从《沈阳百咏》探析光绪初年盛京城人居文化景观
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谢淼伊娜/女/沈阳建筑大学建筑与规划学院在读博士研究生/辽宁省区域建筑学与寒地人居科学重点实验室成员/研究方向为建筑历史与理论 |
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王飒/男/博士/沈阳建筑大学建筑与规划学院教授、博士生导师/辽宁省区域建筑学与寒地人居科学重点实验室成员/研究方向为东北聚落的历史与文化、城乡建筑遗产保护与环境行为、视觉环境与人居空间感知 |
收稿日期: 2023-09-18
修回日期: 2024-03-30
网络出版日期: 2025-12-12
基金资助
国家自然科学基金“东北‘女真-满族’聚落变迁及其演进机制研究”(52278028)
辽宁省社科规划基金“辽宁古代城镇地方志史料挖掘及其明清时期变迁研究”(L22BTQ005)
版权
Cultural Landscape of Human Settlements in Shengjing City in the Early Guangxu Period Based on Shenyang Baiyong
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XIE Miaoyina is a Ph.D. candidate in the School of Architecture and Planning, Shenyang Jianzhu University, and a member of the Key Laboratory of Regional Architecture and Human Settlements Science of Cold Areas in Liaoning Province. Her research focuses on history and theory of architecture |
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WANG Sa, Ph.D., is a professor and doctoral supervisor in the School of Architecture and Planning, Shenyang Jianzhu University, and a member of the Key Laboratory of Regional Architecture and Human Settlements Science of Cold Areas in Liaoning Province. His research focuses on history and culture of settlements in northeast China, urban and rural architectural heritage protection and environmental behavior, and visual environment and living space perception |
Received date: 2023-09-18
Revised date: 2024-03-30
Online published: 2025-12-12
Copyright
【目的】从人居环境学的角度,探究在清末外部变化影响下仍是帝国陪都的盛京城内文化景观和城市空间变化,以填补盛京城清末文化景观研究的不足。【方法】以《沈阳百咏》为依据,运用文本挖掘语义分析、时间地理学分析、历史地理空间分析量化光绪初年盛京城人居文化景观类型和时空信息,探讨文化景观的分布规律,并通过对比清朝前、中、末期城市空间,总结光绪初年盛京城的风貌特点。【结果】将盛京城人居文化景观归纳为“游憩玩赏”“盛京旧制”“市井生活”“信俗集会”4个一级分类及15个二级分类,发现文化景观类型与季节农时有强关联,不同文化景观在地理空间分布上有显著差异,整体上集中于关厢地带,城北景观密度高于城南。通过将《沈阳百咏》中城市空间与清前、中期城市空间对比发现,光绪初年盛京城已成为有满族特色的地方中心性城市。【结论】对《沈阳百咏》的深入挖掘填补了清末盛京城文化景观研究的缺环,为清代盛京城研究提供新思路,同时也为后续通过诗文分析盛京城文化景观格局提供了参考。
谢淼伊娜 , 王飒 . 从《沈阳百咏》探析光绪初年盛京城人居文化景观[J]. 风景园林, 2024 , 31(6) : 133 -139 . DOI: 10.3724/j.fjyl.202309180429
【Objective】The current research on Shengjing City (today’s Shenyang City, Liaoning Province, China) mainly focuses on fields such as architecture, urban history, planning history, landscape science and folklore, and the issues of interest include urban spatial patterns, morphological changes, landscape construction, influence of multi-ethnic integration on urban development, etc. However, there is scant research on the cultural landscape in historical periods from the perspective of the science of human settlement. Moreover, due to the lack of official historical materials on Shengjing City in the late Qing Dynasty, the research on Shengjing City seldom involves this historical period. The early Guangxu period marked the final stage of the feudal monarchy. As the secondary capital then, Shengjing was on the eve of the collapse of the old order. The book Shenyang Baiyong written in the fourth year of the Guangxu period can serve as a historical snapshot. It explores the cultural landscapes and the urban spatial changes of Shengjing City, which remained an imperial secondary capital under the external changes of the late Qing Dynasty, from the perspective of the science of human settlement, and is of great significance for filling the gap in the research on the cultural landscape in Shengjing City in the late Qing Dynasty.【Methods】This research uses methods such as text mining analysis, spatial-temporal geographical analysis, and historical geospatial analysis to quantitatively analyze the types of cultural landscapes described by Miao Runfu in Shenyang Baiyong, as well as the spatio-temporal information of these cultural landscapes, and to explore their distribution patterns. Specifically, the research firstly uses the ROST CM6 content mining system to extract high-frequency characters from the poems in Shenyang Baiyong through text mining analysis, and categorizes these high-frequency characters based on the nature of activities in cultural landscapes, spatial locations of these landscapes, and historical and cultural characteristics of Shengjing City. Then, based on the theory of spatio-temporal geography, the research analyzes the cultural landscapes depicted in Shenyang Baiyong on an annual basis, and presents the distribution patterns of cultural landscapes in Shengjing City over time in the form of Sankey diagram. Moreover, a geospatial analysis is conducted using ArcGIS software, and a kernel density analysis is conducted on different types of cultural landscapes in Shengjing City to explore their spatial distribution patterns. Additionally, by comparing the urban spaces described in Shenyang Baiyong with those recorded in the official documents from the early and middle Qing Dynasty, the research illustrates the characteristics of urban landscapes in Shengjing City during Guangxu period.【Results】The cultural landscapes in Shengjing City are classified into 4 primary types and 15 secondary types. A visual analysis of the temporal distribution characteristics of cultural landscapes conducted using Sankey diagrams reveals that the cultural landscapes in Shengjing City follow the overall pattern of seasonal agricultural cycles, and are influenced by festival folklore. A kernel density analysis conducted using ArcGIS reveals significant differences in the spatial distribution of different types of cultural landscapes, which are generally concentrated in the area between the outer city wall and the inner city wall. The density of landscapes in the north of the city is higher than that in the south, and activities are distributed along the line from Xiaoxiguan Street to Xiaodongguan Street in the northern part of the city, suggesting that this east-west road traversing Shengjing City was an important space for activities of residents during Guangxu period. Changes in the level of attention to the four types of urban spaces, namely, spaces for capital construction, spaces for local government offices, spaces for religious customs and living spaces for the Banner people and commoners, and changes in the distribution kernel density of the city indicate that the official power spaces in Shengjing City had faded out of the lives of local residents by that time, while the civil spaces continued to develop, with the population constantly expanding, the commerce thriving, and the beliefs diversifying. However, due to the special status of the Banner people in Qing Dynasty, the nobles and aristocrats lived in the inner city, while the Banner people lived in the outer city. The Shengjing society depicted by Miao Runfu still consisted mainly of the banner people with prosperous and diversified living spaces. It is found that by the early Guangxu period, the influence of the royal family had gradually weakened, with Shengjing City transitioning from a capital city to a secondary capital, and then to an awkward situation at the end of Qing Dynasty when the Qing government was preoccupied with internal and external troubles, accompanied by the declining political status of Shengjing City. However, from an urban perspective, the population, economy, and culture of Shengjing City continued to grow richer, making it gradually develop into a local center city with Manchu characteristics.【Conclusion】Due to the lack of official historical records, the research on the cultural landscapes in Shengjing City in the late Qing Dynasty has long been in a state of blank. Shenyang Baiyong to some extent compensates for the insufficiency of historical materials, providing a basis for analyzing the cultural landscapes in Shengjing City in the early Guangxu period. The in-depth exploration of Shenyang Baiyong fills the gap in the research on the cultural landscapes in Shengjing City in the late Qing Dynasty, which can provide new insights for the research on Shengjing City and a reference for subsequent analysis of the cultural landscape pattern of Shengjing City through poetry.
表1 盛京城文化景观词频统计Tab. 1 Statistics of word frequency regarding cultural landscapes in Shengjing City |
| 活动要素 | 词频 | 活动要素 | 词频 | 活动要素 | 词频 | 活动要素 | 词频 | |||
| 鼓乐 | 33 | 皇寺 | 6 | 塔影 | 4 | 操演 | 2 | |||
| 婚嫁 | 16 | 货郎 | 6 | 跳跶 | 4 | 出行 | 2 | |||
| 饮酒 | 16 | 立春 | 6 | 舞狮 | 4 | 供三官 | 2 | |||
| 听曲 | 15 | 商人 | 6 | 拜贺 | 3 | 观莲 | 2 | |||
| 吃茶 | 14 | 超度 | 5 | 抽大烟 | 3 | 观舞 | 2 | |||
| 踏青 | 13 | 买卖 | 5 | 吹城 | 3 | 还愿 | 2 | |||
| 烧香 | 11 | 僧侣 | 5 | 祠庙 | 3 | 教场 | 2 | |||
| 行市 | 11 | 宿娼 | 5 | 蹴鞠 | 3 | 接佛 | 2 | |||
| 宴请 | 11 | 跳神 | 5 | 登阁 | 3 | 商业街 | 2 | |||
| 观演 | 9 | 学校 | 5 | 风筝 | 3 | 武童 | 2 | |||
| 庙会 | 9 | 占卜 | 5 | 宫观 | 3 | 闲谈 | 2 | |||
| 乘凉 | 8 | 观灯 | 4 | 叫卖 | 3 | 远眺 | 2 | |||
| 佛寺 | 8 | 观农 | 4 | 骑马 | 3 | 渍菜 | 2 | |||
| 聚赌 | 8 | 糊窗 | 4 | 石刻 | 3 | 辞灶 | 2 | |||
| 烧炕 | 8 | 货车 | 4 | 挽弓 | 3 | 长亭 | 2 | |||
| 出丧 | 7 | 教堂 | 4 | 八旗 | 2 | 园林 | 2 | |||
| 游水 | 7 | 礼拜 | 4 | 兵丁 | 2 |
表2 盛京城文化景观类型Tab. 2 Types of cultural landscapes in Shengjing City |
| 一级景观类型 (词频) | 二级景观类型 | 景观相关词条 |
| 游憩玩赏(61) | 访古探幽 | 塔影、石刻、长亭等 |
| 园林逸趣 | 乘凉、踏青、园林等 | |
| 观山游水 | 登阁、远眺、观莲等 | |
| 盛京旧制(33) | 旗人旧例 | 八旗、吹城、教场等 |
| 祭祀仪式 | 跳跶、皇寺、接佛等 | |
| 文教科考 | 学校、武童、挽弓等 | |
| 市井生活(195) | 买卖贸易 | 货郎、行市、商人等 |
| 交往拜贺 | 闲谈、拜贺等 | |
| 沈城民俗 | 糊窗、烧炕、烧炕等 | |
| 茶酒宴饮 | 吃茶、宴请、饮酒等 | |
| 赌博烟妓 | 聚赌、宿娼、抽大烟等 | |
| 观演听曲 | 鼓乐、听曲、观演等 | |
| 信俗集会(82) | 宗教活动 | 烧香、超度、占卜等 |
| 庙会游胜 | 庙会、皇寺、观灯等 | |
| 节事盛典 | 立春、供三官、辞灶等 |
文中图表均由作者绘制,其中
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