公共安全与风险应对下的防护绿地类型、功能及效用研究
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彭茜/女/ 同济大学博士/研究方向为城市公共绿地的空间绩效评估 |
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金云峰/男/同济大学建筑与城市规划学院教授、博士生导师/上海市城市更新及其空间优化技术重点实验室分中心主任/本刊编委/研究方向为公园城市与景观治理有机更新 |
收稿日期: 2023-10-22
修回日期: 2024-07-15
网络出版日期: 2025-12-16
基金资助
国家自然科学基金“面向生活圈空间绩效的社区公共绿地公平性布局优化——以上海为例”(51978480)
版权
Research on Type, Function and Utility of Protective Green Space for Public Safety and Risk Response
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PENG Xi gained her Ph.D. degree in Tongji University. Her research focuses on spatial performance evaluation of urban public green space |
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JIN Yunfeng is professor and doctoral supervisor in the College of Architecture and Urban Planning (CAUP), Tongji University, director of the Sub-Center of Shanghai Key Laboratory of Urban Renewal and Spatial Optimization Technology, and an editorial board member of this journal. His research focuses on organic renewal of park city and landscape governance |
Received date: 2023-10-22
Revised date: 2024-07-15
Online published: 2025-12-16
Copyright
【目的】通过分析公共卫生事件发生期间防护绿地防灾功能的短板，探究城市化快速发展进程中防护绿地功能需求的演变，提出发挥防护绿地功能与效用的策略，有助于提升城市的公共安全和风险应对能力，为城市规划者和决策者提供实践指导。【方法】1）提升防护绿地应对风险的能力，包括评估防护绿地韧性水平、构建基本防灾单元、优化生态系统服务功能；2）拓展防护绿地的功能服务要素，覆盖平时服务功能与灾时服务功能；3）根据防护的时效原则，对平时、灾时2个时期的情景进行预判，实施弹性调控。【结果】构建了适合中国绿地系统规划编制的防护体系功能提升与布局优化方法，从而发挥绿地系统的多元功能，应对突发公共安全事件。【结论】在建设更完备积极的城市安全防护系统中，需提高对城市绿地系统中防护绿地时效的重视程度，使防护绿地真正成为城市防灾体系的一部分，并纳入国土空间规划编制体系，确保防护绿地的建设能够切实实施。
彭茜 , 金云峰 . 公共安全与风险应对下的防护绿地类型、功能及效用研究[J]. 风景园林, 2024 , 31(9) : 120 -126 . DOI: 10.3724/j.fjyl.202310220479
[Objective] The purpose of this research is to address the evolving demands for protective green spaces in the context of rapid urbanization and public safety. By analyzing the relationship between pandemics, societal organizational forms, and the response of the public health industry and landscape architecture discipline to risks, the research aims to determine how the functions and utility of protective green spaces can be fully utilized in response to public health emergencies. The research is driven by the observation of shortcomings in the protective and disaster-preventive functions of green spaces during public health emergencies, prompting a reevaluation of the role and necessity of these spaces in modern urban settings. The core research question is: How can the functions and utility of protective green spaces be fully utilized in response to public health emergencies?【Methods】The research employs a multi-faceted approach to analyze the underlying reasons for the inadequate attention to protective green spaces in academia and practice. This approach includes four parts. 1) Risk response evaluation: Assess the ability of protective green spaces to respond to risks, including assessing their resilience levels and formulating pre-planned responses to public health events. This involves creating metrics for resilience and adaptability to ensure that green spaces can provide critical services during emergencies. 2) Functional enrichment and expansion: Expand the service function elements of green spaces to cover both regular and emergency scenarios. This includes integrating multifunctional services that can be adapted for various uses depending on the situation, thereby enhancing the overall utility of green spaces. 3) Scenario predictions: Propose scenario predictions for both regular and emergency periods to develop suitable planning and compilation methods for protective systems within China’s green space systems. This involves creating detailed models and simulations to predict the performance of green spaces under different conditions and ensure that they can meet the needs of people during both regular and emergency periods. 4) Technical strategy summarization: Summarize technical strategies for optimizing the utility of protective green spaces. This includes best practices and guidelines for designing, implementing, and maintaining green spaces that are resilient and effective in mitigating public health risks.
[Results] The research has contributed to the construction of planning and strategic frameworks for protective green spaces that are suitable for new urban developments and capable of addressing public safety emergencies. These frameworks are designed to maximize the diverse functions of green space systems, thus ensuring that they can provide essential services in both regular and emergency situations. Key outcomes include three parts. 1) Resilient green space designs: Develop green space designs that prioritize resilience and adaptability, and ensure that areas adopting such designs can quickly respond to and recover from public health emergencies. 2) Functional integration: Successfully integrate regular and emergency functions within green spaces, making them versatile assets for urban safety and community well-being. These spaces are now better equipped to serve as emergency shelters, quarantine zones, and areas for health and recreational activities during regular periods. 3) Policy and planning recommendations: Formulate policy and planning recommendations that support the inclusion of protective green spaces in urban development plans. These recommendations advocate for the integration of green spaces into territorial spatial planning systems, so that the construction and maintenance of green spaces can be prioritized in urban planning processes.
[Conclusion] In conclusion, the construction of a more comprehensive and proactive urban safety protection system requires enhancing the emphasis on the utility of protective green spaces within the urban green space system. This research underscores the necessity of integrating protective green spaces into the territorial spatial planning system to ensure their practical implementation and utility. By doing so, cities can better prepare for and respond to public health emergencies, while providing safe, versatile, and functional spaces that contribute to the overall resilience and well-being of urban populations. This integration will not only enhance the capability of cities to immediately respond to public health risks, but also ensure long-term sustainability and livability of cities, thus fostering healthier, safer, and more resilient urban environments.
| 防灾避险绿地类型 | 避险时长 | 总面积/m2 | 有效避险 面积比/% | 人均有效避险 面积/m2 | 选址 |
| 注：“空白”代表《导则》中无此项。 | |||||
| 长期避险绿地 | 30天以上 | ≥50 | ≥60 | ≥5 | 结合郊野公园等区域绿地 |
| 中短期避险绿地 | 中期7~30天 | ≥20 | ≥40 | ≥2 | 结合综合公园、专类公园、居住区公园 |
| 短期1~6天 | ≥1 | ≥40 | ≥2 | ||
| 紧急避险绿地 | 3~10 min | ≥0.2 | ≥30 | ≥1 | 结合街头绿地、小游园、广场绿地、附属绿地 |
| 城市隔离缓冲绿带 | 结合防护绿地、生产绿地、附属绿地 | ||||
表2 防护绿地灾时服务功能要素设置Tab. 2 Setting of service function elements of protective green spaces during disaster times |
| 要素类型 | 防自然灾 害功能 | 防传染类 疫情功能 |
| 注：√代表防护绿地中可以设置此类功能要素。 | ||
| 物资储备仓库预留地 | √ | √ |
| 应急供水设施 | √ | √ |
| 紧急医疗区（点） | √ | √ |
| 停车场与装载区 | √ | √ |
| 直升机临时停机坪 | √ | √ |
| 临时应急蓬宿区 | √ | √ |
| 临时检疫点 | √ | √ |
| 简易公共卫生设施 | √ | √ |
| 临时避险空间 | √ | √ |
| 照明、供电装置 | √ | √ |
| 快速疏散通道 | √ | √ |
| 通信设施 | √ | √ |
| 卫生隔离方舱 | √ | √ |
| 垃圾、排污储存运送 设施 | √ | √ |
| 消费设施 | √ | √ |
表3 防护绿地分类Tab. 3 Classification of protective green spaces |
| 一级分类 | 二级分类 | 三级分类 |
| G2防护绿地 | G21卫生隔离防护绿地 | G211引风防尘防沙绿地 |
| G212水源涵养绿地 | ||
| G213生态修复培育绿地 | ||
| G214其他卫生隔离绿地 | ||
| G22道路及铁路防护绿地 | G221交通隔离绿地 | |
| G222城市组团隔离绿地 | ||
| G23高压走廊防护绿地 | G231电缆、电线防护绿地 | |
| G232电磁辐射隔离绿地 | ||
| G233危险源防护绿地 | ||
| G24公用设施防护绿地 | G241滨水堤岸防护绿地 | |
| G242市政设施隔离绿地 |
表4 城市绿地类型与防灾避险绿地的对应关系Tab. 4 Correspondence between different types of urban green spaces and their respective disaster-prevention green spaces |
| 绿地类型 | 防灾避险绿地 | |||||
| 大类 | 小类 | 长期避险 绿地 | 中短期避险 绿地 | 紧急避险 绿地 | 城市隔离 缓冲绿带 | |
| 注：√代表此类绿地可以作为防灾避险绿地的选址。 | ||||||
| G1公园绿地 | G11综合公园 | √ | ||||
| G12社区公园 | √ | |||||
| G13专类公园 | ||||||
| G14游园 | √ | |||||
| G2防护绿地 | √ | |||||
| G3广场用地 | √ | |||||
| XG附属绿地 | RG居住用地附属绿地 | √ | ||||
| AG公共管理与公共服务设施用地附属绿地 | √ | |||||
| BG商业服务业设施用地附属绿地 | √ | |||||
| MG工业用地附属绿地 | ||||||
| WG物流仓库用地附属绿地 | √ | |||||
| UG道路与交通设施用地附属绿地 | √ | |||||
| EG区域绿地 | EG1风景游憩绿地 | √ | ||||
| EG2生态保育绿地 | √ | |||||
| EG3区域设施防护绿地 | √ | |||||
| EG4生产绿地 | √ | |||||
文中表格均由作者绘制，其中
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