山西省中部地区大型底栖动物群落结构特征与水质生物评价
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金珂(2000—),女,吉林省长春人,硕士研究生,从事水生生物学研究。E-mail: jinke0108@163.com |
收稿日期: 2024-03-04
修回日期: 2024-05-30
网络出版日期: 2026-03-12
版权
Assessment of water quality and macrobenthos community structure in central Shanxi Province
Received date: 2024-03-04
Revised date: 2024-05-30
Online published: 2026-03-12
Copyright
为了评价山西省中部地区河流水生态健康状况,于2023年10月对黄河流域、汾河流域及海河流域的22个采样点开展大型底栖动物群落调查,结合Shannon-Wiener多样性指数、BPI指数等7项生物指标评价水质,并通过冗余分析(RDA)解析环境驱动因子。研究结果显示,共鉴定出大型底栖动物128种,耐污种占比为79.69%,优势种为拟细裳蜉(Paraleptophlebia sp.)、细蜉(Caenis sp.)和喙隐摇蚊(Cryptochironomus rostratus)。水质评价结果表明,该区域黄河流域整体处于中污染(Ⅳ级采样点占38.9%);汾河流域为轻–中污染(Ⅲ-Ⅳ级占65.6%);海河流域上游水质最优(Ⅴ级仅占7.5%)。RDA分析结果揭示有机物污染是核心驱动因子(主成分1贡献率为39.8%),且与人口密度及农业面源污染显著正相关。建议优先管控生活污水与农业面源污染,并建立以EPT类群为指示物种的长期监测体系。本文可为黄土高原半干旱区水生态修复提供科学依据。
金珂 , 秦立鹏 , 姬诚炜 , 杨慧轩 , 耿志远 , 刘青 , 刘少贞 , 宋晶 . 山西省中部地区大型底栖动物群落结构特征与水质生物评价[J]. 湿地科学, 2025 , 23(2) : 385 -396 . DOI: 10.13248/j.cnki.wetlandsci.20240060
The central region of Shanxi Province, located in the semi-arid Loess Plateau of northern China, is characterized by severe spatial and temporal disparities in freshwater resource distribution. Rapid urbanization, intensive agricultural activities, and climate variability have exacerbated water scarcity, leading to overexploitation and degradation of aquatic ecosystems. To systematically evaluate the ecological health of river systems in this region, this study conducted a comprehensive survey of macroinvertebrate communities across three major river basins: the Yellow River Basin, Fenhe River Basin, and Hai River Basins in October 2023. A total of 22 sampling sites were selected to represent diverse hydrological conditions, including headwater streams, mid-reach channels, and downstream zones influenced by human's impact. Standardized kick and sweep hand net sampling was conducted using a Sobol net (mesh size: 500 μm) to collect samples of large invertebrates, which were then identified to the lowest possible taxonomic level. Community structure and biodiversity were assessed using seven biological indices: the Shannon-Wiener Diversity Index (H'), Simpson's Dominance Index (d), Margalef's Richness Index (dm), Pielou's Evenness Index (J), the Biotic Pollution Index (BPI), the EPT Index (Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera, Trichoptera), and the Percentage of Dominant Taxa. Water quality was classified according to China’s national standards (GB
1 Location distribution of sampling sites in central Shanxi Province山西省中部地区采样点位置分布 |
1 The basic information of sampling points采样点基本信息 |
| 采样点序号 | 采样点所在河流 | 所属水系 | 经纬度 |
| 注:采样点序号中的F、Hu、Ha表示采样点位于汾河流域、黄河流域、海河流域,数字为采样点序号;所属水系的HU、HA表示属于黄河、海河水系,下标1~5表示所属干流的一级至五级支流。 | |||
| F1 | 汾河 | HU1 | 37°59'09"N,112°01'25"E |
| F2 | 杨兴河 | HU2 | 37°30'19"N,112°02'14"E |
| F3 | 磁窑河 | HU2 | 37°03'40"N,111°51'50"E |
| F4 | 潇河 | HU2 | 38°02'16"N,112°38'14"E |
| F5 | 潇河 | HU2 | 37°36'06"N,112°36'00"E |
| F6 | 岚河 | HU2 | 38°13'12"N,111°45'35"E |
| F7 | 文峪河 | HU2 | 37°15'29"N,111°58'38"E |
| F8 | 文峪河 | HU2 | 37°42'05"N,112°53'59"E |
| Hu1 | 北川河 | HU1 | 37°23'33"N,110°37'51"E |
| Hu2 | 三川河 | HU1 | 37°38'13"N,110°47'23"E |
| Hu3 | 岚漪河 | HU1 | 38°30'25"N,110°53'16"E |
| Hu4 | 湫水河 | HU1 | 38°36'09"N,110°53'44"E |
| Hu5 | 黄河 | HU2 | 37°27'40"N,111°06'23"E |
| Hu6 | 三川河 | HU2 | 37°33'32"N,111°08'27"E |
| Hu7 | 蔚汾河 | HU2 | 38°01'20"N,111°22'23"E |
| Hu8 | 北川河 | HU1 | 37°11'18"N,110°45'16"E |
| Hu9 | 南川河 | HU1 | 37°26'58"N,110°55'58"E |
| Ha1 | 桃河 | HA3 | 38°25'22"N,113°15'07"E |
| Ha2 | 乌河 | HA5 | 37°28'11"N,113°29'30"E |
| Ha3 | 甘陶河 | HA5 | 37°51'11"N,113°41'45"E |
| Ha4 | 清漳东源 | HA4 | 37°43'01"N,114°03'10"E |
| Ha5 | 清漳西源 | HA5 | 37°18'23"N,113°10'31"E |
2 Biological index evaluation criteria生物指数评价标准 |
| 指数 | 优秀(Ⅰ) | 良好(Ⅱ) | 中等(Ⅲ) | 较差(Ⅳ) | 很差(Ⅴ) | 文献 |
| BMWP | >146 | >110~146 | >73~110 | >37~73 | 0~37 | [29] |
| BMWP* | >80 | >51~80 | >25~51 | >10~25 | 0~10 | [12] |
| BI | ≤3.9 | >3.9~5.4 | >5.4~7.0 | >7.0~8.5 | >8.5 | [29] |
| BPI | ≤0.1 | >0.1~0.5 | >0.5~1.5 | >1.5~5.0 | >5.0 | [29] |
| Shannon-Wiener多样性指数(H’) | >3.0 | >2.1~3.0 | >1.1~2.1 | >0.0~1.1 | 0.0 | [29] |
| Margalef丰富度指数(dm) | >3.5 | >2.5~3.5 | >2.0~2.5 | >1.0~2.0 | 0.0~1.0 | [12] |
| Simpson多样性指数(d) | 0.00~0.20 | >0.20~0.40 | >0.40~0.60 | >0.60~0.80 | >0.80~1.00 | [12] |
| Pielou均匀度指数(J) | >0.80~1.00 | >0.60~0.80 | >0.40~0.60 | >0.20~0.40 | 0.00~0.20 | [12] |
3 Dominance index of macrobenthos in various river systems of central Shanxi Province山西省中部地区各水系大型底栖动物优势度指数 |
| 物种 | 山西中部 地区 | 汾河 水系 | 黄河 水系 | 海河 水系 |
| 克拉泊水丝蚓Limnodrilus claparedianus | 0.02 | |||
| 中华颤蚓Tubifex sinicus | 0.02 | |||
| 拟细裳蜉Paraleptophlebia sp. | 0.15 | 0.11 | 0.14 | 0.11 |
| 细蜉Caenis sp. | 0.04 | 0.07 | 0.07 | |
| 山地亚美蜉Ameletus montanus | 0.03 | |||
| 东方蜉Ephemera orientalis | 0.02 | |||
| 卡罗长角纹石蚕Macrostemum carolina | 0.06 | 0.02 | ||
| 短线短脉纹石蚕Cheumatopsyche brevilineata | 0.05 | |||
| 喙隐摇蚊Cryptochinronomus rostratus | 0.05 | 0.07 | 0.03 | 0.04 |
| 基弗摇蚊Kiefferulus sp. | 0.07 |
4 Eigenvalues, explained variance, and cumulative contribution rates of principal component analysis主成分分析的特征值、方差及累计方差贡献率 |
| 主成分 | 特征值 | 方差贡献率/% | 累计方差贡献率/% |
| 1 | 3.582 | 39.797 | 39.797 |
| 2 | 1.999 | 22.210 | 62.008 |
| 3 | 1.128 | 12.531 | 74.539 |
5 Factor loadings in principal components of water quality influences in the Yellow River Basin黄河流域水质影响主成分中因子载荷 |
| 指标 | 主成分1 | 主成分2 | 主成分3 |
| 水温(WT) | 0.012 | 0.014 | −0.640 |
| pH | −0.373 | 0.805 | −0.083 |
| 溶解氧(DO) | 0.075 | 0.938 | −0.064 |
| 电导率(CE) | 0.949 | 0.011 | −0.094 |
| 浊度(Tur) | −0.098 | −0.062 | 0.803 |
| 锰酸盐(CODMn) | 0.847 | −0.194 | 0.196 |
| 氨氮(NH3-N) | 0.839 | −0.376 | −0.168 |
| 总磷(TP) | 0.593 | v0.359 | 0.496 |
| 总氮(TN) | 0.665 | 0.294 | −0.352 |
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