基于正射影像数据的绿视率计量方法研究
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潘子暘/男/浙江农林大学风景园林与建筑学院在读硕士研究生/研究方向为风景园林与植物应用、风景园林规划与设计 |
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胡路瑶/女/浙江农林大学风景园林与建筑学院在读硕士研究生/研究方向为风景园林资源及其保护利用、风景园林规划与设计 |
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杨凡/男/博士/浙江农林大学风景园林与建筑学院副教授、硕士生导师/研究方向为植物景观功能及设计应用 |
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包志毅/男/博士/浙江农林大学风景园林与建筑学院教授、名誉院长、博士生导师/本刊编委/研究方向为植物景观规划设计、园林植物资源和产业化 |
Copy editor: 刘颖
收稿日期: 2025-06-04
网络出版日期: 2026-03-12
基金资助
国家自然科学基金青年科学基金项目“基于AR技术的绿视率心理影响的量化研究——以居住区绿地为例”(31901362)
版权
Research on Measurement Methodology of Green View Index Based on Orthophoto Data
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PAN Ziyang is a master student in the College of Landscape and Architecture, Zhejiang A&F University. His research focuses on landscape architecture and plant application, and landscape planning and design |
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HU Luyao is a master student in the College of Landscape and Architecture, Zhejiang A&F University. Her research focuses on landscape resources and their conservation and utilization, and landscape planning and design |
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YANG Fan, Ph.D., is an associate professor and master supervisor in the College of Landscape and Architecture, Zhejiang A&F University. His research focuses on vegetation landscape function and design application |
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BAO Zhiyi, Ph.D., is a professor, honorary dean and doctoral supervisor in the College of Landscape and Architecture, Zhejiang A&F University, and an editorial board member of this journal. His research focuses on vegetation landscape planning and design, and vegetation resources and industrialization |
Received date: 2025-06-04
Online published: 2026-03-12
Copyright
针对传统绿视率(green view index, GVI)计量方法效率低、覆盖范围受限的问题,本研究提出一种基于正射影像数据的新型绿视率计量方法,旨在构建半自动化框架,以提升城市绿地可视性评估的效率与适用范围。
基于投影几何原理,构建绿视率与正射影像参数间的数学模型,利用正射影像提取植被空间分布与投影信息,构建三维模型以模拟绿视率场景,结合Python程序实现绿视率的自动识别与计算;最后通过与基于实地相机图像数据源的绿视率进行对比分析,验证该方法的可靠性。
逻辑推导得出基于正射影像数据的绿视率计算式,从理论方面证明了方法的可行性,揭示了绿视率与正射影像中植物阴影的几何参数、太阳高度角、测点与周边绿化的空间距离等要素之间的定量映射关系。对275组实地与模拟绿视率数据的分析表明,两者呈现显著线性关系,模型验证了方法的可靠性。
基于正射影像的绿视率计量方法能够有效表征城市绿地的三维可视性,为绿视率自动化计量提供了可扩展的技术路径,有助于推动城市绿化评价体系向精细化与标准化方向发展。
潘子暘 , 胡路瑶 , 杨凡 , 包志毅 . 基于正射影像数据的绿视率计量方法研究[J]. 风景园林, 2026 , 33(2) : 115 -124 . DOI: 10.3724/j.fjyl.LA20250338
Against the backdrop of accelerating global urbanization, urban green space systems critically enhance ecological quality, mitigate urban heat island effects and air pollution, and improve residents’ physical and mental well-being with substantial physiological and psychological benefits. Under “Beautiful China” strategy, precise urban greening assessment has emerged as a core challenge in landscape architecture. The green view index (GVI), a 3D perceptual metric quantifying visible green vegetation proportion, better fulfills human-centered evaluation needs than traditional 2D indicators like green coverage rate. However, existing methods relying on manual field surveys, LiDAR point clouds, or street view imagery suffer from inefficiency, high costs, viewpoint simulation biases, limited coverage (often restricted to road networks), and high costs, hindering large-scale urban applications. To address interdisciplinary challenges in urban green space evaluation, this study proposes a novel orthophoto-based GVI measurement method to establish a semi-automated framework, overcoming traditional data limitations and significantly enhancing urban green visibility assessment efficiency, spatial coverage, and practical applicability for diverse green space types including enclosed parks and campuses.
Two representative small-to-medium-scale, low-density green spaces—Ginkgo Square (YS) on a university campus and Jinxiu Park (JS) in Hangzhou Lin’an District—were strategically selected for validation, as their simplified vegetation structures minimized 3D occlusion complexities during this foundational study. Using stratified sampling reflecting pedestrian movement patterns, 112 observation points covered roads, recreational zones, and transitional areas. Based on projective geometry principles, a quantitative “shadow−facade−GVI” mapping model was developed: First, DJI Mavic 2 drones captured high-resolution orthophotos (100 m altitude, 10 mm focal length, 24 mm ground sample distance) during summer daylight hours, while 308 on-site GVI images were synchronously taken at 1.5 m eye height using standardized protocols (24 mm focal length, 16∶9 aspect ratio) to simulate human perspective. Pix4Dmapper software performed geometric corrections (WGS 84/UTM zone 50N), enabling manual extraction of vegetation shadow locations and pixel areas (m 1) from orthophotos. Vegetation facade area (S 2=S 1·tanθ S) and equivalent volumes (modeled as rotational ellipsoids) were derived using solar elevation angle (θ S), dynamically calculated from GPS coordinates, date, and local time. SketchUp then constructed simplified 3D scene models—representing trees as ellipsoid canopies (derived from crown shadows) combined with cylindrical trunks, extruding shrubs/structures from shadow footprints, and modeling dense woodlands as aggregated volumes. The theoretically derived formula I GV=(m 1×tanθ S/M) (f 1×p×H/f 2×c×L)2×100% quantified relationships between GVI and orthophoto-measured parameters. Python scripts automated GVI calculation by identifying green pixels, with pedestrian-route-weighted spatial integration generating overall site GVI. Model reliability was rigorously tested via Spearman’s rank correlation and linear regression analyses using 275 paired field-simulation samples.
Mathematical derivation confirmed GVI’s direct calculability from orthophoto-extracted parameters—shadow area (m 1), solar elevation (θ S), camera specifications (focal length f 2, pixel size c), and observer-to-vegetation distance (L)—establishing a robust 2D-to-3D visual perception conversion mechanism. Statistical analysis of 275 validation datasets revealed a highly significant linear relationship between simulated and field-measured GVI: I GV, simulated = 0.82 × I GV, field + 0.13 (R 2=0.593, p < 0.001). Site-level GVI errors remained low (YS: 44.60% simulated vs. 41.17% field, Δ = 3.43%; JS: 38.19% vs. 32.63%, Δ = 5.56%), demonstrating method consistency. Scenario-based analysis further revealed: strongest correlation in open recreational areas (r=0.841), tightly clustered errors at road nodes, systematic overestimation in low-GVI scenarios (<40%) likely due to minor shadow detection artifacts, and higher variability in open-space viewpoints (IQR span:
This study innovatively leverages widely available orthophotos to create a semi-automated GVI measurement framework, achieving standardized image analysis workflows, breaking street-view imagery’s road-network dependency and extending robust assessment to parks, campuses, and enclosed green spaces previously excluded from automated evaluation. With significantly reduced errors compared to traditional methods, this method establishes a scalable pathway for citywide green visual database construction, advancing urban greening evaluation towards operational precision and standardization. Current manual modeling steps are solely for validation, while parametric tools enable full automation potential. Integration with China’s National Territorial Survey Cloud Platform enables seamless geospatial data fusion, while Digital Twin compatibility supports dynamic visualization of green view service efficacy, serving the human-centered ecological governance goals in the "Beautiful China" strategy. Current limitations include terrain data absence-induced about 10% systematic errors in sloped terrain and dense canopy occlusion requiring aggregated estimation, which will be addressed through near-future enhancements: fusing open-source DEM data for terrain-aware occlusion modeling and embedding semantic segmentation-based deep learning algorithms for automated shadow segmentation and classification.
表1 正射影像乔木测量数据(部分)Tab. 1 Tree measurement data from orthophotos (partial) |
| 序号 | x坐标/ 像素 | y坐标/ 像素 | 旋转椭球体 | 圆柱体 | ||||
| 底部z坐标/像素 | 短轴/mm | 长轴/mm | 底部z坐标/像素 | 直径/mm | 高度/mm | |||
| JS0589 | 11 406 | 4 613 | 200.00 | 5 120 | 8 520 | 0 | 200 | 4 800 |
| JS0590 | 11 325 | 4 682 | 37.50 | 1 910 | 3 340 | 0 | 200 | 900 |
| JS0591 | 7 005 | 2 576 | 116.67 | 4 400 | 8 380 | 0 | 200 | 2 800 |
| JS0592 | 7 284 | 1 849 | 25.00 | 3 780 | 3 040 | 0 | 200 | 600 |
| JS0593 | 7 435 | 2 208 | 25.00 | 3 780 | 3 040 | 0 | 200 | 600 |
| JS0594 | 7 747 | 2 664 | 37.50 | 3 650 | 1 600 | 0 | 200 | 900 |
表2 实地绿视率与模拟绿视率的相关性分析Tab. 2 Field and simulated GVI correlation analysis |
| 变量 | 模拟绿视率 | 实地绿视率 |
|---|---|---|
| 注:**表示在0.01级别(双尾),相关性显著。 | ||
| 模拟绿视率 | 1.000 | 0.751** |
| 实地绿视率 | 0.751** | 1.000 |
表3 线性回归模型结果Tab. 3 Linear regression model results |
| 模型项 | B | SE | β | t | p |
| 注:B为非标准化系数,SE为标准误差,β为标准化系数,t为t检验值,p为显著性水平,R²为决定系数,F为F检验值。 | |||||
| 常量 | 0.128 | 0.016 | 8.191 | <0.001 | |
| 实地绿视率 | 0.817 | 0.041 | 0.770 | 19.958 | <0.001 |
| R 2 | 0.593 | ||||
| F | 398.325 | ||||
| p | <0.001 | ||||
图10 基于空间功能分异的绿视率差值分布特征Fig. 10 Distribution of GVI difference across spatial functional differentiations |
表4 基于空间功能分异的实地绿视率与模拟绿视率相关性分析Tab. 4 Field and simulated GVI correlation analysis across spatial functional zones |
| 场景特征 | 变量 | 模拟绿视率 | 实地绿视率 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 注:**表示在0.01级别(双尾),相关性显著。 | |||
| 边界道路 | 模拟绿视率 | 1.000 | 0.743** |
| 实地绿视率 | 0.743** | 1.000 | |
| 内部道路 | 模拟绿视率 | 1.000 | 0.725** |
| 实地绿视率 | 0.725** | 1.000 | |
| 游憩场地 | 模拟绿视率 | 1.000 | 0.841** |
| 实地绿视率 | 0.841** | 1.000 | |
图11 基于实地绿视率水平的绿视率差值分布特征Fig. 11 Distribution of GVI difference across field GVI levels |
表5 基于实地绿视率水平的实地绿视率与模拟绿视率相关性分析Tab. 5 Field and simulated GVI correlation analysis stratified by field GVI levels |
| 场景特征 | 变量 | 模拟绿视率 | 实地绿视率 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 注:**表示在0.01级别(双尾),相关性显著。 | |||
| 低绿视率 | 模拟绿视率 | 1.000 | 0.686** |
| 实地绿视率 | 0.686** | 1.000 | |
| 高绿视率 | 模拟绿视率 | 1.000 | 0.464** |
| 实地绿视率 | 0.464** | 1.000 | |
图12 基于空间布局与视觉视角的GVI视点分类Fig. 12 Classification of GVI viewpoints incorporating spatial layout and visual perspectives |
图13 基于空间布局以及视觉视角的绿视率差值分布特征Fig. 13 Distribution of GVI difference across spatial layout and visual perspective |
表6 基于空间布局与视觉视角的实地绿视率与模拟绿视率相关性分析Tab. 6 Field and simulated GVI correlation analysis incorporating spatial layout and visual perspectives |
| 场景特征 | 变量 | 模拟绿视率 | 实地绿视率 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 注:**表示在0.01级别(双尾),相关性显著。 | |||
| 路中视点 | 模拟绿视率 | 1.000 | 0.726** |
| 实地绿视率 | 0.726** | 1.000 | |
| 三岔路口视点 | 模拟绿视率 | 1.000 | 0.755** |
| 实地绿视率 | 0.755** | 1.000 | |
| 十字路口视点 | 模拟绿视率 | 1.000 | 0.844** |
| 实地绿视率 | 0.844** | 1.000 | |
| 开放空间视点 | 模拟绿视率 | 1.000 | 0.841** |
| 实地绿视率 | 0.841** | 1.000 | |
1、创新性地利用正射影像替代传统数据源,构建基于投影几何原理的绿视率计量模型,突破街景数据源局限于道路网络的瓶颈,提升数据获取效率与覆盖范围。
2、系统揭示了绿视率与正射影像中各要素的定量映射关系,并基于275组实地-模拟绿视率数据的对比验证,证实计量方法可靠性,为绿视率自动化计量提供理论基础与实证支撑。
3、利用易获取的无人机与卫星的正射影像,显著降低了对实地数据的依赖与成本,为构建大范围绿地视觉数据库提供支撑,助力美丽中国建设与人本绿化评价。
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