从分立到联结:世界遗产改革如何推进世界自然遗产的综合管理
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(德)克莱门斯·库珀/男/硕士/世界自然保护联盟世界遗产专家组、国际古迹遗址理事会-世界自然保护联盟预评估专家组执行专员/常驻IUCN瑞士总部世界遗产项目组,负责协调遗产地基于自然遗产标准申报《世界遗产名录》的全流程IUCN前置工作,涵盖预备名录能力建设到预评估及正式评估等各项事务 |
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刘伟/男/博士/北京林业大学园林学院讲师/BFU-ICCROM遗产和景观保护国际联合实验室成员/研究方向为风景规划与生态设计 |
Copy editor: 王一兰
收稿日期: 2025-08-28
修回日期: 2026-01-25
网络出版日期: 2026-04-22
为回应学界针对“自然-文化”二元论的长期批判,本研究探讨了联合国教科文组织《世界遗产公约》(简称《公约》)最新改革如何推动世界自然遗产管理范式的重构。《公约》虽开创性地在单一国际文书中统筹保护文化与自然遗产,其实施却始终维持二元分离,管理模式往往导向单向主导,而非促进二者的整体性关联。聚焦世界自然遗产,剖析近期改革如何推动更具综合性与文化包容性的管理范式。
基于对《公约》文本、《操作指南》及指导工具的定性阐释性文献分析,并借鉴作者作为机构实践者的内观视角,将改革置于关系性遗产研究的广阔学术脉络中考察,涵括“自然文化共生”(naturecultures)与“生物文化多样性”(biocultural diversity)等核心概念。这些视角挑战现代主义对自然与文化的二元分立,为重构遗产管理的关联性与综合性提供了理论基础。通过回顾文化景观与混合遗产引入的早期改革,剖析其贡献与局限,继而转向尚未从管理视角得到系统性分析的近期改革,具体包括:将预评估程序作为申报世界遗产必经的首个强制性环节、修订《预备名录》指南、发布《“提升我们的遗产”工具包2.0》,以及《IUCN世界遗产战略》明确将文化列为自然遗产管理的战略优先事项。
尽管《公约》中形式化的“自然-文化”二元论依然存在,但近期改革正逐步消解对于管理的实际影响。通过论证管理工具、程序及机构战略如何促成对文化与自然价值更早、更平衡的认定,文化包容的自然遗产管理范式正在形成。
(德)克莱门斯·库珀 , 刘伟 . 从分立到联结:世界遗产改革如何推进世界自然遗产的综合管理[J]. 风景园林, 2026 , 33(4) : 12 -19 . DOI: 10.3724/j.fjyl.LA20250520
1、《世界遗产公约》虽在形式上仍保留“自然-文化”二元架构,但其实践层面的分野正随程序改革、指南完善及“IUCN-ICOMOS-ICCROM”三方协作深化而逐步消融,世界自然遗产的文化包容性管理范式由此渐趋成形。
2、近期世界遗产改革以预评估机制的建立为关键突破,在申报筹备阶段为探索“自然-文化”关联性创造了更早的机构化介入,从而支持综合管理得以从源头嵌入。
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