识别为伪影并予以标记和校正。为了排除异位心跳、漏拍和多次心跳,使用3次样条插值方法替换漏拍的心率间隔,同时用平滑先验方法去除时间序列的非平稳定性[35]。选用SPSS 26.0软件对所有数据进行处理,用方差分析检测所有压力测试后数据的差异性,并用配对t检验分析恢复前后测评指标的变化。

2 结果与分析

结果如预期,压力应激后各项指标均无显著差异(p>0.05,表1),说明实验后的各项指标变化是由暴露于不同景观特征的屋顶空间引起的。
表1 压力应激后各项指标方差分析

Tab. 1 Analysis of variance of indicators after stress exposure

指标 水体空间 木质广场 生态阳光房 对照组 自由度 均方 F p
紧张值 2.97 2.43 2.71 2.46 2 2.257 1.656 0.179
生气值 1.49 1.26 1.20 1.14 2 0.790 3.227 0.250
疲劳值 1.86 1.69 2.09 1.86 2 0.943 1.511 0.214
困惑值 1.91 1.66 1.71 1.57 2 0.743 0.968 0.410
抑郁值 1.20 1.11 1.11 1.06 2 0.121 0.997 0.397
活力值 2.14 2.14 1.66 1.77 2 2.219 3.838 0.110
TMD 7.29 6.00 7.17 6.31 2 14.045 1.538 0.207
收缩压 117.46 115.34 110.69 114.17 2 280.962 1.954 0.124
舒张压 80.09 79.49 78.49 79.00 2 229.000 6.480 0.560
HF 27.54 28.82 25.52 26.56 2 69.247 0.516 0.672
LF/HF 3.64 3.17 4.08 3.36 2 5.508 0.759 0.519

2.1 暴露于绿色屋顶空间的心理变化

在暴露于绿色屋顶空间后,紧张、愤怒、疲劳、困惑、抑郁和TMD分值显著下降,而活力值显著上升(图2)。配对t检验结果显示,紧张、愤怒、疲劳、困惑、抑郁和TMD分值平均下降了56.44%、20.47%、27.27%、35.09%、8.93%、63.38%,而活力的平均得分上升了66.32%。在BPOMS情绪因子中,紧张、活力和TMD分值在暴露前后变化较大,而抑郁分值变化差异最小。
图2 暴露于绿色屋顶空间前后情绪因子的变化

Fig. 2 Changes in emotional factors before and after exposure to green rooftop space

进一步对4种场景暴露下所测情绪因子作前后配对t检验(图3)。所有情绪因子在3种绿色屋顶空间均呈现显著变化,其中紧张值下降幅度最大且呈现极显著水平,并且在水体空间中下降最多,为1.83,生态阳光房和木质广场次之;生气值在水体空间中也下降最多,为0.46,其次是木质广场和阳光生态房;疲劳值在生态阳光房中下降幅度最大,为0.69,水体空间和木质广场次之;困惑值与紧张值的得分变化相似,下降最多的出现在水体空间,为0.74;抑郁值在BPOMS情绪因子中变化幅度最小,并且下降值在3种绿色屋顶空间中完全一致,为0.11,且达到显著水平;相较于木质广场,活力值在水体空间和生态阳光房中的变化表现出极显著水平。此外,活力值在生态阳光房上升幅度最大,为2.06,水体空间和木质广场次之。在暴露于绿色屋顶空间后,水体空间和阳光生态房的TMD下降幅度相似,分别为5.23和5.34,而在木质广场下降最小,为3.20,并且都达到极显著水平。情绪因子中疲劳值和活力值在非绿色屋顶空间呈现积极的变化,但TMD则无显著变化。相较于非绿色屋顶空间,TMD在绿色屋顶空间中的显著下降,则说明绿色屋顶的景观环境可以提供愉快的感官刺激,使其情绪趋向更加稳定的状态。
图3 暴露于不同屋顶空间前后BPOMS分值变化

Fig. 3 Changes in BPOMS scores before and after exposure to different rooftop spaces

2.2 暴露于绿色屋顶空间的生理变化

绿色屋顶空间自然暴露后,收缩压、舒张压呈显著下降趋势(表2)。收缩压下降效应中等(Cohen’s d=0.68),降低值为4.73 mmHg;舒张压下降效应较小(Cohen’s d=0.20),降低值为1.20 mmHg。
表2 暴露于绿色屋顶空间前后血压变化

Tab. 2 Changes in blood pressure before and after exposure to green rooftop space

血压 前测值/mmHg    后测值/mmHg   前后差异/mmHg Cohen’s d t p
  注:*表示在0.05水平(双侧)显著相关;**表示在0.01水平(双侧)显著相关。
收缩压 114.41 ± 12.16    109.69 ± 10.64   4.73 ± 6.91 0.68 8.10 0.000***
舒张压 78.26 ± 6.29    77.06 ± 6.73   1.20 ± 5.99 0.20 2.37 0.019*
配对t检验结果显示,水体空间、木质广场和生态阳光房3种场景的收缩压和舒张压均呈现下降的趋势,下降程度在水体空间和生态阳光房具有极显著性(图4)。其中收缩压在水体空间下降最为显著,为9.69 mmHg,其次是生态阳光房,为5.06 mmHg。同时舒张压亦在水体空间中下降幅度最大,为3.94 mmHg,而木质广场和阳光生态房暴露前后舒张压无显著变化。在非绿色屋顶空间中所测的收缩压和舒张压虽然有小幅度下降,但都无显著差异。
图4 暴露于不同屋顶空间前后血压变化

Fig. 4 Changes in blood pressure before and after exposure to different rooftop spaces

在HRV分析中,暴露于4种屋顶空间后的HF均呈上升趋势,上升幅度分别为:水体空间(5.17±9.58 ms2)、木质广场(3.87±11.65 ms2)、生态阳光房(5.59±16.60 ms2)、非绿色屋顶空间(3.23±11.49 ms2),其中HF上升幅度只有在水体空间呈现出显著性差异(图5)。在体验绿色屋顶景观环境后,LF/HF在水体空间和生态阳光房中均呈现下降的趋势,然而只有水体空间的LF/HF下降幅度具有显著性,下降幅度为0.93。相反地,LF/HF在木质广场中有升高的趋势,但上升效应较小(Cohen’s d=0.04),且暴露前后无显著差异。而LF/HF变化值在非绿色屋顶空间无显著性,其上升效应较小(Cohen’s d=0.04)。该结果可表明不同绿色屋顶空间具有不同程度的恢复性效益,其中以水体空间的健康效益最佳。
图5 暴露于不同屋顶空间前后HF和LF/HF变化

Fig. 5 Changes in HF and LF/HF before and after exposure to different rooftop spaces

2.3 BPOMS与生理指标相关性分析

为了进一步探究绿色屋顶空间暴露心理和生理指标的变化是否存在关联性,采用斯皮尔曼相关性方法验证两者之间的关系(表3)。结果发现:仅舒张压和LF/HF与部分BPOMS情绪因子存在相关性。其中舒张压与疲劳值得分变化显著正相关,而LF/HF则与抑郁值得分变化显著正相关。这意味着虽然研究结果未展现完全的一致性,但生理指标变化与主观感知情绪存在一定的关联性。
表3 生理指标与BPOMS量表得分相关性

Tab. 3 Correlation between physiological indicators and BPOMS scores

情绪因子 收缩压 舒张压 HF LF/HF
r p r p r p r p
  注:*表示在0.05 水平(双侧)显著相关。
TMD 0.054 0.583 -0.164 0.094 -0.040 0.965 -0.021 0.831
紧张值 0.076 0.443 -0.124 0.208 -0.005 0.957 -0.024 0.804
生气值 0.076 0.439 -0.042 0.674 0.020 0.842 −0.014 0.888
疲劳值 0.079 0.424 0.224* 0.022 0.064 0.514 0.043 0.664
困惑值 0.189 0.054 -0.127 0.195 -0.004 0.968 -0.023 0.817
抑郁值 -0.014 0.884 -0.100 0.312 0.169 0.084 0.193* 0.048
活力值 -0.019 0.851 0.003 0.976 -0.005 0.959 −0.042 0.674

3 讨论

3.1 绿色屋顶空间具有促进身心恢复的作用

与先前的研究结果相似[23, 36],本研究证实了绿色屋顶自然暴露对心理和生理具有恢复作用。BPOMS的显著变化表明,相对于非绿色屋顶空间,被试者在观赏绿色屋顶景观后的积极情绪显著增加,且消极情绪显著下降。具体而言,活力分值显著上升,紧张、生气、疲劳、困惑、抑郁和TMD分值显著减少,这说明短暂暴露于绿色屋顶空间,可以改善人群的情绪状态。这与以往的研究结果相似,即人们对绿色屋顶的偏好优于硬质铺装屋顶,并且绿色屋顶空间能积极地改善情绪状态[24-25]。先前的一项模拟研究也有相似的结果,在硬质铺装上铺设草地,可在一定程度上抵抗压力的消极作用,进而促进身心恢复[13]。此外,相关研究证实了绿色屋顶的体验为人群提供多种情绪感受,包括喜悦、兴奋等积极情绪,这揭示了即使面积很小的绿色屋顶,在城市日常喧嚣生活中仍可提供促进压力恢复的机会[23]。同时,本研究中生理反馈指标也呈现显著的积极变化:被试者在3种场景的收缩压和舒张压均有所下降,其中在水体空间中血压变化最为显著,其次是生态阳光房。此外,HF和LF/HF也均有积极变化,并在水体空间中的变化幅度较为显著。这与已有研究结果相似,即暴露于具有植被环境的绿色屋顶比暴露于混凝土屋顶对血压和心率变异性具有更大的压力恢复作用[25]。虽然心理和生理指标测量结果存在差异,但两者的变化趋势共同印证了绿色屋顶空间具有促进身心健康的恢复潜力。

3.2 不同绿色屋顶景观空间具有差异化的压力恢复效益

由研究结果可知,不同绿色屋顶空间对压力恢复产生的影响并不一致。心理和生理指标的变化揭示了水体空间恢复性效益最为显著,其次分别是生态阳光房、木质广场。水体空间恢复潜力最大,可归因于它不仅有大面积的水体,还有相对结构化的景观植被,二者共同营造了自然化程度较高的自然环境。这与以往的研究相呼应:拥有结构化的植被设计和水体景观特征的环境对身心放松的效果较佳[15, 25, 37-38],这在营造健康景观环境方面具有重要意义。由此表明,水体在恢复性环境中发挥着重要的作用。与Yin等的研究类似,由蓝色和绿色空间组合成的自然环境更有利于诱导心理和生理恢复[14]。因此,将水融入景观环境可以增强对自然环境的感知和恢复性体验。生态阳光房对身心健康的效果较佳,究其原因可能是生态阳光房为半封闭式空间且含有一定面积的草地。Huang等进行随机对照实验发现,有草地特征的景观环境对压力恢复的可能性更高[13]。根据可供性理论[39],这一结果可解释为当人们感知到环境的价值和意义时,会做出相关反应。有草地的环境可以为人们提供玩耍、近距离接触景观植被的机会,因此对该环境的认知评价易于产生积极效应。该解释潜在支持了亲生物理论的观点,即人类天生就有与其他自然生命体(如动物、植物、特定类型自然环境)联系的倾向[40]。此外,相关研究表明,具有一定封闭性的景观空间也能拥有较高的恢复效益[41]。至于木质广场对心理和生理恢复的影响较低,可能是该空间主要以木质铺装为主,植被略少,空间缺少变化,对此往往会引发困惑、无趣的心境状态。综上,自然度较高的水体空间和生态阳光房比单一景观元素的木质广场能产生更好的恢复效果。这与先前研究发现一致,即具有丰富自然元素的环境对促进身心健康发挥了重要作用[9, 11, 42]

3.3 绿色屋顶空间对心理和生理恢复的影响机制

相较于生理指标,心理指标的变化对评估绿色屋顶空间的恢复效益更为显著。这可能是因为被试者时常来往于此,对该绿色屋顶空间有更强的情感偏好和环境依赖。被试者对可达性高的绿色屋顶空间易产生环境偏好,通过不断地接触产生了个体对景观环境的归属与联结[43-44],从而引起的心理健康的促进作用较为显著。而生理指标的变化则客观解释了绿色屋顶空间对身心健康具有恢复作用。确切地说,生理唤醒的积极变化可以解释为交感神经系统受到抑制,而副交感神经活动得到增强。当暴露于自然环境时,大脑皮层被激活,进而引起不自主的注意力,使之更容易接受外部信息。因此,短期暴露在自然环境中可以降低急性应激水平,这为压力恢复理论提供了实证支持。
本研究还表明,部分心理和生理指标的变化之间存在显著相关性。尽管具体的测量结果并未显示出完全的一致性,但可以确定的是,情绪因子与生理指标存在一定的关联。心理和生理的变化效应证实了Ulrich提出的对自然环境的情感反应模型,即自然环境可以有效提升心理和生理恢复的能力[45]。值得注意的是,虽然心理和生理结果之间存在差异,但两者的变化基本吻合,均证实了绿色屋顶空间可以促使减缓压力和身心放松,尤其是在自然度较高的环境中。当被试者在暴露于压力源后体验绿色屋顶空间时,他们的情绪逐渐改善,并停止了身体的“战斗或逃跑”反应,即抑制交感神经活动,进而反过来诱导生理指标显著的积极变化[46]。本研究将主观情绪量表与生物反馈测量技术相结合,更有力地阐释了绿色屋顶空间对身心恢复的影响。

4 结论

本研究通过开展实地科学测量,探究了绿色屋顶空间暴露对压力恢复的影响,并对不同绿色屋顶空间的恢复效果进行验证比较。结果证实了绿色屋顶空间具有心理和生理健康的恢复性潜力,具体而言可抑制消极情绪,促进积极情绪,并且不同绿色屋顶空间的恢复效益具有显著差异。本研究从主观和客观角度揭示了绿色屋顶空间暴露的心理和生理恢复效益,研究结果丰富了绿色屋顶空间对恢复性作用的内容,对提升绿色屋顶景观环境促进人群健康的能力具有重要意义。然而在参考本研究结果时,应考虑到一些局限性:首先,被试对象主要是大学生,因此应扩大其他社会群体的测验以提高研究结果的可复制性;其次,本研究在实验场景类型方面尚存不足,在未来研究中需要进一步对不同建筑类型绿色屋顶空间进行调查,从而更全面了解绿色屋顶空间对身心健康的影响。

文中所有图表均由作者绘制。

[1]
REZAEI M, EMMANUEL N, KIM J, et al. Analyzing the Impact of Green Roof Functions on the Citizens' Mental Health in Metropolitan Cities[J]. Iranian Journal of Public Health, 2021, 50(5): 900-907.

[2]
LYU K, DE DEAR R, BRAMBILLA A, et al. Restorative Benefits of Semi-outdoor Environments at the Workplace: Does the Thermal Realm Matter?[J]. Building and Environment, 2022, 222 109355

DOI

[3]
SHELDON E, SIMMONDS-BUCKLEY M, BONE C, et al. Prevalence and Risk Factors for Mental Health Problems in University Undergraduate Students: A Systematic Review with Meta-analysis[J]. Journal of Affective Disorders, 2021, 287 282-292

DOI

[4]
NUTSFORD D, PEARSON A L, KINGHAM S, et al. Residential Exposure to Visible Blue Space (but Not Green Space) Associated with Lower Psychological Distress in a Capital City[J]. Health & Place, 2016, 39 70-78.

[5]
刘群阅, 吴瑜, 肖以恒, 等. 城市公园恢复性评价心理模型研究: 基于环境偏好及场所依恋理论视角[J]. 中国园林, 2019, 35(6): 39-44

LIU Q Y, WU Y, XIAO Y H, et al. The Inherent Psychological Mechanism of Perceived Restoration of Urban Parks: An Perspective from Environmental Preference and Place Attachment Theory[J]. Chinese Landscape Architecture, 2019, 35(6): 39-44.

[6]
RATHMANN J, BECK C, FLUTURA S, et al. Towards Quantifying Forest Recreation: Exploring Outdoor Thermal Physiology and Human Well-Being Along Exemplary Pathways in a Central European Urban Forest (Augsburg, SE-Germany)[J]. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening, 2020, 49 126622

[7]
KO W H, SCHIAVON S, ZHANG H, et al. The Impact of a View from a Window on Thermal Comfort, Emotion, and Cognitive Performance[J]. Building and Environment, 2020, 175 106779

[8]
ZHOU B, WANG L, HUANG S S, et al. Impact of Perceived Environmental Restorativeness on Tourists’ Pro-environmental Behavior: Examining the Mediation of Place Attachment and the Moderation of Ecocentrism[J]. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management, 2023, 56 398-409.

[9]
ULRICH R S, SIMONS R F, LOSITO B D, et al. Stress Recovery During Exposure to Natural and Urban Environments[J]. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 1991, 11(3): 201-230

DOI

[10]
KAPLAN S. The Restorative Benefits of Nature: Toward an Integrative Framework[J]. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 1995, 15(3): 169-182

DOI

[11]
HARTIG T, MITCHELL R, DE VRIES S, et al. Nature and Health[J]. Annual Review of Public Health, 2014, 35 207-228

DOI

[12]
STAATS H, KIEVIET A, HARTIG T. Where to Recover from Attentional Fatigue: An Expectancy-Value Analysis of Environmental Preference[J]. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 2003, 23(2): 147-157

DOI

[13]
HUANG Q Y, YANG M Y, JANE H A, et al. Trees, Grass, or Concrete? The Effects of Different Types of Environments on Stress Reduction[J]. Landscape and Urban Planning, 2020, 193 103654

DOI

[14]
YIN J, RAMANPONG J, CHANG J, et al. Effects of Blue Space Exposure in Urban and Natural Environments on Psychological and Physiological Responses: A Within-subject Experiment[J]. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening, 2023, 87 128066

[15]
王茜, 张延龙, 赵仁林, 等. 四种校园绿地景观对大学生生理和心理指标的影响研究[J]. 中国园林, 2020, 36(9): 92-97

WANG X, ZHANG Y L, ZHAO R L, et al. Study on the Effects of Four Campus Green Landscapes on College Students' Physiological and Psychological Indicators[J]. Chinese Landscape Architecture, 2020, 36(9): 92-97.

[16]
谭少华, 孙雅文, 申纪泽. 城市公园环境对人群健康的影响研究: 基于感知与行为视角[J]. 城市建筑, 2018 24): 24-28

DOI

TAN S H, SUN Y W, SHEN J Z. Research on the Impact of Urban Park Environment on Public Health: From the Perspectives of Psychological Perception and Behaviors[J]. Urbanism and Architecture, 2018 24): 24-28

DOI

[17]
WU Y, LIU J, QUEVEDO J M D, et al. Critical Factors Influencing Visitor Emotions: Analysis of “Restorativeness” in Urban Park Visits in Fuzhou, China[J]. Frontiers in Public Health, 2023, 11 1286518

[18]
SONG S, XIAO Y, TU R, et al. Effects of Thermal Perception on Restorative Benefits by Green Space Exposure: A Pilot Study in Hot-Humid China[J]. Urban Climate, 2024, 53 101767

[19]
ZHANG T Y, LIU J H, LI H Y. Restorative Effects of Multi-sensory Perception in Urban Green Space: A Case Study of Urban Park in Guangzhou, China[J]. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 2019, 16(24): 4943

DOI

[20]
LEE K E, WILLIAMS K J H, SARGENT L D, et al. 40-Second Green Roof Views Sustain Attention: The Role of Micro-breaks in Attention Restoration[J]. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 2015, 42 182-189

DOI

[21]
LEE K, WYLIE B, WILLIAMS N S G, et al. “It's a Little Soap Opera of Its Own”: Fascinating Green Roofs offer Complexity, Movement, Sensory Engagement, and Vast Vistas[J]. Landscape and Urban Planning, 2024, 242 104925

DOI

[22]
XIE G, LUNDHOLM J T, SCOTT MACIVOR J. Phylogenetic Diversity and Plant Trait Composition Predict Multiple Ecosystem Functions in Green Roofs[J]. Science of The Total Environment, 2018, 628-629 1017-1026.

[23]
MESIMÄKI M, HAURU K, LEHVÄVIRTA S. Do Small Green Roofs Have the Possibility to Offer Recreational and Experiential Benefits in a Dense Urban Area? A Case Study in Helsinki, Finland[J]. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening, 2019, 40 114-124.

[24]
LEE K E, WILLIAMS K J H, SARGENT L D, et al. Living Roof Preference Is Influenced by Plant Characteristics and Diversity[J]. Landscape and Urban Planning, 2014, 122 152-159

DOI

[25]
LEE J, KANG M J, LEE S, et al. Effects of Vegetation Structure on Psychological Restoration in an Urban Rooftop Space[J]. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 2022, 20(1): 260

DOI

[26]
WILLIAMS K J H, LEE K E, SARGENT L, et al. Appraising the Psychological Benefits of Green Roofs for City Residents and Workers[J]. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening, 2019, 44: 126399.

[27]
迟松, 林文娟. 简明心境量表(BPOMS)的初步修订[J]. 中国心理卫生杂志, 2003, 17(11): 768-770

DOI

CHI S, LIN W J. The Preliminary Revision of Brief Profile of Mood States (BPOMS) Chinese Edition[J]. Chinese Mental Health Journal, 2003, 17(11): 768-770

DOI

[28]
XIONG X, JIN H X, HU W H, et al. Benefits of Jasminum polyanthum's Natural Aromas on Human Emotions and Moods[J]. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening, 2023, 86 128010

[29]
LUO W, CHEN C, LI H, et al. How Do Residential Open Spaces Influence the Older Adults’ Emotions: A Field Experiment Using Wearable Sensors[J]. Landscape and Urban Planning, 2024, 251 105152

[30]
YIN J, YUAN J, ARFAEI N, et al. Effects of Biophilic Indoor Environment on Stress and Anxiety Recovery: A Between-Subjects Experiment in Virtual Reality[J]. Environment International, 2020, 136 105427

[31]
ELSADEK M, ZHANG D S, LIU B. High-Rise Window Views: Evaluating the Physiological and Psychological Impacts of Green, Blue, and Built Environments[J]. Building and Environment, 2024, 262 111798

[32]
SHAFFER F, GINSBERG J P. An Overview of Heart Rate Variability Metrics and Norms[J]. Frontiers in Public Health, 2017, 5 00258

[33]
YIN J, ZHU S, MACNAUGHTON P, et al. Physiological and Cognitive Performance of Exposure to Biophilic Indoor Environment[J]. Building and Environment, 2018, 132 255-262.

[34]
AINSWORTH B E, HASKELL W L, HERRMANN S D, et al. 2011 Compendium of Physical Activities: A Second Update of Codes and Met Values[J]. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 2011, 43(8): 1575-1581

DOI

[35]
TARVAINEN M P, NISKANEN J P, LIPPONEN J A, et al. Kubios HRV – Heart Rate Variability Analysis Software[J]. Computer Methods and Programs in Biomedicine, 2014, 113(1): 210-220.

[36]
YOON E, LIM Y. A Study on the Connection Between Nature and Architectural Space in Le Corbusier's Venice Hospital Project[J]. Architectural Research, 2020, 22(4): 113-122.

[37]
VÖLKER S, KISTEMANN T. Developing the Urban Blue: Comparative Health Responses to Blue and Green Urban Open Spaces in Germany[J]. Health & Place, 2015, 35 196-205.

[38]
GRACE M J, DICKIE J, BARTIE P J, et al. Health and Wellbeing (Dis)Benefits of Accessing Inland Blue Spaces over the Course of the COVID-19 Pandemic[J]. Landscape and Urban Planning, 2024, 252: 105178.

[39]
GIBSON J J. The Ecological Approach to Visual Perception[M]. Hillsdale: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 1986.

[40]
KELLERT S R, WILSON E O. The Biophilia Hypothesis[M]. Washington, D. C.: Island Press, 1993.

[41]
何琪潇, 谭少华, 刘诗芳.城市公园空间庇护感与人群身心健康恢复绩效的关联性研究[J]. 中国园林, 2022, 38(3): 66-71.

HE Q X, TAN S H, LIU S F. Study on the Correlation Between the Sense of Refuge in Urban Parks and the Effect of Mental Recovery in Population[J]. Chinese Landscape Architecture, 2022, 38(3): 66-71.

[42]
SUN K, LI Z, ZHENG S, et al. Quantifying Environmental Characteristics on Psychophysiological Restorative Benefits of Campus Window Views[J]. Building and Environment, 2024, 262: 111822.

[43]
HUNG S, CHANG C. Designing for Harmony in Urban Green Space: Linking the Concepts of Biophilic Design, Environmental Qi, Restorative Environment, and Landscape Preference[J]. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 2024, 96: 102294.

[44]
WANG Z, CHENG H, LI Z, et al. Can Green Space Exposure Enhance the Health of Rural Migrants in Wuhan, China? An Exploration of the Multidimensional Roles of Place Attachment[J]. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening, 2024, 93: 128228.

[45]
ULRICH R S. Aesthetic and Affective Response to Natural Environment[M]//ALTMAN I, WOHLWILL J F. Behavior and the Natural Environment. Boston: Springer, 1983: 85-125.

[46]
ALVARSSON J J, WIENS S, NILSSON M E. Stress Recovery During Exposure to Nature Sound and Environmental Noise[J]. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 2010, 7(3): 1036-1046

DOI

Outlines

/