森林疗愈的影响因素及产业化进展研究综述
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孙震/女/同济大学建筑与城市规划学院在读硕士研究生/研究方向为森林康养 |
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吴承照/男/博士/同济大学建筑与城市规划学院教授/研究方向为景观游憩学、国家公园管理规划与AI技术应用 |
收稿日期: 2024-12-14
修回日期: 2025-06-17
网络出版日期: 2025-12-09
基金资助
国家自然科学基金“自然景观游憩健康资源评价方法与疗愈模式谱系”(32071835)
版权
A Review of Research on the Influencing Factors and Industrialization Progress of Forest Healing
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SUN Zhen is a master student in the College of Architecture and Urban Planning (CAUP), Tongji University. Her research focus on forest therapy |
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WU Chengzhao, Ph.D., is a professor in the College of Architecture and Urban Planning (CAUP), Tongji University. His research focuses on landscape recreation studies, national park management and planning, and AI technology application |
Received date: 2024-12-14
Revised date: 2025-06-17
Online published: 2025-12-09
Copyright
针对森林疗愈理论基础碎片化、实证证据不一致、政策协同不足等制约因素,旨在系统解析森林疗愈的影响因素及作用机制,且分析其产业化路径 ,为构建中国特色的森林疗愈科学支撑体系提供参考。
系统检索WoS和中国知网数据库文献5 173篇,筛选并纳入46篇作为研究数据库,采用叙述性文献综述的方法对森林疗愈的影响因素与产业化路径进行系统分析和归纳总结。
系统揭示了森林疗愈的三维作用机制:1)环境基底机制——森林生物、物理及景观环境通过调节神经内分泌、免疫及心血管功能,触发生理-心理协同响应;2)体验转化机制——结构化游憩活动(静态/低强度/中高强度)将环境资源转化为健康效益;3)制度保障机制——科学森林经营(如树种配置、认证标准)通过资源优化维持疗效可持续性。三者形成闭环系统,为产业化奠定基础。并证实了森林环境对人体健康产生显著的四重效应:生理健康、心理健康、精神健康与社会福祉。
提出森林疗愈的“环境-体验-制度”闭环机制,揭示环境基底、体验转化与制度保障三者的协同规律,阐述了其带来的生理、心理、精神和社会四重健康效益,为康养产品标准化提供设计准则,破解资源转化效率低、政策医疗协同不足等产业瓶颈。建议通过“政-产-学-研”联合构建剂量-效应模型,推动数字疗法(VR/AI)赋能,实现从生态资源到健康经济的价值转化。
孙震 , 吴承照 . 森林疗愈的影响因素及产业化进展研究综述[J]. 风景园林, 2025 , 32(8) : 93 -101 . DOI: 10.3724/j.fjyl.LA20240123
Forest healing, as an interdisciplinary practice, has become an important strategy to address the escalating global burden of health crises caused by urbanization, including chronic stress, cardiovascular disease, and mental health disorders. Against the backdrop of China’s “Healthy China 2030" initiative, forest-based health practices are increasingly recognized as a cost-effective non pharmacological intervention that can improve human health and reduce healthcare costs. However, the industrialization of forest healing is still constrained by fragmented theoretical frameworks, inconsistent empirical evidence, and a lack of policy consistency with international best practices. This research synthesizes international and domestic research to: 1) Identify the key factors shaping forest healing effects, 2) elucidate underlying physiological and psychological mechanisms, and 3) assess the current status and future directions of forest healing industrialization.
This research systematically retrieves 5,173 papers from the Web of Science (WoS) and China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) databases spaning the period from 1990 to 2023. Based on strict inclusion and exclusion criteria, namely clear research content, integrated research methods combining on-site experiments and questionnaire interviews, measurable health indicators, and clear intervention measures, a total of 46 papers are selected and analyzed in detail. The research adopts a narrative review method to synthesize and summarize research results, with a focus on the synergistic effects of forest environment, recreational activities, and forest management practices. Analysis includes both quantitative and qualitative data, emphasizing the identification of key mechanisms and existing gaps in existing research to guide future research priorities. In addition, case studies are conducted on Japan and Germany to extract best practices in certification systems, related industries, and medical integration.
Forest healing takes place through the interaction of three core elements. 1) Environmental factors: The healing effects of forests are moderated through three environmental dimensions: biological dimension (biodiversity, tree age, canopy density, etc.), physical dimension (microclimate, light intensity, negative air ions, etc.) and landscape dimension (aesthetic value, seasonal variation, etc.). For example, Compared with young forests, mature broad-leaved forests have better health improvement effects. High biodiversity levels are associated with improved mental health indicators. 2) Recreational activities: Activities are categorized as static activities (meditation, watching, etc.), low-intensity activities (walking, yoga, etc.), and moderate to vigorous activities (cycling, jogging, etc.). Walking in the forest may reduce the level of salivary cortisol, while enhancing the activity of natural killer (NK) cell. 3) Forest management: Scientific forest management, including sustainable resource allocation and certification systems, is essential to maintain healing effects. The health outcomes are as follows. 1) Physiological benefits: Significant improvements are observed in five systems: Cardiovascular system (decreased blood pressure), endocrine system (decreased serum cortisol), immune system (increased NK cell activity), respiratory system (improved respiratory function), and nervous system (increased parasympathetic activity). 2) Psychological benefits: Forest therapy reduces stress, depression and anxiety while improving mood, concentration and cognitive function. Forest bathing has produced sustained psychological benefits, including relieving stress, restoring attention, improving mood, enhancing sleep quality and cognitive function, while also reducing levels of anxiety and depression, among others. 3) Spiritual benefits: Forests have a moderating effect on internal mental state. In the forest experience, people may feel a sense of awe towards nature, deeper calmness, and inner harmony, which helps to adjust their mental state. 4) Social benefits: Forest welfare includes providing ecological products, ecosystem services, and environmental education, while promoting social interaction, enhancing social cohesion and connections, and helping to achieve social empowerment and reduce social crime rates and violent incidents. This research also highlights successful industrialization models from countries such as Japan and Germany, which have incorporated forest healing into national welfare programs. These models emphasize healthcare, tourism, and education, and are supported by strong policy frameworks and certification standards. In contrast, China’s forest healing industry is still in its infancy and has tremendous potential for growth through policy support, scientific research, and innovative product development.
This research integrates the closed-loop system of “environmental foundation −experience transformation − institutional guarantee”, emphasizing the synergistic effect of forest environment, recreational activities, and forest management in promoting industrialization. The main gaps include insufficient dose − response models, individual heterogeneity (such as gender and specific stress recovery patterns), and clinical validation of therapeutic products. To promote the development of this field, the research proposes the following suggestions. 1) Accurate quantification of forest design: Establish interdisciplinary collaboration, quantify environmental exposure thresholds, prioritize dose − response modeling, and optimize forest configuration design for specific diseases such as hypertension and depression. 2) Policy − industry collaboration: Develop a “government − industry − academia − research” collaboration system to align forest theraph with national health policies, including insurance coverage and medical referrals. 3) Technological innovation: Utilizing digital technology tools such as VR-based forest therapy and AI-driven health monitoring to improve the popularity and economic feasibility of the forest health industry. By addressing these challenges, forest therapy can evolve from a niche health practice into a scalable, evidence-based public health intervention that serves as the cornerstone of a global health strategy aimed at coordinating human well-being and ecosystem resilience, thus contributing to global sustainable development and the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals.
表1 森林游憩活动类型Table 1 Types of forest recreation activities |
| 活动大类 | 定义 | 具体活动类型 |
| 静态活动 | 任何清醒状态下坐、倚、卧的行为,能量消耗为1.5×3.5 mL/(kg·min)或更低 | 观赏/室内观赏、冥想、放松等 |
| 低强度活动 | 是静坐能耗的1.5~3倍,不会导致心率或呼吸频率大幅增加 | 步行、瑜伽、园艺疗法等 |
| 中高强度活动 | 是静坐能耗的3倍以上,会导致心率明显变化[31] | 骑自行车、球类运动、慢跑等 |
表2 森林疗愈的生理效应与测量指标Table 2 Physiological effects and measurement indicators of forest healing |
| 生理系统 | 可测量生理指标 |
| 神经系统 | 血压、脉搏率、心率变异性、前额叶皮层的总血红蛋白浓度、前额叶皮层的氧合血红蛋白浓度 |
| 内分泌系统 | 唾液皮质醇浓度、血糖水平、唾液淀粉酶、血清皮质醇、肾上腺素、去甲肾上腺素 |
| 免疫系统 | 血清炎性因子、自然杀伤细胞活性、自然杀伤细胞数量、外周血淋巴细胞中T细胞、粒细胞、穿孔素和粒酶A/B表达细胞的比例 |
| 心血管系统 | 血压、心率、动脉血压、甘油三酯水平、总胆固醇水平 |
| 呼吸系统 | 第1秒用力呼气容积(forced expiratory volume in one second, FEV1)、6秒用力呼气容积(forced expiratory volume in six second, FEV6) |
表3 森林疗愈的心理效应评估维度与测量方法Table 3 Dimensions and measurements for assessing the psychological effects of forest healing |
| 心理效应评估维度 | 测量方法(问卷量表) |
| 心情 | 情绪状态问卷(Profile of Mood States, POMS)、正负情绪量表(Positive and Negative Affect Scale, PANAS)、瑞典核心情感量表(Swedish Core Affect Scale, SCAS) |
| 抑郁 | 汉密顿抑郁量表(Hamilton Depression Rating Scale, HDRS)、蒙哥马利-阿斯伯格抑郁症评定量表(Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating Scale, MADRS)、贝克抑郁自评量表(Beck Depression Inventory, BDI)、抑郁自评量表(Self-Rating Depression Scale, SDS) |
| 焦虑 | 状态特质焦虑量表(State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, STAI)、焦虑自评量表(Self-Rating Anxiety Scale, SAS) |
| 活力 | 主观活力量表(Subjective Vitality Scale, SVS) |
| 精神恢复 | 恢复结果量表(Restoration Outcome Scale, ROS)、恢复性成分量表(Restorative Components Scale, RCS)、感知复愈性量表(Perceived Recovery Scale, PRS)、感知环境复愈性量表(Perceived Environmental Restorativeness, RES) |
| 注意力 | 斯特鲁普颜色-单词测试(Stroop Color and Word Test, SCWT)、持续注意力反应任务(Sustained Attention to Response Task, SART)、数字广度测试(Digit Span Test, DST)、符号数字转换测验(Symbol Digit Modalities Test, SDMT) |
| 睡眠质量 | 匹兹堡睡眠质量指数(Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, PSQI) |
| 压力 | 感知压力量表(Perceived Stress Scale, PSS) |
| 疲劳 | 疲劳自评量表(Fatigue Self-Assessments Scale, FSAS) |
| 主观感受 | 语义差异法(Semantic Differential, SD) |
| 心理健康 | 华威-爱丁堡心理健康量表(Warwick-Edinburgh Mental Well-Being Scale, WEMWBS) |
表5 日本和德国的森林康养产业体系Table 5 Forest therapy industry systems in Japan and Germany |
| 国家 | 直接产业 | 间接产业 | 产业链 | 产业机制 | 核心特色 |
| 日本 | 康养基地(温泉/禅修)、生态旅游(观光/伴手礼)、健康监测服务、自然教育课程 | 智能穿戴设备、康养师认证、森林文化传播推广 | 上游(森林资源管理)、中游(体验运营)、下游(手工艺品) | “政府主导+企业运营+社区参与”的体系(政策驱动乡村振兴) | 以文化体验与自然资源结合为特色,注重通过森林浴缓解压力、促进健康,同时推动地方经济振兴[55] |
| 德国 | 气候疗法中心、森林运动康复、健康管理定制、城堡疗养体验 | 康养治疗仪器、康养建筑设计、森林疗法认证 | 上游(医疗技术研发)、中游(疗养服务)、下游(国际推广) | 以“医疗体系+森林资源+产业协同”为特色(医疗体系协同) | 专注于科学化和医疗化,强调森林环境在健康管理中的应用[56] |
文中图表均由作者绘制。
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