基于自生植物的城市公园草本层养护管理优化策略——以北京市西城区为例
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张丽丽/女/北京林业大学园林学院在读硕士研究生/研究方向为园林植物应用与园林生态、植物景观规划设计 |
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郝培尧/女/博士/北京林业大学园林学院副教授、硕士生导师/研究方向为园林生态、植物景观规划设计 |
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董丽/女/博士/北京林业大学园林学院教授、博士生导师/本刊编委/研究方向为园林植物应用、植物景观规划设计、园林生态效益及生态修复 |
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王应临/ 女/ 博士/ 北京林业大学园林学院副教授/城乡生态环境北京实验室成员/ 研究方向为风景园林遗产保护与管理、风景园林历史与理论 |
收稿日期: 2023-08-26
修回日期: 2024-04-18
网络出版日期: 2025-12-12
基金资助
国家重点研发计划课题“城市绿地空间格局优化与目标物种筛选管护技术”(2023YFF1304602)
版权
Optimization Strategy for Maintenance Management of Herbaceous Layer in Urban Parks Based on Spontaneous Plants: A Case Study of Xicheng District, Beijing
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ZHANG Lili is a master student in the School of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University. Her research focuses on landscape plant application and landscape ecology, and plantscape planning and design |
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HAO Peiyao, Ph.D., is an associate professor and master supervisor in the School of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University. Her research focuses on landscape ecology, and plantscape planning and design |
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DONG Li, Ph.D., is a professor and doctoral supervisor in the School of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, and a member of editorial board of this journal. Her research focuses on landscape plant application, plantscape planning and design, and landscape eco-efficiency and ecological restoration |
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WANG Yinglin, Ph.D., is an associate professor in the School of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, a member of Beijing Laboratory of Urban and Rural Ecological Environment. Her research focuses on protection and management of landscape architecture heritage, and history and theory of landscape architecture |
Received date: 2023-08-26
Revised date: 2024-04-18
Online published: 2025-12-12
Copyright
【目的】中国城市绿地建设迎来低碳发展的关键时期,自生植物的应用为解决城市公园植物景观养护管理成本高昂及生物多样性下降等问题提供了有效途径。然而,关于自生植物与城市公园养护管理之间相互影响关系及相应管理策略的研究尚不足。【方法】以北京市西城区13个城市公园为例,在梳理国内外养护管理政策及发展现状的基础上,通过文献收集和实地踏勘,分析不同类型公园养护管理差异对自生植物物种组成、多样性及群落组成的影响。【结果】1)城市公园养护管理措施因公园类型而存在差异,主要体现在除草和修剪措施上;2)实地踏勘共记录自生植物17科32属36种,近自然公园物种数最多;不同公园养护管理差异对于自生植物丰富度和多样性的影响无显著差异;但对均匀度的影响存在显著差异,大型传统公园的均匀度最高;此外,近自然公园以多年生植物群落为主,传统公园以一、二年生植物群落为主;3)城市公园养护管理面临缺乏差异化的养护管理技术措施、亟须重视自生植物群落的应用两大问题;4)提出适用于不同类型公园的养护管理工作优化策略。【结论】研究结果可以为城市公园养护管理工作变革提供新的思路和方向,有效促进城市低碳可持续发展建设。
张丽丽 , 郝培尧 , 董丽 , 王应临 . 基于自生植物的城市公园草本层养护管理优化策略——以北京市西城区为例[J]. 风景园林, 2024 , 31(6) : 46 -54 . DOI: 10.3724/j.fjyl.202308260384
【Objective】With climate change and other environmental problems becoming increasingly severe, the construction of China’ s ecological civilization has entered a critical period of green, low-carbon and circular development. Although garden plants are a key link in the carbon cycle of urban ecosystems, most of the plants cultivated in urban parks are ornamental ones that entail long-term, high-intensity maintenance management, which often consumes a large amount of resources and makes it difficult to balance the carbon emissions generated by human life. In this context, how to obtain maximum ecological benefits with minimum resource consumption has become an urgent task for the transformation and development of urban green space, and the resource saving rate and energy saving and emission reduction benefits of urban parks have become the focus of attention. Near-natural parks, as an effective solution, typically select low-maintenance or even self-maintained native plants with compound, heterogeneous and mixed community structures, and these parks only entail low-maintenance management. Meanwhile, self-maintained plants, as widespread urban native plants, do not require much maintenance management, and this feature, combined with the concept of low-cost management, has made them the ideal plant material used in near-natural parks and the focus of attention in traditional parks. The emergence of low-carbon gardens has put forward new ideas to meet the needs of low-carbon development, and near-natural parks are an important practice of low-carbon gardens that aim to explore the high carbon sink benefits of spontaneous plants during the planting, maintenance, and construction of plantscape dominated by native plant communities. Spontaneous plants are usually regarded as weeds, existing in areas of spontaneous growth in urban parks without proper care and management, and are the main targets for gardeners to remove.【Methods】Taking the 13 urban parks in Xicheng District, Beijing as an example, this research, on the basis of combing domestic and international maintenance management policies and the current development situation, analyzes the impacts of the differences in the maintenance management of different types of parks on the species composition, diversity and community composition of spontaneous plants through the research methods of literature collection and field investigation, and puts forward a maintenance management system that is suitable for different types of parks.【Results】Research findings are summarized as follows. 1) Urban parks in Xicheng District differ in terms of maintenance management strategies depending on the type of park. Near-natural parks and traditional parks differ primarily in terms of weeding and pruning, with the former not doing so to preserve the natural state of plants and the latter doing so on a regular basis to preserve the overall landscape effect. At other levels, such as irrigation, fertilizer application, and pest control, there are no appreciable differences between the two types of parks. 2) A total of 36 species of spontaneous plants classified into 32 genera under 17 families are recorded, with the near-natural parks having the highest number of species; under the influence of varying maintenance management, there is no discernible difference in the richness and diversity of spontaneous plants among the various park types, with the near-natural parks having the highest mean value; the spontaneous plant communities are impacted by the differences in maintenance management in terms of the composition of plant species, with traditional parks being dominated by annual or biannual plant communities and near-natural parks dominated by perennial plant communities; nevertheless, there is a significant difference in the homogeneity of the spontaneous plants, with large-scale traditional parks having the largest mean value. 3) Urban park maintenance management has two primary problems and difficulties: First, it is challenging to meet the needs of low-carbon development in urban parks due to the lack of specialized technical solutions for maintenance management and the obvious shortcomings in the application of policy measures in maintenance management; second, all types of parks contain spontaneous plants, which have large potential for gardening uses. It is critical to focus on applying spontaneous plant communities along with various maintenance management techniques and strategies to create plant communities that are appropriate for various environments. Based on the above findings, the research proposes the following optimization strategies for maintenance management applicable to different types of parks: clarify the maintenance management system; modify the species composition of plant communities; improve technical measures for maintenance management.【Conclusion】This research emphasizes the key role of spontaneous plants in the maintenance management of urban parks, and the research results may provide new ideas and directions for the reform of park management, thus effectively promoting the low-carbon sustainable urban development.
表1 国内外城市公园草本层养护管理措施[32-40]Tab. 1 Maintenance management measures for herbaceous plants in city parks at home and abroad[32-40] |
| 城市 | 养护管理措施 | ||||||||
| 灌溉频率 | 修剪 | 除草 | 施肥频率 | 引入其他植物 | 清除凋落物 | ||||
| 修剪时间和频率 | 修剪高度 | ||||||||
| 注:“—”表示相关信息无法获得。 | |||||||||
| 国外 | 英国伦敦 | — | 分区交错修剪, 通常于秋季实施 | 草地10~15 cm | 保留少数杂草, 清除有害杂草 | — | 将混合的野花种子添加到草坪中 | 清除大量插条及叶子,保留少量叶子 | |
| 德国柏林 | 无需浇水 | 最多3次,需错开 区域和时间 | 景观草坪6~10 cm; 草地及草甸10~15 cm | 清除入侵的优势植物 | 一般情况不施肥 | 必须使用本土物种 | 收集落叶并妥善利用 | ||
| 美国罗阿诺克 | — | 植物生长季1次/14 d,低维护区3次/年 | — | 与修剪结合 | 不超过2次 | — | 清除树枝、岩石及碎屑等 | ||
| 加拿大渥太华 | 草坪以5~7 d为宜 | — | 草坪不短于6.35~7.62 cm,修剪不超过1/3的叶片 | 清除入侵植物 | — | 增加本土物种 | 将草屑留在草坪上作为天然肥料 | ||
| 国内 | 北京 | 冷季型草坪10~25次/年,暖季型草坪5~12次/年 | 冷季型草坪7~18次/年,暖季型草坪1~5次/年 | 依据草种、季节等而定,冷季型草保持6~10 cm | 主要分为中耕除草和打孔除草,依草坪类型和等级而定 | 冷季型草坪2~5次/年,暖季型草坪1~3次/年 | — | 及时清理绿化生产垃圾(如树叶、草屑等) | |
| 南京 | 根据立地、季节等条件浇灌 | 一般草坪和杂草型草坪每年应修剪 5 次以上,越冬前应重修剪 1 次 | 冷季型草坪留茬高度不超过 6~7 cm,暖季型草坪留茬高度不超过4~5 cm | 一级、二级和三级草地杂草率不大于10% | 根据草坪品种、长势情况和气候条件进行施肥 | — | 及时清理修剪后的草屑 | ||
| 广州 | 根据天气情况合理浇水 | 一级、二级和三级草坪分别为8次/年、 4次/年、2次/年 | 一般保持在1.5~6.0 cm | 一级、二级和三级草坪的杂草率分别不超过2%、5%和8% | 一级、二级和三级草坪分别为4次/年、 2次/年、1次/年 | — | 一级、二级草坪随剪随清,三级草坪日剪日清 | ||
表2 研究样地分类及基本信息[24, 47-48]Tab. 2 Classification and basic information of the research site [24, 47-48] |
| 公园类型 | 建设理念 | 建植方式 | 公园名称 | 面积/hm2 |
| 近自然公园 | 营建具有森林的景观外貌及结构特征,同时集生态防护、景观提升、康养运动、休闲游憩等多功能于一体的绿地空间 | 1)基于多样化植物组成和自然种植点配置,形成乔灌草复层植物群落; 2)以乡土植物为主,选择节水耐旱型乡土草本;多以人工播种结合自然传播为主,形成近自然景观效果 | 常乐坊城市森林公园 | 0.66 |
| 逸清园城市森林公园 | 0.68 | |||
| 广阳谷城市森林公园 | 3.30 | |||
| 传统公园 | 营建具有基本的游憩和服务设施,主要为一定社区范围内居民就近开展日常休闲活动服务的绿地空间 | 1)以草坪、花境和花带等形式为主,形成植物丰富的景观空间; 2)主要以大乔木、色叶乔木做背景,花灌木做中景,草花地被做前景,构成不同特色的景观效果 | 官园公园(小型) | 1.60 |
| 南礼士路公园(小型) | 2.33 | |||
| 德胜公园(小型) | 3.16 | |||
| 玫瑰公园(小型) | 4.50 | |||
| 万寿公园(大型) | 5.10 | |||
| 白云公园(大型) | 5.50 | |||
| 双秀公园(大型) | 6.40 | |||
| 宣武艺园(大型) | 7.37 | |||
| 月坛公园(大型) | 8.12 | |||
| 人定湖公园(大型) | 9.20 |
表3 近自然公园和传统公园的养护管理措施频度差异Tab. 3 Differences in the frequency of maintenance management measures in near-natural and traditional parks |
| 公园类型 | 养护管理措施 | |||||
| 灌溉频率 | 修剪 | 除草 | 施肥频率 | 有害生物防治 | ||
| 修剪时间和频率 | 修剪高度 | |||||
| 近自然公园 | 据实际天气而定,春季一般间隔3~5 d | 一般不修剪 | 保持植物的自然生长高度 | 一般不除草,清除不属于人工栽植的自生植物 | 1~2次/年 | 1~2次/年 |
| 小型传统公园 | 据实际天气而定,春季一般间隔4~6 d | 一般不修剪 | 保持植物的自然生长高度 | 一般随见随除,无集中除草 | 1~2次/年 | 1~2次/年 |
| 大型传统公园 | 据实际天气而定,春季一般每隔3~7 d | 集中在夏季, 一般5~10次/年 | 高度在3~6 cm | 在5—6月大规模集中除草,5~ 10次/年 | 1~2次/年 | 3~4次/年 |
表4 近自然公园和传统公园自生植物群落的比较Tab. 4 Comparison of spontaneous plant communities in near-natural and traditional parks |
| 公园类型 | 序号 | 植物群落 | 群落数量 | 所占该类公园比例(%) |
| 近自然公园 | 1 | 绢毛委陵菜 | 23 | 38.98 |
| 2 | 绢毛委陵菜+紫花地丁(Viola philippica) | 5 | 8.47 | |
| 3 | 诸葛菜(Orychophragmus violaceus)+蒲公英(Taraxacum mongolicum) | 4 | 6.78 | |
| 4 | 绢毛委陵菜+马兰(Kalimeris indica) | 4 | 6.78 | |
| 5 | 绢毛委陵菜+活血丹 | 3 | 5.08 | |
| 6 | 绢毛委陵菜+诸葛菜 | 3 | 5.08 | |
| 7 | 活血丹 | 2 | 3.39 | |
| 8 | 绢毛委陵菜+蓟(Cirsium japonicum) | 2 | 3.39 | |
| 9 | 绢毛委陵菜+刺儿菜(Cephalanoplos segetum) | 2 | 3.39 | |
| 10 | 诸葛菜+艾(Artemisia argyi) | 2 | 3.39 | |
| 11 | 紫花地丁+射干(Belamcanda chinensis) | 1 | 1.69 | |
| 12 | 紫花地丁+蒲公英(Taraxacum mongolicum) | 1 | 1.69 | |
| 13 | 紫花地丁+藜(Chenopodium album) | 1 | 1.69 | |
| 14 | 绢毛委陵菜+藜+紫花地丁 | 1 | 1.69 | |
| 15 | 绢毛委陵菜+荆芥(Nepeta cataria) | 1 | 1.69 | |
| 16 | 蒲公英+艾+诸葛菜 | 1 | 1.69 | |
| 17 | 蒲公英+艾 | 1 | 1.69 | |
| 18 | 藜+艾 | 1 | 1.69 | |
| 19 | 地肤( Kochia scoparia )+抱茎苦荬菜(Crepidiastrum sonchifolium) | 1 | 1.69 | |
| 小型传统公园 | 1 | 荠菜 | 26 | 48.15 |
| 2 | 荠菜+附地菜 | 6 | 11.11 | |
| 3 | 附地菜 | 5 | 9.26 | |
| 4 | 藜 | 3 | 5.56 | |
| 5 | 荠菜+藜 | 2 | 3.70 | |
| 6 | 荠菜+蒲公英 | 2 | 3.70 | |
| 7 | 荠菜+车前(Plantago depressa) | 2 | 3.70 | |
| 8 | 附地菜+蒲公英 | 2 | 3.70 | |
| 9 | 附地菜+打碗花 | 2 | 3.70 | |
| 10 | 荠菜+紫花地丁 | 1 | 1.85 | |
| 11 | 地肤+荠菜 | 1 | 1.85 | |
| 12 | 马齿苋(Portulaca oleracea)+蒲公英 | 1 | 1.85 | |
| 13 | 紫花地丁+艾 | 1 | 1.85 | |
| 大型传统公园 | 1 | 附地菜 | 8 | 13.79 |
| 2 | 附地菜+蒲公英 | 6 | 10.34 | |
| 3 | 附地菜+草地早熟禾(Poa annua) | 6 | 10.34 | |
| 4 | 荠菜 | 5 | 8.62 | |
| 5 | 荠菜+蒲公英 | 4 | 6.90 | |
| 6 | 车前+紫花地丁 | 3 | 5.17 | |
| 7 | 附地菜+诸葛菜 | 3 | 5.17 | |
| 8 | 附地菜+荠菜 | 3 | 5.17 | |
| 9 | 附地菜+泥胡菜(Hemistepta lyrata) | 2 | 3.45 | |
| 10 | 附地菜+萹蓄(Polygonum aviculare) | 2 | 3.45 | |
| 11 | 车前+附地菜 | 2 | 3.45 | |
| 12 | 车前 | 2 | 3.45 | |
| 13 | 萹蓄+紫花地丁 | 2 | 3.45 | |
| 14 | 紫花地丁 | 1 | 1.72 | |
| 15 | 紫花地丁+蒲公英 | 1 | 1.72 | |
| 16 | 蒲公英+茜草(Rubia cordifolia) | 1 | 1.72 | |
| 17 | 车前+蒲公英 | 1 | 1.72 | |
| 18 | 荠菜+中华苦荬菜(Ixeris chinensis) | 1 | 1.72 | |
| 19 | 诸葛菜+荠菜 | 1 | 1.72 | |
| 20 | 藜+附地菜 | 1 | 1.72 | |
| 21 | 蛇莓(Duchesnea indica) | 1 | 1.72 | |
| 22 | 地肤+荠菜 | 1 | 1.72 | |
| 23 | 绢毛委陵菜 | 1 | 1.72 |
表5 城市公园自生植物群落组合模式参考Tab. 5 Referential combination mode for spontaneous plant communities in urban parks |
| 公园类型 | 组合模式 |
| 近自然公园 | 绢毛委陵菜+紫花地丁;诸葛菜+蒲公英;绢毛委陵菜+马兰;绢毛委陵菜+活血丹;绢毛委陵菜+蓟 |
| 小型传统公园 | 荠菜+附地菜;附地菜+蛇莓;荠菜+藜;荠菜+蒲公英;荠菜+车前;附地菜+蒲公英 |
| 大型传统公园 | 附地菜+蒲公英;荠菜+蒲公英;车前+紫花地丁;附地菜+诸葛菜;附地菜+荠菜 |
表6 城市公园养护管理技术措施优化建议Tab. 6 Optimization suggestions for technical measures for urban park maintenance management |
| 技术措施 | 近自然公园 | 传统公园 |
| 灌溉 | 建植初期根据植物需求确定浇水频率,后期逐渐降低频率 | 草坪一般以5~7 d为宜,最长可达10 d;草地如无必要可不进行浇水 |
| 施肥 | 对贫瘠土壤定期实行多样化施肥,2~3次/年 | 根据实际情况施肥,1~2次/年 |
| 修剪 | 除生长势过旺外,其余不进行修剪 | 草坪在生长季节需要修剪频率14 d/次,留茬高度较正常标准增加2~3 cm;草地保证10~15 cm的高度 |
| 除草 | 清除恶性杂草,适当清除部分优势物种 | 清除影响景观效果等的恶性杂草,保留自生植物 |
| 清除凋 落物 | 清除多数枯枝落叶,保留少数以改善土壤质量和促进植物生长 | 及时清理所有枯枝落叶,保证绿地整洁 |
| 引入其他植物 | 定期引入具有良好观赏特性及生态效益的乡土物种 | 斑秃草坪区域可引入部分生长速度适中的自生植物进行改善;需改造的草地可引入多年生自生草本植物逐步代替原有物种 |
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