基于多重证据的风景遗产时空演进及价值特征研究——以重庆涪陵北岩为例
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刘琮杨/男/重庆大学建筑城规学院在读硕士研究生/研究方向为风景园林历史与理论 |
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毛华松/男/博士/重庆大学建筑城规学院教授、博士生导师/山地城镇建设与新技术教育部重点实验室核心成员/研究方向为风景园林历史与理论、城市设计 |
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程语/女/重庆大学建筑城规学院在读博士研究生/研究方向为风景园林历史与理论 |
收稿日期: 2024-05-17
修回日期: 2025-01-10
网络出版日期: 2025-12-12
基金资助
重庆市社会科学规划“学习贯彻党的二十大精神”重大专项基金“长江国家文化公园(重庆段)资源识别与在地化建设途径研究”(2023ZD08)
版权
Research on the Spatio-Temporal Evolution and Value Characteristics of Scenic Heritage Based on Multiple Evidence: A Case Study of Beiyan in Fuling, Chongqing
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LIU Congyang is a master student in in the Faculty of Architecture and Urban Planning, Chongqing University. His research focuses on history and theory of landscape architecture |
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MAO Huasong, Ph.D., is a professor and doctoral supervisor in the Faculty of Architecture and Urban Planning, Chongqing University, and a core member of the Key Laboratory of New Technology for Construction of Cities in Mountain Area, Ministry of Education. His research focuses on history and theory of landscape architecture, and urban design |
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CHENG Yu is a Ph.D. candidate in the Faculty of Architecture and Urban Planning, Chongqing University. Her research focuses on history and theory of landscape architecture |
Received date: 2024-05-17
Revised date: 2025-01-10
Online published: 2025-12-12
Copyright
在空间“局部”与周边环境“整体”关联的宏大尺度、长期层积的背景下,风景遗产具有空间要素与价值内涵持续转变的巨时空特征。针对风景遗产的巨时空特征及空间环境与历史信息双重破碎化的紧迫性问题,构建认知风景遗产时空演进及价值特征的研究路径。
基于中国风景遗产留存文献类型多样、数量众多的优势,借鉴景观考古的理论方法,选择重庆涪陵北岩风景遗产作为研究对象,建构基于多重证据的涪陵北岩风景遗产时空演进及价值特征研究路径。在多重历史证据的比对互证、景观特征分析、时空演进分析等方法的基础上,复原遗产空间过程,解译其空间关联、空间要素以及文化价值的演进过程。
1)涪陵北岩风景遗产具有与自然融合的“山—江—村—园”整体性环境,呈现出锚固核心空间层积拓展的时空演进特征。2)涪陵北岩风景遗产承载着多元的社会文化价值,包括地方重要教化之地、地方风景标志和地方重要活动场所3个方面。
依据涪陵北岩风景遗产的时空演进及价值特征和现状问题提出针对性保护策略,为中国风景遗产保护实践提供借鉴。
刘琮杨 , 毛华松 , 程语 . 基于多重证据的风景遗产时空演进及价值特征研究——以重庆涪陵北岩为例[J]. 风景园林, 2025 , 32(3) : 127 -133 . DOI: 10.3724/j.fjyl.202405170271
As a special type of heritage, scenic heritage has long existed in China since ancient times, which is dominated by traditional “scenery”. Scenic heritage has a broad spatio-temporal span. Spatially, scenic heritage is formed under the macro landscape space system, and its humanistic and aesthetic values are associated with a wide range of space, which needs to be perceived from the perspective of “overall” landscape environment, rather than the perspective of “local” subject of heritage; temporally, scenic heritage is not a static historical section, but a result of long-term inter-generational inheritance, and its spatial elements, cognitive scope, and cultural values are constantly changing. The wide spatio-temporal span increases the difficulty of comprehensively identifying and recognizing the spatio-temporal characteristics of scenic heritage and its values. As a result, the continuously changing spatial elements and socio-cultural values of scenic heritage cannot be comprehensively identified, leading to a series of problems such as the static protection of heritage space, and the monotonous and fragmented interpretation of cultural values and historical information. In addition, the documents carrying multiple historical information are numerous and scattered, and it is difficult to carry out comprehensive and repeated archaeological excavation of scenic heritage as a living heritage, which further increases the difficulty of collecting and integrating historical information. Therefore, there is an urgent need to construct an appropriate path for research on the spatio-temporal and value characteristics of scenic heritage, so as to effectively deal with the dual fragmentation of spatial environment and historical information that scenic heritage is currently facing.
The research draws on the theoretical perspective of landscape archaeology, which focuses on the overall environment of heritage and explores the anchoring connection between space and culture, and adopts the multiple evidence method to, through the comparison and mutual verification of multiple historical evidence, construct a path for research on spatio-temporal and value characteristics of scenic heritage based on multiple evidence, in an effort to help resolve the problems of change of spatial environment and fragmentation of historical information faced by scenic heritage. At the same time, Fuling Beiyan Scenic Heritage is selected as a typical example for the empirical application of the constructed path. Beiyan Scenic Heritage in Fuling, Chongqing is located on the north bank of the Yangtze River, and has gradually become an important humanistic resort through local construction for generations due to its important value as the birthplace of “Yili” (a branch of Chinese philosophy). However, due to the lack of multi-temporal and multi-modal concepts and methods of scenic heritage cognition, the current scope of protection of Fuling Beiyan Scenic Heritage is limited to the cultural relics protection units for Beiyan Inscriptions and their nearby historical building areas, which has led to the aesthetic fragmentation between Fuling Beiyan Scenic Heritage and surrounding natural environment, as well as the loss of city − landscape relevance. In addition, the failure to fully understand the process of dynamic changes in Beiyan has also resulted in the problems of unclear historical stages of conservation, destruction of key spatial patterns, and monolithic interpretation of cultural values. The research aims to achieve the restoration of historical space, the analysis of spatio-temporal evolution, and the interpretation of cultural associations through the application of landscape archaeology methods such as comparing and contrasting multiple historical evidence regarding Fuling Beiyan Scenic Heritage, GIS landscape characterization, visual field analysis, and spatial evolution analysis. Firstly, in the step of historical spatial restoration, the historical information of Fuling Beiyan Scenic Heritage is verified based on the comparison and mutual verification of the four types of evidence, namely chronicles, poems, images, and maps; secondly, in the step of spatio-temporal evolution analysis, spatial evolution analysis is adopted to analyze the spatial pattern characteristics of Fuling Beiyan Scenic Heritage and the change law of landscape elements from the perspective of dynamics; and lastly, the cultural life characteristics associated with the spatial representations of Fuling Beiyan Scenic Heritage are summarized and interpreted based on the spatial analysis, so as to infer socio-cultural associations from the space.
The spatio-temporal characteristics of the overall spatial association of Fuling Beiyan Scenic Heritage presented as “mountain − river − village − yard”, the inter-generational inheritance and expansion process of the key nodes of the core space, as well as the characteristics of the socio-cultural values of the important place of education, the local scenic landmarks, and the places of important local activities are identified.
The subsequent conservation of Fuling Beiyan Scenic Heritage should focus on reconstructing the overall structure of “mountain − river − village − yard”, resetting the internal elements and reshaping the value interpretation and dissemination system on the basis of full knowledge of its spatio-temporal and value characteristics, so as to better conserve and pass on the socio-cultural values of Fuling Beiyan Scenic Heritage, with a view to providing a reference for the practice of landscape heritage conservation in China.
图2 基于多重证据的涪陵北岩风景遗产时空演进及价值特征研究路径Fig. 2 A path for research on the spatio-temporal evolution and value characteristics of Fuling Beiyan Scenic Heritage based on multiple evidence |
表1 涪陵北岩风景遗产历史建设活动Table 1 Historical construction activities of Fuling Beiyan Scenic Heritage |
| 时间 | 建设活动 |
| 唐朝(618—907年) | 始建佛寺,成为参禅隐修的胜地 |
| 北宋初(960—1097年) | 建普净禅院 |
| 北宋绍圣四年(1097年) | 程颐谪涪,居普净院讲学,在涪数年凿洞注《易经》 |
| 南宋绍兴四年(1134年) | 程氏理学门人尹焞避难来涪,辟三畏斋 |
| 南宋绍兴五年(1135年) | 涪州知州李赡于普净院之上建成伊川先生祠堂 |
| 南宋嘉定元年(1208年) | 涪州知州范仲武建致远、碧云两亭和四贤祠、三仙楼 |
| 元朝(1279—1368年) | 点易洞前建观澜阁,建江天独坐轩 |
| 明朝(1368—1644年) | 重修钩深堂,移至宋址下,明末重修致远亭,更名为八卦亭 |
| 清乾隆九年(1740年) | 北岩书院改名钩深书院 |
| 清嘉庆(1796—1820) | 在三畏斋旁建桥(藏壑舫),重建致远亭,复原名 |
| 民国时期(1911— | 北岩十景多被损毁 |
| 1980年 | 北岩题刻设立县级文物保护单位,开始建设周易园景区 |
| 2016年 | 景区重修为点易园 |
文中图表均由作者绘制,
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