天津旧城更新中日常景观的记忆挖掘及空间转化
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张春彦/男/博士/天津大学建筑学院副院长、教授、博士生导师/研究方向为风景园林历史与理论、风景园林文化遗产保护 |
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张新翊/女/天津大学建筑学院在读博士研究生/研究方向为风景园林文化遗产保护 |
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侯天颖/女/硕士/天津市城市规划设计研究总院有限公司景观设计师/研究方向为风景园林规划和设计 |
收稿日期: 2024-06-26
修回日期: 2025-01-13
网络出版日期: 2025-12-12
版权
Memory Mining and Spatial Transformation of Daily Landscape in Renewal of Tianjin Old City
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ZHANG Chunyan, Ph.D., is vice dean of and a professor and doctoral supervisor in the School of Architecture, Tianjin University. His research focuses on history and theory of landscape architecture, and landscape culture heritage protection |
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ZHANG Xinyi is a Ph.D. candidate in the School of Architecture, Tianjin University. Her research focuses on landscape culture heritage protection |
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HOU Tianying, Master, is a landscape designer in Tianjin Urban Planning & Design Institute Co., Ltd. Her research focuses on landscape planning and design |
Received date: 2024-06-26
Revised date: 2025-01-13
Online published: 2025-12-12
Copyright
存量时期下的旧城更新中,城市日常景观承载着丰富的地域文化和集体记忆,但因旧城更新进程滞后于民生设施建设,旧城景观丢失了重要的历史特征,同时因缺少宏观文化背景的指导,旧城更新存在同质化和割裂性等问题。需要寻找城市日常景观中不同时期记忆的多元载体,并针对不同载体进行记忆挖掘,建立记忆与日常景观空间的关联。
以《欧洲风景公约》为理论基础,结合多维度的景观记忆关联实体,全面梳理老旧城区多种日常景观记忆载体,提出“10种载体,4种声源,3类数据”的多元景观记忆挖掘方法。将传统调研方法和数字技术结合,分析各时期旧城日常景观的活力分布及记忆情感,进而通过叙事景观呈现城区多重记忆。以天津老城厢为例进行日常景观记忆挖掘和空间转化分析。
分析得到“热闹境”“市井气”“世俗地”3 种情感空间的分布规律及景观特征,并结合城区发展现状,提出具有景观差异性、发展适应性、时空连续性和空间交互性的更新策略。
老旧城区日常景观承载了集体对生活空间的景观性记忆,是一种共享的遗产。在旧城更新中,通过对日常景观记忆的挖掘和空间转化,提出日常景观遗产化的路径,促进场地文化和记忆的延续,为可持续的城市空间优化提供新方法。
张春彦 , 张新翊 , 侯天颖 . 天津旧城更新中日常景观的记忆挖掘及空间转化[J]. 风景园林, 2025 , 32(3) : 23 -31 . DOI: 10.3724/j.fjyl.202406260347
As urban development transitions from rapid expansion to quality enhancement, urban daily landscapes, as carriers of collective memory and historical culture. However, the involvement of the landscape architecture discipline in urban renewal remains insufficient, underutilizing its capacity to address complex issues such as invigorating social vitality and balancing economic growth with environmental sustainability. Additionally, the preservation of daily landscapes often lags behind the provision of basic public services, while urban renewal initiatives frequently disregard the broader regional cultural and historical context. This disregard reduces the role of daily landscapes in preserving historical memory and conveying spatial narratives. Consequently, redeveloped old urban areas often lose their unique cultural identity, exhibit issues of homogenization, functional inadequacy, and spatial fragmentation. To address these challenges, this research aims to explore various carriers of urban daily landscape memory across different historical periods, systematically excavate the embedded memories, and establish meaningful connections between these memories and the spatial characteristics of daily landscapes, so as to strengthen residents sense of cultural identity, facilitate the co-development of urban vitality through the empathetic power of daily landscapes.
1) Selection basis for landscape memory entities: The research is grounded in the integrated perception of landscape and human interaction articulated in the European Landscape Convention. The research adopts perspectives from such works as La Pensée Paysagère and Landscape and Memory, emphasizing the authenticity of landscapes and the construction of memory. These foundations inform a systematic classification of the diverse types and origins of daily landscape memory entities. 2) Develop a mining framework: Based on the selected memory entities, the research develops a comprehensive framework for diversified memory mining, termed as “Ten Carriers, Four Voices, and Three Data Types”. The framework identifies ten memory carriers of daily landscapes from four sources — local residents, multidisciplinary experts, historical records, and online media. These carriers include local chronicles, literary works, poems, paintings, photographs, oral histories, recorded videos, etc, encompassing the three data modalities of textual, visual, and audiovisual formats. 3) Data collection and quantitative analysis: This research combines traditional research methods with digital technologies, including text mining, semantic sentiment analysis, and data visualization. This integrated approach facilitates the mining and quantification of vast memory fragments, enabling the identification of vitality distribution and emotional characteristics of daily landscapes in old urban areas across different historical periods. 4) Narrative expression of daily landscapes: Considering the current development status of old urban areas, the spatial characteristics of regional landscape memory identified through analysis are recreated in urban renewal projects using narrative landscapes. This approach ensures the preservation of memory and the continuation of site-specific identity.
A case study focused on the old city of Tianjin illustrates the practical application of this framework. Three novels by renowned Tianjin author Feng Jicai — Yin-Yang Eight Trigams, Three-Inch Golden Lotus, and Faces in the Crowd — are selected as primary data sources. Through text mining and semantic sentiment analysis, these works reveal three distinct emotional characteristics of daily landscapes. 1) Bustling Scenes: Positive emotional spaces, such as religious sites and venues associated with traditional artisans and eccentric figures, reflect the region’s commitment to preserving traditions and fostering a sense of collective enjoyment. These spaces embody the residents’ emotional attachment to communal and celebratory activities. 2) Marketplace Atmosphere: The dynamic and vibrant commercial streets of historical neighborhoods exhibit a balanced emotional characteristic of both joy and sorrow, highlighting the residents' reliance on fluid commerce and interconnected alleyways. These spaces demonstrate the community’s recognition of mobility and commercial adaptability as integral to Tianjin’s urban fabric. 3) Spaces of Conflict and Tension: Negative emotional spaces, associated with activities such as haggling and public deliberation, are primarily concentrated in enclosed administrative areas and monotonous commercial streets. These spaces reveal a complex emotional attachment to social dynamics characterized by tension and confrontation. Based on these findings, renewal strategies are proposed to enhance landscape differentiation, adaptability, spatio-temporal continuity, and spatial interaction. Recommendations include incorporating sensory elements such as the auditory landscapes of street vendors’ calls and the olfactory appeal of Tianjin’s signature snacks, as well as fostering interactive platforms for the exchange of intangible cultural heritage.
The daily landscapes in old urban areas encapsulate collective landscape memories of living spaces and, similar to other officially recognized cultural heritage, represent a form of shared heritage. By aligning the memory subject (human character) with the memory object (spatial characteristics) through narrative landscapes, this research achieves the heritagization of daily landscapes, emphasizes the continuity of site culture and memory, and promotes the diversity and multifunctionality of urban areas. Additionally, the research revitalizes spatial vitality through renewal efforts and provides a novel method for sustainable urban spatial optimization.
| 时间 | 更新情况 | 参与主体 | 建设目标 |
| 1949—1978年 | 维护、改扩建居住区和市政设施,重点改造棚户区和危房 | 政府、工厂 | 充分利用、逐步改造 |
| 1979—1997年 | 扩大旧城改造规模,进行里弄、街坊式有机更新 | 政府主导 | 优化空间功能、改善基础设施 |
| 1998—2010年 | 改善居住环境、集约利用土地、更新老工业区、创新文化产业 | 政府、开发商主导 | 提高更新的系统性、创新性 |
| 2011—2021年 | 以微更新为主导,低效用地再开发 | 政府、企业、公众 | 改善民生、城市双修、以人为本 |
| 2021年至今 | 全面进入微更新发展模式,逐步科学化、系统化、制度化 | 重视空间发展的多维价值、多元模式 |
表2 《风景文化》和《风景与记忆》中的风景观念[24-25]Table 2 Concept of landscape in La Pens é e Paysag è re and Landscape and Memory [24-25] |
| 作者 | 著作 | 出版年份 | 风景观念 | 日常景观记忆关联实体 |
| 边留久 | 《风景文化》 | 2008年 | 景观风貌是具有文化意涵的环境,是地方群体对地方风景和文化的综合认知、表达 | 体现地方风景和文化特征的地名、描述地方风景的文学、描绘地方风景的绘画、体现地方特色的观赏园林、具有地方景观价值的规划文件和建筑、综合论述地方风景的论著 |
| 西蒙·沙玛 | 《风景与记忆》 | 1996年 | 风景是一种精神层面的存在,承载着历史、故事和集体经验,反映了人们对地方、自然和文化的认知 | 故事、评论、旅行日记、图像 |
表3 日常景观记忆挖掘方法比较Table 3 Comparison of mining methods for daily landscape memory |
| 方法类型 | 挖掘方法 | 数据类型及内容 | 数据处理方法 | 分析结果 |
| 传统 | 专家访谈、问卷调查、田野调查等 | 专家语录和观点、问卷结果、照片 | 层次分析法、多准则决策法等 | 景观特征重要性量化数据 |
| 数字技 | 文本挖掘 | 口述史:历史本土居民的记忆 | 运用词频统计、语义分析等技术,进行数据清洗、词频分析和情感判断 | 区域热点词、关键词、景观情感特征 |
| 社交媒体数据:年轻群体对场地的记忆 | ||||
| 文本档案、著作等:各类专家的记忆 | ||||
| 图像分析 | 地图:空间布局和演变 | 根据图像描绘的不同内容分类、分析 | 空间落位底图 | |
| 场所照片:活动类型和强度 | 活动类型、场所氛围 | |||
| 视频识别 | 记录视频:活动流线 | 根据视频拍摄手法分类、分析 | 空间流动模式 | |
| 新闻视频:热点信息 | 人群活动类型分布图 |
表4 日常景观记忆情感特征分析Table 4 Analysis of emotional characters of daily landscape memory |
| 情感类型 | 情感描述 | 情感特征定位 | 空间区位 | 空间结构布局 | 活动类型 | 人群身份关系 |
| 积极情感 | 愉悦、惬意、满足等 | 热闹境 | 天后宫、玉皇阁、鼓楼、侯家后 | 宽敞、开放的广场 | 祈福、庙会、观赏、变戏法、聚会 | 信源和信众;传统工艺人、奇人与观赏者;朋友熟人 |
| 均衡情感 | 喜忧参半 | 市井气 | 鱼市、鬼市、估衣街 | 流动、灵活的街区 | 商业活动(卖鱼、小玩意,衣铺等) | 买卖双方 |
| 消极情感 | 悲伤、难过、激动、气愤等 | 世俗地 | 针市街、锅店街、河北大街、鸟市及衙门 | 围合的建筑与单向的街道空间 | 商业活动(药房、典当等);民事纠纷;消遣活动等 | 买卖关系;管理者与居民;服务与被服务者 |
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