专题:城乡绿色空间的降碳减污

道路绿地植被对空气质量及热环境影响研究进展

  • 张诚 , 1 ,
  • 圣倩倩 , 1, 2, 3, * ,
  • 祝遵凌 , 1, 2, 3
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  • 1 南京林业大学风景园林学院
  • 2 南京林业大学数字化创新设计研究中心
  • 3 国家林业与草原局"园林植物数字化应用与生态设计"国家级创新联盟

张诚/男/南京林业大学风景园林学院在读博士研究生/研究方向为园林植物应用与生态功能

圣倩倩/女/博士/南京林业大学风景园林学院副教授/南京林业大学数字化创新设计研究中心副主任/国家林业和草原局“园林植物数字化应用与生态设计”国家级创新联盟副秘书长/研究方向为园林植物应用与生态功能

祝遵凌/男/博士/南京林业大学艺术设计学院院长、教授/南京林业大学数字化创新设计研究中心主任/国家林业和草原局“园林植物数字化应用与生态设计”国家级创新联盟理事长/研究方向为园林植物栽培与应用、植物景观规划设计

Copy editor: 刘昱霏

收稿日期: 2025-09-15

  修回日期: 2025-11-20

  网络出版日期: 2026-03-12

基金资助

国家自然科学基金“城市道路绿地植物叶际对交通NOx的吸收代谢机制及净化效应”(32471942)

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版权所有 © 2026 风景园林编辑部

Research Progress on Road Greenspace Vegetation Effects on Air Quality and Thermal Environment

  • ZHANG Cheng , 1 ,
  • SHENG Qianqian , 1, 2, 3, * ,
  • ZHU Zunling , 1, 2, 3
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  • 1 School of Landscape Architecture, Nanjing Forestry University
  • 2 Digital Innovation Design Research Center at Nanjing Forestry University
  • 3 National Innovation Alliance for "Digital Application of Landscape Plants and Ecological Design" under the National Forestry and Grassland Administration

ZHANG Cheng is a Ph.D. candidate in the School of Landscape Architecture, Nanjing Forestry University. His research focuses on the application of landscape plants and their ecological functions

SHENG Qianqian, Ph.D., is an associate professor in the School of Landscape Architecture, Nanjing Forestry University, and the deputy director of the Digital Innovation Design Research Center at Nanjing Forestry University. She is also the deputy secretary-general of the National Innovation Alliance for “Digital Application of Landscape Plants and Ecological Design” under the National Forestry and Grassland Administration. Her research focuses on the application of landscape plants and their ecological functions

ZHU Zunling, Ph.D., is a professor and the dean of the School of Art and Design at Nanjing Forestry University, the director of the Digital Innovation Design Research Center at Nanjing Forestry University, the chairman of the National Innovation Alliance for “Digital Application of Landscape Plants and Ecological Design” under the National Forestry and Grassland Administration. His research focuses on the cultivation and application of landscape plants, and plant landscape planning and design

Received date: 2025-09-15

  Revised date: 2025-11-20

  Online published: 2026-03-12

Copyright

Copyright © 2026 Landscape Architecture. All rights reserved.

摘要

【目的】

在全球气候变化与快速城市化双重压力下,热岛效应和空气污染已成为突出的城市环境问题。道路绿地植被作为绿色基础设施的重要组成部分,在遮阴降温、污染物沉降及局地气候调节方面具有显著潜力。然而,道路绿地植被生态效益的发挥,具有多维度和多机制的复杂性,需权衡其间的关系。

【方法】

本研究从植被个体特征、植物群落特征以及环境背景3个维度构建综合分析框架,阐明道路绿地植被在改善空气质量与调节热环境中的协同与拮抗机制。

【结果】

研究表明:1)道路绿地植被对空气质量及热环境的影响具有多维度特征,其作用效果由叶片微观形态到冠层宏观结构,再到群落配置的多级特征的综合作用决定;2)道路绿地植被在空气质量改善与热环境调节两类生态功能上存在内在机制冲突,需依据道路污染水平、风热环境及盛行气象条件进行多目标权衡,并通过精细化调控植被三维结构,协同提升空气质量与行人热舒适性;3)街道高宽比、朝向和风环境等环境背景是植被发挥生态效益的制约因素,道路绿地植被设计须遵循“因地制宜”原则,依据具体背景环境特征进行差异化配置。

【结论】

未来应探索道路绿地植被三维空间形态的量化体系,融合多源监测与模拟技术,揭示植被结构对热效应与污染物扩散的复合影响机制,为可持续、多目标和综合型道路景观设计与生态宜居城市构建提供理论支撑。

本文引用格式

张诚 , 圣倩倩 , 祝遵凌 . 道路绿地植被对空气质量及热环境影响研究进展[J]. 风景园林, 2026 , 33(1) : 47 -55 . DOI: 10.3724/j.fjyl.LA20250562

Abstract

[Objective]

Under the dual pressures of global climate change and rapid urbanization, urban heat island effects and air pollution have become prominent environmental problems, severely affect public health and significantly reduce residents' quality of life. In this context, it is essential to take various measures to improve urban road air quality and thermal environment, such as controlling traffic emissions to reduce source pollution, optimizing urban ventilation design to promote pollutant dispersion and alleviate heat accumulation, setting physical barriers to block pollutant transmission, and rationally configuring vegetation to promote pollutant deposition and provide shading and cooling. Among these, the rational configuration of vegetation has been considered one of the feasible measures to significantly improve road air quality and thermal environment in the short term. However, previous studies have mostly focused on analyzing single ecological benefits, failing to fully reveal the complex coupling relationships between road greenspace vegetation’s improvement of air quality and regulation of thermal environments, as well as the inherent synergistic and antagonistic mechanisms. In particular, there has been a lack of systematic reviews on balancing multiple benefits, evaluating the comprehensive impacts of different vegetation configuration patterns, and understanding the interaction among environmental background factors.

[Methods]

This study constructed a comprehensive analytical framework from three dimensions: vegetation individual traits, community characteristics, and environmental background. It elucidated the synergistic and antagonistic mechanisms of road greenspace vegetation in improving air quality and regulating thermal environments, providing a theoretical basis for road space greening design to promote urban public health and the construction of sustainable living environments.

[Results]

This study demonstrated that road greenspace vegetation had significant multidimensional effects on road environments, with various trade-offs and synergies. 1) Road greenspace vegetation had significant multidimensional effects and trade-offs on road environments. The realization of ecological benefits from vegetation was influenced by the combined effects of micro-scale leaf characteristics (such as epidermal wax, stomatal density, and trichome structure), macro-scale canopy structure (canopy width, leaf area), and community characteristics (stratified structure, planting density). There were complex interactions between different dimensional characteristics: for example, a high leaf area could enhance pollutant deposition and shading effects but might reduce canopy permeability, obstructing pollutant diffusion and leading to increased local pollutant concentrations. Similarly, a lower branch height could expand shading coverage but might inhibit near-surface air circulation, affecting thermal comfort. This cross-dimensional trade-off mechanism indicated that optimal vegetation configuration must be systematically and collaboratively optimized based on specific ecological benefit goals. 2) Road greenspace vegetation exhibited both synergistic and antagonistic effects in improving air quality and regulating thermal environments. High leaf area and high canopy closure vegetation could provide ample shading and transpiration cooling effects, thereby reducing air temperature and mean radiant temperature; however, effective pollutant diffusion required vegetation with appropriate porosity to ensure ventilation efficiency at pedestrian height, avoiding pollutant accumulation. Under ideal conditions, a well-structured stratified community could simultaneously achieve efficient pollutant reduction and effective thermal environment regulation. However, the mechanisms by which road greenspace vegetation improves air quality and regulates thermal environments were fundamentally different: high-density vegetation, while enhancing thermal comfort, tends to obstruct air flow, increase local pollution risks; whereas sparse vegetation configurations, although beneficial for pollutant diffusion, may weaken shading effects and transpiration cooling efficiency. Therefore, the vegetation configuration of road green spaces needed to be optimized based on road pollution levels, local microclimate characteristics, and prevailing meteorological conditions. By fine-tuning the three-dimensional structure of vegetation, air quality and thermal comfort could be enhanced in a synergistic manner. 3) Environmental background factors were critical boundary conditions that determined the effectiveness of vegetation ecological functions. The street aspect ratio determined the flow-field pattern and directly affected pollutant dispersion path; street orientation dictated the distribution of solar radiation and was a major factor influencing the spatial variation of thermal environments; wind field conditions govern the interaction processes between vegetation and the atmosphere. Therefore, vegetation configuration should be designed based on the specific spatial characteristics of the street.

[Conclusion]

Current studies have mostly focused on the impact of two-dimensional vegetation parameters on single environmental effects. Future research should develop a comprehensive quantification system for vegetation’s three-dimensional spatial morphology. Using technologies such as 3D laser scanning and stereophotogrammetric measurements to obtain canopy volume, leaf area density, and other spatial parameters, combined with computational simulation, will help reveal the coupling mechanisms between the three-dimensional spatial structure of road greenspace vegetation, pollutant dispersion, and heat radiation transfer. This will contribute to the development of a road greenspace vegetation design model based on spatial integrity. Furthermore, existing research has paid little attention to the interactive regulation mechanisms between road greenspace vegetation, air quality, and thermal environments. Most studies isolate the analysis of single environmental factors and fail to fully elucidate the synergistic effects of vegetation on the combined processes of pollution and heat. Future research should focus on simultaneous monitoring of canopy microclimates and spatiotemporal dynamics of multiple air pollutants, quantitatively analyzing the coupling relationship between thermal environment and pollution distribution under vegetation structure control, and exploring the synergistic and trade-off mechanisms in improving air quality and regulating thermal environments. This will provide a scientific basis for the creation of healthy and comfortable road space.

在全球气候变化与快速城市化的背景下,城市面临着日益严重的环境问题,如热岛效应和空气污染[1]。热应激与空气污染的复合暴露,使得人群对环境压力源更为敏感,从而增加了公共健康风险。高度城市化的区域,人居环境问题已逐渐成为系统性难题,在城市道路空间中表现得尤为突出[2]。城市道路中的行人不仅暴露在高浓度的交通污染物中,还处于近地面大气温度因城市热岛效应而显著升高的环境中[3-4]。因此,空气质量与热环境已成为道路绿化优化设计的关键考量因素[5]。随着污染事件和极端天气频发,改善城市道路热环境和空气质量的需求愈加迫切。在此背景下,亟须采取多种应对措施来提升城市道路空气质量并改善热环境,例如:控制交通排放来降低源头污染物排放量、优化城市通风设计促进污染物扩散并缓解热积聚、设置物理屏障以阻断污染物传输,以及合理配置植被以促进污染物沉积并遮阴降温等[6-7]。其中,合理配置植被被认为是短期内显著改善道路空气质量和热环境的可行措施之一[8]
道路绿地植被是城市绿色基础设施的重要组成部分[9-10]。本研究聚焦于其中一类具有明确生态干预功能的植被配置形式,即分布于道路两侧、介于机动车道与行人空间之间、呈线性连续布局的植被带,其典型代表即为分车绿带与行道树绿带。这种带状植被因其独特的空间位置(污染源与受体的缓冲带)与形态特征(垂直面上的连续性与密实度),构成了影响道路内环境质量的关键生态屏障。研究表明,道路绿地植被可减少47%~78%的太阳短波辐射,降低气温1.2 ℃~4 ℃,增加种植密度或覆盖度能显著提高行人热舒适度[11]。一项数值模拟研究表明,植被覆盖率的增加能够显著改善热环境,尤其是在植被覆盖率达到一定阈值后,降温效果最为明显。该阈值受城市、气候和季节影响,通常植被覆盖率在20%~40%时降温效果最佳[12]。尽管道路绿地植被在改善热环境方面具有明显的效果,它对空气质量的影响机制则较为复杂。较高的树木覆盖度有助于沉降颗粒物,并通过叶片气孔吸收空气中的气态污染物(如SO2和NO2),这一过程对改善空气质量始终是有益的[13]。但是,道路绿地植被作为物理屏障,也会改变空气流动路径,阻碍污染物扩散、拦截污染物或使污染物重新悬浮,这一过程既有正效应,也有负效应[14-15]。通常,高密度的道路绿地植被能够有效改善行人侧的空气质量,但在深街道峡谷或者车流量大的街道,其通风条件本已受限,过于密集的植被会进一步阻碍空气流动,导致污染物在行人高度滞留,反而不利于局部污染的向外扩散[16-17]
目前,关于道路绿地植被生态效益的研究主要围绕其在调节热环境和改善空气质量2个方面展开。在调节热环境方面,现有的研究主要集中于道路绿地植被降温机理、效益量化及设计策略,重点阐述了遮阴、蒸腾冷却及调节局地气流等关键作用路径,并分析了冠层密度、植被结构及环境背景等因素对降温的影响机制[4, 9-10, 12, 18];在改善空气质量方面,相关研究则关注道路绿地植被对污染物的双重影响机制,探讨了其作为生物过滤器促进干沉降以及作为物理屏障阻碍污染物扩散的协同与拮抗效应,并从物种选择、空间配置及模拟方法等角度提出了通过植被配置优化来改善空气质量的途径[17, 19-23]。然而,这些研究多集中于单一生态效益的分析,未能充分揭示道路绿地植被在改善空气质量与调节热环境之间的复杂耦合关系及其内在的协同或拮抗机制(图1)。特别是在平衡多种效益、评估不同植被配置模式的综合影响以及环境背景的交互作用等方面,仍缺乏系统性的综述[24]。因此,本研究旨在解析不同植被特征与配置结构对空气质量及热环境的综合影响,为道路空间绿化设计提供理论依据,以构建可持续人居环境,促进城市公共健康。
图1 植被影响道路污染物空气动力学与热环境示意图

Fig. 1 Schematic diagram of the effects of vegetation on pollutant aerodynamics and the thermal environment

1 道路绿地植被个体特征的影响机制

1.1 叶习性调控污染物沉积与热效应的持续性和季节性差异

叶习性的差异直接决定了叶片寿命长短,关系着植物去除污染物和调节热环境效应的持续性。不同叶习性的植物对空气质量和热环境的影响在不同季节和气候条件下存在显著差异,特别是在污染物沉积效应的时长和持续性方面。常绿树种因常年保留功能性叶片,能够持续吸附和沉积空气中的颗粒物和气态污染物,在改善空气质量上具有长期优势[25-26]。常绿树种具有较高的年均叶面积指数(leaf area index, LAI),有助于持续地维持叶片对污染物的沉积能力,从而显著改善空气质量[27-28]。例如,在热带或亚热带地区,由于气候条件较为适宜,常绿树种的叶片可以全年提供较为持续的空气污染去除效能;在寒冷气候区,常绿树种的耐寒特性使其在冬季仍能发挥一定作用[29-30]。相比之下,落叶树种的功能更易受季节性变化的影响,尤其在秋冬季节,当叶片枯落或生长停滞时,由于缺乏有效的沉积表面,其在空气污染高峰期的吸附污染物能力大幅减弱。此外,落叶树种的蒸腾冷却效应在春夏季节较为显著,但由于季节性变化,其对热环境的调节作用往往不如常绿树种持久[26]。因此,在道路植被规划中,叶习性的选择需权衡生态效益稳定性与季节需求匹配度。在需要全年稳定净化能力的交通干道或快速路,应优先配置常绿树种;研究表明,在部分温带和亚热带城市中,落叶树种在生长季往往能表现出比常绿树种更高的蒸腾速率与降温能力[29-30]。因此,在对夏季遮阴降温有极高需求的商业区人行道,选用落叶树种可提供更强的季节性峰值效益,但其冬季吸附空气污染物功能的缺失则需要通过群落内其他常绿树种予以补充。

1.2 叶片形态结构性状与微结构对污染物沉降及冠层热调节的作用

叶片形态结构性状是决定污染物在叶片尺度上沉积效率的关键因素,但叶片吸附污染物效应并不直接转化为街道尺度的实际净化效益。叶片较小的树种因其叶片周长与面积之比高、近叶边界层薄,以及针形叶因狭长形态、扩散阻力小,普遍具有更高的单位叶面积沉积效率[26, 31-32]。除宏观形态外,叶面的微形态特征(如绒毛、沟槽、表皮蜡质和叶脉凹陷等)可显著影响颗粒物的机械截留能力。其中,阔叶树种的叶片粗糙度是影响其截留颗粒物能力的主要因素,而针叶树种则主要由蜡质被覆和气孔密度共同决定截留颗粒物的能力[21, 33-35]。同时,气孔性状也和污染物的吸收附着过程相关,但不同研究在气孔大小或密度对沉积污染物作用上结论不一[34, 36]
虽然部分树种具备有助于吸附污染物的叶片性状,但其优势能否在冠层尺度上体现,还取决于整体叶量和冠层结构。冠层孔隙度是表征冠层结构通透性的关键特征,反映了植被冠层中空气流动和光照透过的空间大小,直接影响了植被对污染物扩散和热环境调节的效果。阔叶树种通常具有较高的叶面积指数,这不仅使之在吸附污染物方面更具总量优势,也能提供更宽广的遮阴范围,所以阔叶树种在高温时段能更有效地降低近地气温与辐射温度[37]。针叶树种虽然单叶净化效率可能较高,且其冠层孔隙度较高有利于污染物的扩散,但较低的叶面积指数和较为稀疏的冠层结构也导致其遮阴和蒸腾降温能力通常弱于阔叶树种[38]。总体而言,针叶树种冠层因其透风性,在维持行人高度通风、避免污染物局部累积方面表现更好;而阔叶树种冠层则在遮阴降温方面效益更为显著,但若配置不当,其较低的冠层孔隙度会在一定程度上限制污染物的扩散。

1.3 植被高度与枝下高对调控污染物扩散路径与通风效率的影响

植被高度与枝下高作为核心结构参数,主要通过影响污染物扩散路径、空气流动和冠层的连续性等关键过程,进而影响道路的空气质量和热环境。研究表明,道路绿地植被高度需超过车辆尾气排放源高度与尾气在近地层初始射流抬升高度之和(开阔道路下通常为 4~5 m)[39],才能有效促使污染羽流整体抬升或使其穿透冠层;若植被的高度不足,则对污染羽流的影响有限,污染物更易沿近地层随风向下扩散。同时,高度不足的植被因其冠层投影范围较小,难以形成有效的遮阴覆盖,改善热环境能力较弱。
枝下高也是影响冠层垂直连续性的关键因素。过大的枝下高易形成漏斗效应,进而导致污染羽流直接穿透屏障并在下风侧积聚[40],这一现象在狭窄街道环境中尤为常见。此外,过高的枝下高也减少了有效遮阴面积,减弱了植被的蒸腾冷却作用,不利于缓解高温。相反,枝下高过低虽能增强对污染物的阻挡效果,但会抑制植被近地通风效率,既不利于污染物的进一步扩散,也阻碍了空气热量交换,可能造成局部高温,反而影响行人舒适度[41]
因此,在配置植被时,选择植被的高度和枝下高需综合考虑污染物扩散、遮阴降温与通风效率之间的协同与权衡关系。在空间受限的道路断面中,宜采用连续、致密、自地表至冠顶基本封闭的屏障形态,以强化对污染羽流的抬升与分散;而在通风需求较高的区域,则需适当提高枝下高以促进空气流动。实践中,应根据街道的污染源强度、热环境特征及功能定位,在污染物净化、热舒适与空气流通等目标之间寻求合理平衡,实现环境效益与行人舒适度的双重提升。

1.4 冠层结构与叶量在遮阴降温与污染物扩散之间的权衡关系

冠幅大小与冠层厚度是影响热环境的关键树冠特征,直接决定了植被的遮阴范围与蒸腾冷却强度[18]。较大的冠幅不仅提供更多的遮阴面积,还能有效减少到达地面的太阳辐射总量,从而降低局部温度。较厚的冠层通过较强的蒸腾冷却效应,进一步降低地表温度。研究表明,在相同条件下,冠幅更大、冠层更厚的植被具有更强的降温与增湿效应[42]。通常以LAI和叶面积密度(leaf area density, LAD)表征植被的叶量。研究表明,LAI每增加1个单位,地表温度平均下降约1.2 ℃;LAD每增加1个单位,地表温度下降约4.63 ℃[43]。然而,增加叶量虽然有助于增强降温效果,但是也可能导致冠层孔隙度的降低,限制空气污染物的扩散。较高的叶量虽有利于颗粒物的截留与沉降,但会削弱通风效率,导致污染物在行人高度滞留时间延长,尤其在风速较低时,可能会增加行人的污染物暴露风险。
因此,叶量与冠层孔隙度之间存在权衡:增加叶量有助于降温,但可能会牺牲通风效率;而适度维持冠层孔隙度虽利于污染物扩散,却又可能削弱遮阴降温效益,这种权衡关系在不同街道环境背景中需综合考虑。例如,在通风不畅的街谷或交通繁忙的路段,宜选择冠层孔隙度高的树种,以避免污染物积聚;而在空间开阔、通风条件良好的广场或宽阔大道上,则可倾向于采用叶量更高、冠幅更大的树种,以充分发挥其遮阴降温效益。

2 道路植被群落特征的多重影响路径

2.1 复层群落结构增强污染物协同沉降与热环境调节功能

复层群落结构通过乔木层、灌木层和草本层的垂直空间互补,能更高效地捕获不同高度的污染物并形成更稳定的微气候。其中,乔木层主要负责拦截并抬升污染物,并提供主要的遮阴作用;灌木层能有效阻滞近地污染物,并通过强化湍流作用促进污染物沉降;草本层能固持地表尘土,并通过蒸腾作用调节近地热环境[44-45]。因此,复层群落结构不仅能增加植被的总叶面积,增强植被对污染物的吸附和沉降能力,还能通过不同植被层次间的相互作用,促进空气流动,从而增强生态效益。研究表明,“乔灌型”和“乔草型”结构的群落比单层结构具有更高的污染物去除效益[46]。此外,复层群落结构对热环境的调节作用也非常显著。群落的多层结构通过增强遮阴效果和减少地表辐射热,显著降低近地面温度,并通过增湿作用改善局部小气候,尤其在夏季降温效果最为明显[47]。乔木层提供较大的阴影面积,遮挡直射阳光,而灌木层和草本植物通过蒸腾冷却作用,进一步降低温度。研究表明,不同季节的降温效应也有所差异:春季“针叶乔-草型”群落的降温效果最强,夏季和秋季“乔-草型”群落降温效果最强,冬季则是“乔-灌-草型”群落的降温和增湿效果最为突出[48]。因此,在城市道路绿化设计中,复层群落的配置不仅有助于提高空气质量和缓解热岛效应,还能通过不同层次植物的协同作用改善环境微气候。

2.2 植被种植密度与排列形式对降温和通风的调控

道路绿地植被的水平空间配置会直接影响污染物扩散与植被遮阴效果。在道路绿化设计中,植被的种植密度和排列形式(如单行、双行或多行栽植)是调节空气质量和热环境的关键因素。一般来说,较高种植密度的植被群落能提供更多的叶片表面积,从而具有更明显的降温效果,有效提升行人区域的热舒适度[49]。一项缩尺模型实验表明,双行种植的树木在日间能降低空气温度1.0 ℃,其降温效果比仅能降低0.6 ℃的单行种植更为有效[50]。进一步实地观测也证实了双行种植的道路气温降幅约为单侧种植的1.7倍[51]。这些结果表明,优化植被排列方式,尤其在城市热岛效应明显的街道环境中,可以显著提升植被降温效果。此外,植被布局与盛行风向的关系同样对热环境调节和通风效率有重要影响。研究表明,植被沿盛行风向排列种植时,有利于增强空气流动,能促进污染物的扩散和稀释,还能通过风的引导作用增强蒸腾冷却效果,从而提高降温效益[52]。在具体排列配置方式上,黄钰麟等[53]的研究表明,乔灌草比例为3∶1∶1,乔木种植间距为12 m时,植被结构在降温、增湿及通风方面的综合调节效果最优。因此,合理的乔灌草比例和适中的植被密度是实现有效微气候调节的关键。特别是在不同街道类型中,针对性的植被配置可以实现最佳的微气候调节效果。例如,在城市狭窄街道或人行道宽度较窄的区域,可以考虑通过双行或多行植树的方式以增加绿化覆盖率,但同时应控制种植间距与枝下高,以确保冠层具备良好的通风性。

2.3 群落水平结构特征调节地表能量平衡与局地气候

群落的水平结构特征,如植被覆盖度、天空可视因子(sky view factor, SVF)和郁闭度,决定了地表被植被遮蔽的程度以及近地表空间的通透性,是影响地表热环境与空气流动的关键因子。植被覆盖度(所有植被类型的投影面积比)和郁闭度(乔木冠层的投影面积比)从不同层面量化了植被对地表的垂直遮蔽效果;而SVF则量化了包括植被和建筑在内的整个上方空间的开阔程度,这3个特征对空气质量和热环境的调节具有重要影响。
较高的植被覆盖度可有效增强植被的遮阴效果,减少到达地面的太阳辐射总量,从而显著降低近地表气温并提高空气湿度。有研究表明,当植被覆盖度从60%增至100%时,道路绿地的降温效应显著增强[54]。植被覆盖度每增加10%,冠层下的气温、平均辐射温度和人体生理等效温度(physiological equivalent temperature, PET)分别下降约0.2 ℃、3.6 ℃和1.4 ℃[11]。然而,道路绿地的植被覆盖度对空气质量的影响机制则较为复杂:较高的植被覆盖度虽有助于阻隔部分污染物向下风向传输,但也会抑制空气流通,不利于污染物的扩散,可能造成局部污染滞留;相反,较低的植被覆盖度虽有利于通风,但对污染物的阻滞能力较弱。在植被覆盖度极高的情况下,植被的作用可能趋近于实体障碍物,引导气流绕行,能有效改善背风侧的空气质量[17]。因此,植被覆盖度的设定需结合具体环境目标进行权衡。例如,在热岛效应显著的步行街区,宜配置较高植被覆盖度的道路绿化以强化降温增湿效果;而在交通密集或通风条件较差的区域,则需适当控制道路绿地的植被覆盖度以促进污染物扩散。
郁闭度作为衡量冠层密闭程度的指标,直接影响了到达地表的太阳辐射比例。较高的郁闭度可显著降低地表温度,尤其在高温季节,道路绿地植被的遮阴降温效果更为突出,有助于营造适宜的行人热舒适环境。因此,在热岛效应突出的城市区域,宜采用高郁闭度的植物群落配置策略。
此外,SVF综合反映了包括植被和建筑在内的上方开阔程度,较低SVF通常伴有较强的遮蔽效应和冷却效应,有助于形成“冷岛”;相反,较高SVF区域因接收更多太阳辐射,导致地表温度通常偏高[55-56]。在城市道路植被设计中,SVF是优化热环境和空气质量的重要考虑因素。例如,在建筑密度较高的街道中适度提高SVF可增强空气流动,能改善道路通风条件;而在开阔或建筑密度低的区域,适当降低SVF则有助于减弱太阳辐射量,提升局部气候舒适性。

2.4 群落立面结构影响空气流动与污染物扩散路径

群落的立面结构主要通过疏透度(即从侧面视角衡量的植被通透性)来表征,直接决定了植被对空气流动的阻滞程度与方式,进而影响污染物的扩散与热量的交换。通常,群落立面疏透度越低,植被越密集,越接近于实体屏障,迫使大部分气流及其携带的污染物从其上方发生绕流。在街道峡谷等特殊风场下,也可能引导气流穿透冠层中上部,从而影响局部空气流动方向和污染物的分布[19]。相反,群落立面疏透度较高时,有更多的气流可穿透屏障,虽有利于促进植被内部的污染物沉降,但可能降低风速,导致污染物在背风侧停滞,从而造成近地面浓度的局部升高[57]。因此,道路绿地植被应保持适当的立面疏透度以在污染物阻滞沉降与有效通风扩散之间取得平衡。这种对气流结构的调控,也同步影响着局地的热环境。立面疏透度适宜的道路绿地植被能够在夏季促进通风,增强显热散失,从而缓解热岛效应;而疏透度过低则会抑制空气流动,阻碍热量向外传递,加剧局部高温。因此,在建筑密度高、通风受限的城市道路环境中,优化植物群落的立面疏透度是协调空气质量与热舒适性的关键植被配置手段。具体设计中,应结合不同街道类型的功能需求进行调整:例如在商业区或人流量大的街区,可采用乔木与低矮灌木相结合的复层配置,形成适度疏透的群落结构,兼顾遮阴降温与污染物阻滞;而在住宅区或建筑低密度区域,则可选用更为疏透的植被组合,有助于增强空气流动,促进污染物扩散,改善局部微气候。

3 环境背景因子的调节作用

道路绿地植被对空气质量与热环境的调节功能受其所在道路空间物理形态的影响。城市道路的几何特征(如高宽比、朝向)与风场条件,同植被三维结构相互作用,共同调节道路污染物扩散与热量输运的过程,最终决定了道路绿地植被生态效益的实现。

3.1 街道高宽比决定街道峡谷流场结构与污染物扩散效率

街道高宽比(aspect ratio, AR)是决定街道峡谷流场结构和通风效率的关键参数,对空气污染物扩散过程与热环境分布具有决定性影响。当AR<0.35时,街道内通常会形成孤立粗糙流(isolated roughness flow)或尾流干扰流(wake interference flow),通风效率较高,有利于污染物扩散。在此类开阔环境中,道路绿地植被设计可更侧重于发挥热环境调节,可采用冠幅宽阔、LAI较高的乔木,以最大化发挥植被的遮阴和蒸腾冷却效应。而当AR≥0.65时,则易出现表层掠流(skimming flow)现象——气流主要在街道上方运动,街谷内通风受限,污染物不易扩散,导致浓度升高[58]。尤其在风速较低时,高AR的街道中污染物更易累积。在此类深街谷中,道路绿地植被配置的核心目标应转向保障通风与促进污染物扩散。避免种植枝叶浓密、冠层通透性低的树种,否则会进一步阻碍原本有限的空气流动,加剧污染物的滞留。此时,应优先选择枝下高较高、冠层孔隙度良好的乔木,以维持行人高度的空气流通。而对于热环境,具有较高AR值的街道可以通过建筑的遮阴作用显著减少太阳辐射直达地表,降低街道日间地表温度[59-61]。然而,在夜间,深街谷内长波辐射会被建筑截留,湍流交换也会减弱,这两者作用可能导致热量积聚,街谷仍维持较高气温。因此,街道AR是决定道路绿地植被设计以实现“遮阴降温”为主,还是以“引导风流”为主的关键背景条件。

3.2 街道朝向影响太阳辐射分布与通风模式

街道朝向通过调节太阳辐射的时空分布和近地风的流场结构,影响街道空间的空气质量和热环境。夏季,东西向街道由于接受太阳直射的时间较长,往往面临更为严重的热环境压力,具体表现为道路地表温度较高、热岛效应更强,从而对行人的热舒适度构成较大挑战[62]。研究表明,东西向街道的单日累计热暴露时间可高达12.5 h,而南北向街道仅为4.5 h,这一差异直接导致东西向街道在高温季节具有更高的PET。为缓解东西向街道的过热问题,道路绿地植被配置应侧重于加强对道路南侧的遮阴效果。在街道南侧种植冠幅宽、枝叶茂密的乔木,形成连续的遮阴带,从而有效阻挡低角度入射的阳光,显著降低地表温度和平均辐射温度[63]。此外,较大的街道AR对东西向街道的热环境具有积极调节作用,尤其是能在建筑南侧形成稳定的遮阴区,提供相对舒适的微气候。也有研究表明,南北向街道在AR>0.8时,可在全天大部分时段提供更佳的热环境,但在正午前后,因太阳高度角较高,南北向街道的PET值可能与东西向街道相近[64]。除此之外,街道朝向与盛行风向之间的夹角是影响通风效率的关键因素。当街道朝向与盛行风向平行时,有利于形成空气流通通道,促进污染物的扩散。在这种情况下,植被配置应避免过度密集,以保持天然通风廊道的畅通,可以选择小冠幅、高枝下高的乔木,并避免形成封闭式的连续林冠,这样既能满足遮阴需求,又不妨碍污染物的扩散和空气流动。

3.3 风场条件驱动污染物迁移与街谷热调节过程

风场条件是决定街道内空气质量分布与热调节过程的重要因素。风速和风向共同作用,塑造了街道内部的流场结构,从而影响污染物的扩散路径和热量的传输效率。
一般而言,风速增大有助于克服植被冠层对气流的阻滞作用,同时促进空气流动与植被蒸腾,加速显热交换,从而改善空气质量并降低环境温度[65];而在低风速时,街道内的空气流动缓慢,导致湍流扩散作用减弱且热量难以有效扩散,热岛效应和空气污染加剧。在这种情况下,道路绿地植被冠层的孔隙度显得尤为重要:过密的冠层会进一步阻碍空气交换,因此应选择孔隙度适中的树种,使其既能让部分气流穿透,促进颗粒物沉降,又能避免完全阻断通风,从而防止在背风侧形成污染物高浓度区。
风向同样对污染物的扩散起着重要作用。当风向与街道走向垂直时,污染物容易在背风侧累积,形成局部高浓度区;而当风向与街道平行时,则有利于形成贯穿通风,能有效促进污染物的稀释与消减[66-68]。此外,较高背景风速会引发树体风致响应[69],如冠层摆动与孔隙度瞬时增大,这一方面可能增强污染物的扩散效率,另一方面也会减少有效遮阴面积,从而削弱植被的冷却效能。一项模拟研究表明,高背景风速(3 m/s)情景下的生理等效温度变化的降幅小于低风速(1 m/s),但高背景风速下的绝对PET值更低、热舒适性更佳[70]。这一现象揭示了现有研究基于静态植被参数的模型局限性,同时也为未来研究引入风-植被耦合动力学框架提供了方向。
因此,在变化多端的风场环境中,道路绿地树种选择不应单纯追求固定的结构参数,而应着眼于选择那些在动态风场中能够保持稳定功能的树种,以确保在面对环境变化时,依然能够持续有效地改善空气质量和调节热环境。

4 结论与展望

本研究通过系统梳理道路绿地植被对空气质量与热环境的影响机理,从植被个体特征、植被群落特征及背景环境3个维度进行综合分析(表1),强调了空气质量与热环境作为人居环境关键要素的整体性与协同性,突出了道路绿地植被对人体舒适度与公共健康的重要影响。这一综合视角为城市道路空间多目标协同优化提供了重要的理论依据与实践指导。本研究得出3个方面结论。
表1 植被个体特征、植被群落特征及环境背景对空气质量和热环境的综合影响

Tab. 1 The combined effects of individual vegetation characteristics, community characteristics, and environmental context on air quality and thermal environment

维度特征 指标 对空气质量的影响 对热环境的影响
大类 小类
  注:+代表该指标对空气质量或热环境有正向影响;++代表该指标在同小类指标中对空气质量或热环境具有更高的正向效应;−代表该指标对空气质量或热环境具有负向影响;/代表该指标对空气质量或热环境的具体影响的效应不明确。
植被个体特征 叶习性 常绿 ++ ++
落叶 + +
叶片性状 阔叶 ++ ++
针叶 + +
植被高度 树高 / +
枝下高 /
树冠与叶量 树冠 / +
叶量 / +
植被群落特征 群落结构 单层群落 + +
复层群落 ++ ++
配置方式 单行种植 / +
双行种植 / ++
群落水平结构特征 植被覆盖率与郁闭度 / +
天空可视因子 /
群落立面结构特征 疏透度 / +
环境背景 街道形态 高宽比 +
街道朝向 东西向 /
南北向 / +
风速 + +
平行风 ++ ++
垂直风 / +
1)道路绿地植被对道路环境的影响具有显著的多维度效应与权衡性。植被生态效益的实现受到微观叶片形态(如表皮蜡质、气孔密度、绒毛结构)、宏观冠层结构(冠幅、叶量)及群落配置特征(复层结构、种植密度)等多维度特征的共同作用。不同维度特征之间存在复杂的相互作用:例如,高叶量虽可增强污染物沉降能力与遮阴效应,但可能会降低冠层通透性,阻碍污染物扩散,导致局部污染物浓度升高;又如,较低的枝下高虽然可扩大遮阴范围,但会抑制近地层空气流通,影响热舒适性。这种跨维度的机制权衡表明,最优植被配置必须基于特定生态效益目标,对道路绿地植被的多维度特征进行系统协同优化。
2)道路绿地植被在改善空气质量和调节热环境方面兼具协同与拮抗效应。高叶量、高郁闭度的植被可以产生更高的遮阴与蒸腾冷却效应,进而降低气温与平均辐射温度;而污染物的有效扩散则需植被具备适宜的孔隙度,保障行人高度的通风效率,避免污染物滞留。在理想条件下,结构合理的复层群落可协同实现高效的污染物消减与有效的热环境调节。然而,道路绿地植被在改善空气质量和调节热环境这2种功能的作用机制存在本质差异:高密度植被在提升热舒适的同时易阻碍空气流动,增加局部污染风险;而结构稀疏的植被配置虽有利于污染物扩散,却可能削弱遮阴效果与蒸发冷却效能。因此,道路绿地的植被配置需基于道路污染水平、局部微气候特征及盛行气象条件进行多目标权衡,通过对植被三维结构的精细化调控,协同提升道路空气质量与热舒适性。
3)环境背景要素是决定植被生态功能能否得到有效发挥的重要边界条件。街道的高宽比决定了流场形态,直接影响了污染物的扩散路径;街道朝向则决定了调控太阳辐射的分布模式,是影响热环境空间分异的主要因素;而风场条件则主导植被与大气间的相互作用过程。因此,植被配置需根据街道的具体空间特征进行针对性设计。
当前研究大多聚焦于二维植被参数对单一环境效应的影响,未来需构建植被三维空间形态的综合量化体系。利用三维激光扫描、立体测量等技术获取冠层体积、LAD等立体参数,并结合计算机数值模拟,揭示道路绿地植被三维空间结构与空气污染物扩散、热辐射传输之间的耦合机制,推动形成基于空间整体性的道路植被设计模式。同时,现有研究对道路绿地植被在空气质量与热环境之间的交互调控机制关注较少,往往孤立分析单一环境因素,未能充分阐明其对污染与热的复合过程的协同作用。未来需要同步监测冠层微气候与多个空气污染物的时空动态变化,定量分析道路绿地植被结构调控下热环境与污染分布的耦合关系,深入探讨其在改善空气质量与调节热环境中的协同与权衡机制,为构建健康舒适的道路空间提供科学依据。

图表来源(Sources of Figures and Tables):

文中图表均由作者绘制。

文章亮点

1、提出了一个涵盖植被个体特征、植被群落特征和环境背景的多维度综合分析框架,探讨了道路植被在改善空气质量和调节热环境中的复杂作用。该框架为理解道路绿地植被的多层次效益提供了理论依据。

2、分析了道路绿地植被在空气质量改善和热环境调节中的作用,提出通过优化植被三维结构(如冠层密度、叶面积等)来发挥更高的生态效益。特别是在平衡不同环境目标时,精细化的植被设计能够有效提升行人舒适度和区域空气质量。

3、强调了街道高宽比、朝向和风环境等背景要素对植被生态功能的影响,为道路绿地植被设计提供了更具针对性的理论依据。

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