复杂适应系统视角下环城绿带“主体-环境”演进机制——以北京市绿隔为例
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刘颂/女/博士/同济大学建筑与城市规划学院教授、博士生导师/全国风景园林专业学位研究生教育指导委员会副主任委员/研究方向为城乡绿地系统规划、景观规划技术方法 |
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沈培宇/女/同济大学建筑与城市规划学院在读博士研究生/研究方向为风景园林规划与设计 |
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柳迪子/男/同济大学建筑与城市规划学院在读博士研究生/研究方向为城乡绿地系统规划 |
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白钊成/男/同济大学建筑与城市规划学院在读博士研究生/研究方向为数字景观 |
Copy editor: 李清清
收稿日期: 2024-12-12
修回日期: 2025-04-13
网络出版日期: 2025-12-10
基金资助
国家自然科学基金“基于生态系统服务权衡与协同的市级生态空间多目标优化研究”(52178050)
版权
“Agent – Environment” Evolution Mechanism of Greenbelt from the Perspective of Complex Adaptive System: A Case Study of Beijing’s Greenbelts
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LIU Song, Ph.D., is a professor and doctoral supervisor in the College of Architecture and Urban Planning (CAUP), and deputy director of the National Master of Landscape Architecture Eduation Steering Committee. Her research focuses on urban and rural green space system planning, and technical approach to landscape planning |
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SHEN Peiyu is a Ph.D. candidate in the College of Architecture and Urban Planning (CAUP), Tongji University. Her research focuses on landscape planning and design |
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LIU Dizi is a Ph.D. candidate in the College of Architecture and Urban Planning (CAUP), Tongji University. His research focuses on urban and rural green space system planning |
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BAI Zhaocheng is a Ph.D. candidate in the College of Architecture and Urban Planning (CAUP), Tongji University. His research focuses on digital landscape |
Received date: 2024-12-12
Revised date: 2025-04-13
Online published: 2025-12-10
Copyright
【目的】环城绿带的演化除了受外部环境中快速城市化的强力干扰外,多元利益主体对于土地、资金等资源的长期相互博弈与协调统筹也是重要的影响因素。借助复杂适应系统理论中“自下而上”的研究范式,探索多元主体推动环城绿带系统演化的适应过程。【方法】以复杂适应系统理论为基础,从基本特征、结构构成和适应机制等视角分析环城绿带的系统特征。以北京市绿隔为例,基于复杂适应系统的7个特性,梳理其中多元主体与环境的交互作用及演化过程。【结果】环城绿带由多元主体系统、地域空间系统、社会文化系统及自然生态系统4个子系统构成,各子系统互为环境;多元主体子系统是环城绿带系统演变的核心动力,具有决策能力的主体间的相互作用推动绿带发展,各主体互为环境。北京市绿隔演化经历3个阶段:萌芽阶段建设主体单一,政府与村集体由权力关系主导的信息流连接;试点突破阶段民企新主体加入,资源流动加快;有序实施阶段乡政府主体与市民主体先后涌现,多元主体频繁交互。【结论】北京市绿隔演进的动力机制由早期的政策引导、快速城市化强力干扰,逐渐转变为多元主体交互主导、政策驱动。环城绿带仍将持续演变,为了绿带的可持续发展,未来应当增强政府主体主动性、重视多元利益主体协同治理及创造性及提升多元利益主体适应能力。复杂适应系统基本概念框架也可作为其他绿带系统治理的思维框架。
刘颂 , 沈培宇 , 柳迪子 , 白钊成 . 复杂适应系统视角下环城绿带“主体-环境”演进机制——以北京市绿隔为例[J]. 风景园林, 2025 , 32(6) : 78 -85 . DOI: 10.3724/j.fjyl.LA20240121
[Objective] Since the first successful practice in London in the 1930s, greenbelt has become an important land control and land use planning idea. Greenbelts help solve problems related to urban sprawl and provide multiple ecological, social and economic functions that have profound impact on sustainable regional development. In the past century, the construction of greenbelts have been on the rise in the world, but some greenbelts have also encountered a lot of resistance and destruction in the implementation process, and the gap between planning and implementation is large. On the surface, the obstruction of greenbelt construction is the contradiction between green space protection and development and construction, between ecological land and construction land. In essence, greenbelt construction is a long-term game and coordination of land, capital and other resources among multiple stakeholders such as local governments, citizens, economic organizations and social groups. At present, greenbelt is seldom researched from the perspective of “agent – agent” and “agent – environment” interaction and adaptation mechanism between multiple stakeholders and greenbelt system. This research takes Beijing’s greenbelts (the first greenbelt and the second greenbelt) as an example to, according to the “bottom-up” research paradigm of complex adaptive system theory (CAS), depict the adaptation process of multiple agents to promote the evolution of the greenbelt system, and explore the evolution mechanism of greenbelt, so as to seek targeted solutions to optimize greenbelt planning and promote the implementation of greenbelt policies. [Methods] Based on the theory of complex adaptive system, the characteristics of the greenbelt system are analyzed from the perspectives of basic characteristics, structural composition and adaptive mechanism. Taking Beijing’s greenbelts as an example, the evolution process of greenbelt is divided into different stages according to the degree of agent emergence, structure complexity and system maturity. At the same time, based on the four characteristics of complex adaptive systems (aggregation, non-linearity, flow and diversity) and three mechanisms (identification, internal model, and block mechanisms), the interaction between multiple agents and the environment is explored. [Results] The research results show that the construction of the greenbelt system involves the multi-agent system. In the evolution process of Beijing’s greenbelts, multiple agents such as municipal and district governments, village collectives, private enterprises, township governments and citizens have emerged and interacted with each other more frequently. In the embryonic stage, the main agent of greenbelt construction is single, and rapid urbanization in the macro external environment becomes the biggest hindrance of greenbelt construction. In the experiment breakthrough stage, in 1993, Beijing Municipal Government proposed to introduce market mechanism in greenbelt construction. This macro-level external force and rapid urbanization jointly promoted the self-organization process of greenbelt. Private enterprises spontaneously joined the greenbelt construction and interacted with the government and village collective entities to promote the system evolution. In the orderly implementation stage, both external environmental forces and self-organizing forces play a strong role in the evolution of greenbelt. Major social and cultural events, “urban and rural integration”, “quantity reduction and quality and greening improvement” policies, and diversified citizen participation have all promoted the improvement of the self-organizing capability of greenbelt. Top-down macro planning, policy, bottom-up micro agent interaction and self-organization jointly promote the evolution of the greenbelt system. [Conclusion] The construction of greenbelt can rely on not only the “top-down” greenbelt policy, but also the self-organization law, namely “guiding” individuals to change their own behavior rules through the external environment in a “bottom-up” manner, thus achieving the goal of greenbelt construction. In order to realize the sustainable development of greenbelt, it is necessary to enhance the initiative and creativity of the government, attach importance to the collaborative governance of multiple agents and enhance the adaptability of multiple stakeholders. Although the implications of the sustainable development of the greenbelt proposed in this research are relevant to Beijing’s greenbelts, the basic conceptual framework of CAS can also be used as the thinking framework for the governance of other greenbelts. At present, the research of greenbelt system based on CAS theory is still in the exploratory stage with many shortcomings. On the one hand, the evolution process of the greenbelt system is only discussed qualitatively, and has not been discussed quantitatively. On the other hand, it mainly discusses the interaction between the agents of the multi-agent system, and the other three subsystems are less discussed. Future research needs to continue to explore the above limitations in order to more comprehensively understand the complexity of the greenbelt system.
表1 环城绿带系统与复杂适应系统的兼容性诠释Tab. 1 Interpretation of the compatibility between greenbelt system and complex adaptive system |
| CAS特征 | 注释 | 兼容性诠释 |
| 聚集 (aggregation) | 物以类聚,将相似之物聚集成类,简化复杂系统;简单的主体聚集并相互作用,涌现出更复杂行为 | 环城绿带内相似的单一主体聚集成类;多元主体的聚集会涌现一系列社会文化、生态、空间格局等绿带环境变化 |
| 非线性 (non-linearity) | 系统特性与各部分值不能建立线性关系 | 环城绿带主体适应过程中有诸多的不确定性,聚集行为不是各主体行为的简单求和或平均 |
| 流 (flow) | 主体间、主体与环境间通过各种类型的流等实现相互作用,过程遵循再循环效应和乘数效应 | 环城绿带多元主体间、多元主体与外部环境之间存在信息流、资金流等资源流动,在某些节点注入更多资源会产生乘数效应,某些资源在网络中循环流动,可以提高资源利用效率 |
| 多样性 (diversity) | 任何单一主体的存在都依赖于其他主体提供的环境,每种主体都位于以该主体为中心的相互作用所限定的生态位上 | 环城绿带内如果出现生态位的缺失,就会吸引新的主体加入,提供新的相互作用机会,使得主体系统和外部环境更加趋于多样性 |
| 标识 (tagging) | 允许主体在一些不易分辨的主体或目标中进行选择,促进选择性相互作用;是为了聚集和边界生成而存在的一个机制 | 环城绿带的多元主体会因为接收到同样的信息(如绿隔政策)而聚集、合作,这种促使主体相互作用的机制即标识 |
| 内部模型 (inter model) | 主体的认知模式和行为动机,内部模型(本能)使得主体能够预知再次遇到某种情况时会发生什么样的后果 | 环城绿带系统各主体相互作用过程中,会形成自身的行为机制和本能,面对类似情景时能预判行为的后果 |
| 积木 (blocks) | 通过自然选择和学习,寻找到已经被检验过能够再使用的元素(即积木),就能将复杂事物进行分解;当面对新情况,将经过检验且相关的积木重新组合,然后采取切实行动 | 环城绿带各主体在相互作用过程中能将积累的经验作为积木,面对新情况时,可以将之前被证明有效的行为组合,使用积木生成内部模型 |
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