天津市内六区自然与文化遗产整体保护空间网络构建
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张春彦/男/博士/天津大学建筑学院书记、教授、博士生导师/本刊编委/研究方向为风景园林历史与理论、风景园林文化遗产保护 |
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张新翊/女/天津大学建筑学院在读博士研究生/研究方向为风景园林文化遗产保护 |
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何严松/男/天津大学建筑学院在读博士研究生/研究方向为风景园林文化遗产保护 |
Copy editor: 刘颖
收稿日期: 2025-10-31
修回日期: 2026-03-14
网络出版日期: 2026-04-22
基金资助
国家社会科学基金重点项目(社团项目)“文化遗产整体性保护体系的理论建构与实践路径研究”(25SGB011)
天津市哲学社会科学规划项目重点项目“津派建筑文化研究”(TJJWZD04-02)
Establishing a Holistic Protection Spatial Network for Natural and Cultural Heritage in the Six Central Districts of Tianjin
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ZHANG Chunyan, Ph.D., is secretary of, a professor and doctoral supervisor in the School of Architecture, Tianjin University, and an editorial board of this journal. His research focuses on history and theory of landscape architecture, and landscape culture heritage protection |
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ZHANG Xinyi is a Ph.D. candidate in the School of Architecture, Tianjin University. Her research focuses on landscape culture heritage protection |
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HE Yansong is a Ph.D. candidate in the School of Architecture, Tianjin University. His research focuses on landscape culture heritage protection |
Received date: 2025-10-31
Revised date: 2026-03-14
Online published: 2026-04-22
构建天津市内六区自然与文化遗产整体保护空间网络(简称遗产保护网络),破解现有自然与文化保护分离的困境,为区域遗产的协同治理提供科学决策支撑。
以天津市内六区为例,基于自然-文化关联机制,结合文本、图像、地理空间多源数据,综合运用GIS空间分析、主成分分析(principal component analysis, PCA)与高斯混合模型(Gaussian mixture model, GMM)组合的PAC-GMM聚类、核密度估计与最小生成树模型,识别市内六区自然与文化遗产空间要素,量化空间要素的自然与文化特征及关联性,并以此为依据构建遗产保护网络。
天津市内六区遗产保护网络中共识别重要遗产点458个,依据地形地貌、水文条件、气候特征、植被土壤4类自然地理指标划分5类自然基底。同时,总结渡运航运、商贸集市、农业生产、宗教民俗和军防城防5个文化主题与河流、湖泊、湿地、台地4种自然要素。最终,聚类7种文化特征与4类自然特征,划分典型文化景观单元9个,构建空间关联路径311条。
从理论和方法2个维度,在中国传统古迹观与文化景观理论视角下构建遗产保护网络,推动自然与文化遗产价值复合的整体保护与协同治理。
张春彦 , 张新翊 , 何严松 . 天津市内六区自然与文化遗产整体保护空间网络构建[J]. 风景园林, 2026 , 33(4) : 39 -49 . DOI: 10.3724/j.fjyl.LA20250683
Aiming at the problems of separation and inadequate integration between natural and cultural heritage protection in current territorial spatial planning, this study aims to construct a regional heritage holistic protection spatial network that integrates natural and cultural values. Taking the six central districts of Tianjin as an example, this research explores a systematic approach that integrates local theories, historical documents, and multi-source spatial data to identify heritage elements, quantify their natural and cultural associations, and ultimately form a spatial structure that supports collaborative governance and planning optimization, providing a solution to break the protection dilemma of the natural-cultural dualistic division.
Based on the “nature-culture” linkage mechanism reflected in traditional GUJI concepts and cultural landscape theory, this study integrates textual, visual, and geospatial multi-source data to construct a technical framework of “text mining−feature quantification−network building.” The research data includes text data, map data, and spatial data.The research methods include: 1) Natural base classification: Based on four types of indicators—terrain, hydrological conditions, climate features, and vegetation/soil—100 m × 100 m grid analysis was applied. GIS spatial analysis was employed to delineated five types of natural substrates. 2) Natural and cultural feature identification: Natural elements (rivers, lakes, wetlands, terraces) and cultural themes (transportation and shipping, commercial markets, agricultural production, religion and folklore, military defense) surrounding heritage sites were extracted. Keyword matching and inverse term frequency co-occurrence were used to compute element intensity. 3) Feature clustering: Principal component analysis (PCA) and Gaussian mixture model (GMM) clustering were applied to identify four types of natural features and seven types of cultural features. 4) Cultural influence calculation: Kernel density estimation (KDE) was used to transform discrete heritage points into continuous density surfaces, quantifying the spatial influence ranges of the five cultural themes. 5) Network construction: Based on feature clustering results, cultural landscape units were delineated, and the minimum spanning tree (MST) algorithm was employed to construct heritage linkage corridors, forming an integrated “point-line-area” holistic conservation network.
The study identifies five types of natural bases, with significant micro-scale differentiation between the units of each base. Additionally, there are distinct functional differences in the heritage types supported by different natural bases. A macro understanding of the geographical features and hydrological conditions in the six districts of Tianjin, along with the spatial distribution of heritage sites, helps in developing preventive strategies based on the natural geographical features of each region in the protection planning. Through text mining, four natural elements and five cultural themes are identified. Clustering results in seven cultural features and four natural features. The cultural features show significant spatial differentiation: The transportation and shipping culture is distributed in a belt along the Haihe River, with the core concentrated around the Sancha River confluence; the commercial market culture exhibits a dual-core pattern (traditional center of the old city and the modern commercial belt of the foreign concessions); agricultural production culture is distributed as points on the periphery; religious and folklore culture is scattered along the old city streets; military defense culture is concentrated in city walls, garrisons, and river defense points. Among the natural elements, rivers are distributed in bands, wetlands are concentrated in waterfront areas, and terraces are distributed in the concentric areas and historical construction nodes such as ferry terminals. Ultimately, an integrated protection network was constructed, including nine typical cultural landscape units and 311 spatial association paths. The network is centered around the Haihe River confluence, radiating outward along the water system, presenting a “core concentration, peripheral diffusion” pattern. The association corridors are densely distributed from the Haihe River confluence to the core area of Heping District, extending radially along historical streets and water systems. This distribution reflects the spatial logic of religious folklore and commercial market cultures following the street axis, and the interaction between military defense and transportation cultures relying on waterways.
This study constructs an integrated conservation spatial network for natural and cultural heritage from a holistic perspective of nature-culture interactive symbiosis. Theoretically, it integrates the traditional Chinese concept of “Guji” with cultural landscape theory, proposing an analytical framework of “spatial substrate–textual narrative–social identity” to provide indigenous theoretical support for the cognition of “correlation” and “integrity” in natural and cultural heritage conservation. Methodologically, it establishes a technical route of “text mining–cluster analysis–geographic modeling–network analysis”, whose core lies in integrating multi-source heterogeneous historical materials (local gazetteers, historical maps) with contemporary geospatial data, revealing the spatial correlation and structural characteristics of “nature-culture” elements through quantitative models. The research findings supplement potential natural and cultural heritage and their interrelations, delineating the boundaries of cultural landscape units. The network clarifies the element composition and spatial scope of holistic conservation, providing a basis for constructing integrated conservation systems in current planning; the relational diagram among heritage points can serve as a “relational base map” for cross-departmental collaboration, promoting coordinated governance of heritage.
表1 数据来源及预处理Tab. 1 Data source and preprocessing |
| 类型 | 名称 | 年份 | 来源 | 预处理 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 文本数据 | 《天津卫志》 | 1678(清康熙十七年) | 国家图书馆数字资源平台(read.nlc.cn/user/index) | 对影像文本进行了光学字符识别处理,将原始图像转为文本格式。随后,进行繁转简的字体转化与基础校勘 |
| 《天津县志》 | 1739(清乾隆四年) | |||
| 《天津市概要》 | 1934 | |||
| 地图数据 | 《天津城厢保甲全图》 | 1899 | 现藏于美国国会图书馆 | 利用ArcGIS 10.7软件进行地图配准后,根据地图上的标注对历史空间初步落位 |
| 《1900年天津地图》 | 1900 | 现藏于欧洲文化图书馆 | ||
| 空间数据 | DEM(分辨率30 m) | 2019 | 国家地球系统科学与数据中心(www.geodata.cn) | 利用ArcGIS 10.7软件对数据进行批量投影、重分类和掩膜提取,统一投影坐标系。确定分类要素后,进一步叠加要素,并结合多光谱遥感影像数据进行校核修正 |
| 水系 | 2015 | |||
| 降水(分辨率1 km) | 2022 | 中国科学院资源环境数据中心(www.resdc.cn) | ||
| NDVI(分辨率30 m) | 2000 | |||
| 行政区划 | 2022 | 天津市民政部(mz.tj.gov.cn) | ||
| 国家级、市级文保单位 | 2024 | 天津市文化和旅游局(whly.tj.gov.cn/WSBSYZXBS4230) |
表2 自然基底划分依据Tab. 2 Criteria for natural base classification |
| 类别 | 地理要素 | 分析维度 | 要素表征 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 地形地貌 | 高程 | 垂直地带性决定人类活动的基础承载条件 | 海拔高度 |
| 坡度 | 地表倾斜面的陡缓程度 | 地形平滑度 | |
| 坡向 | 该点高程变化的最大方向 | 小气候环境分异 | |
| 水文条件 | 汇流缓冲区 | 水域与周边要素的空间关系 | 与水关系强弱 |
| 水体可达性 | 区域邻近水体的可达性与依赖程度 | 邻近水体程度 | |
| 气候特征 | 降水 | 水分供给的时空分布对人类生产生活方式的塑造 | 干湿分异 |
| 温度 | 热量条件对物候、居住适宜性及经济活动节奏的影响 | 热力分异 | |
| 植被土壤 | 用地类型 | 地表覆盖与土地利用的人为规划与自然基础结合状态 | 人地关系类型 |
| NDVI | 植被覆盖程度对生态环境质量与人类生计的支持能力 | 生态本底条件 |
表3 自然要素及文化主题关键词Tab. 3 Keywords of natural elements and cultural themes |
| 类型 | 分类 | 关键词 |
|---|---|---|
| 自然要素 | 河流 | 海河、运河、子牙河、九河、河、湾、沟、津、水道、洪水、河道、沽 |
| 湖泊 | 塘、湖、淀、泊、泽、洼、潭、湖泊 | |
| 湿地 | 坞、坑、滩、洲、淀、沼、苇塘、芦苇、湿地、滩涂、荒滩、濒湖 | |
| 台地 | 圈、汀、台、坨、头、高地、丘、坪、岩石、圆地 | |
| 文化主题 | 宗教民俗 | 庙、寺、宫、祠、观、庙会、佛、道、祭祀、教堂、清真寺 |
| 商贸集市 | 市、商、店、铺、栈、行、会馆、票号、钱庄、商会、菜市、茶庄、盐业、行栈、厂、作坊、窑、矿、机厂、纺织、炼、作业、盐厂 | |
| 军防城防 | 城、城门、城墙、炮台、营、卫、堡、军、塘防、敌台 | |
| 农业生产 | 田、畈、畦、埂、垄、庄、屯、甸、圃、畲、禾、稼、穑、畋、渔、猎、牧、畜、仓、廪、囷、窖、场、陂、塘、堰、渠、渎、井、泉 | |
| 渡运航运 | 码头、港、津、渡、航运、漕运、船、舟、舶、轮、船厂、关津 |
表4 各类别指标均值与标准差Tab. 4 Mean and standard deviation of indicators by category |
| 统计量 | 类别 | 坡度 /° | 坡向 | 降水/ mm | 汇流缓冲 区/m | 水体可达 性/m | NDVI |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 均值 | Ⅰ | 4.33 | 175.26 | 625.44 | 643.81 | 431.32 | 0.22 |
| Ⅱ | 4.75 | 178.22 | 623.67 | 679.93 | 323.38 | 0.21 | |
| Ⅲ | 3.04 | 167.11 | 598.51 | 628.49 | 241.33 | 0.30 | |
| Ⅳ | 3.25 | 166.51 | 589.93 | 638.43 | 292.91 | 0.30 | |
| Ⅴ | 3.15 | 172.20 | 602.87 | 645.54 | 353.96 | 0.28 | |
| 标准差 | Ⅰ | 2.05 | 56.72 | 63.29 | 618.32 | 318.43 | 0.09 |
| Ⅱ | 2.03 | 50.84 | 11.28 | 622.03 | 274.97 | 0.07 | |
| Ⅲ | 1.64 | 59.71 | 119.25 | 612.45 | 274.97 | 0.16 | |
| Ⅳ | 1.82 | 63.39 | 118.61 | 616.60 | 266.56 | 0.14 | |
| Ⅴ | 1.54 | 55.57 | 109.48 | 613.84 | 274.62 | 0.12 |
1、融合中国传统古迹观与文化景观理论,按照“自然-胜迹”转化过程中“空间基底—文本叙事—社会认同”的演进机制进行分析,构建遗产保护网络,突破自然与文化遗产二元分割的传统保护模式,为整体性保护提供本土理论支撑。
2、综合运用GIS空间分析、PCA-GMM聚类、核密度估计与最小生成树模型,识别天津市内六区458个遗产点、9类典型文化景观单元及311条关联路径,实现文献史料到空间关联网络的量化转译。
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